scholarly journals Site‐specific nitrogen balances based on spatially variable soil and plant properties

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Mittermayer ◽  
August Gilg ◽  
Franz-Xaver Maidl ◽  
Ludwig Nätscher ◽  
Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Nitrate Losses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
Collection Methods

AbstractIn this study, site-specific N balances were calculated for a 13.1 ha heterogeneous field. Yields and N uptake as input data for N balances were determined with data from a combine harvester, reflectance measurements from satellites and tractor-mounted sensors. The correlations between the measured grain yields and yields determined by digital methods were moderate. The calculated values for the N surpluses had a wide range within the field. Nitrogen surpluses were calculated from − 76.4 to 91.3 kg ha−1, with a mean of 24.0 kg ha−1. The use of different data sources and data collection methods had an impact on the results of N balancing. The results show the need for further optimization and improvement in the accuracy of digital methods. The factors influencing N uptake and N surplus were determined by analysing soil properties of georeferenced soil samples. Soil properties showed considerable spatial variation within the field. Soil organic carbon correlated very strongly with total nitrogen content (r = 0.97), moderately with N uptake (sensor, r = 0.60) and negatively with N surplus (satellite, r = − 0.46; sensor, r = − 0.56; harvester, r = − 0.60). Nitrate content was analysed in soil cores (0 to 9 m) taken in different yield zones, and compared with the calculated N surplus; there was a strong correlation between the measured nitrate content and calculated N surplus (r = 0.82). Site-specific N balancing can contribute to a more precise identification of the risk of nitrate losses and the development of targeted nitrate reduction strategies.

Assessment of the Role of Different Soil Properties on Crust Strength by Linear Regression Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
MINAKSHI SERAWAT ◽  
V K PHOGAT ◽  
ANIL Abdul KAPOOR ◽  
VIJAY KANT SINGH ◽  
ASHA SERAWAT
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dispersion Ratio ◽  
Crust Strength

Soil crust strength influences seedling emergence, penetration and morphology of plant roots, and, consequently, crop yields. A study was carried out to assess the role of different soil properties on crust strength atHisar, Haryana, India. The soil samples from 0-5 and 5-15 cm depths were collected from 21 locations from farmer’s fields, having a wide range of texture.Soil propertieswere evaluated in the laboratory and theirinfluence on the modulus of rupture (MOR), which is the measure of crust strength, was evaluated.The MOR of texturally different soils was significantly correlated with saturated hydraulic conductivity at both the depths. Dispersion ratio was found to decrease with an increase in fineness of the texture of soil and the lowest value was recorded in silty clay loam soil,which decreased with depth. The modulus of rupture was significantly negatively correlative with the dispersion ratio.There was no role of calcium carbonate in influencing the values of MOR of soils. Similarly,the influence of pH, EC and SAR of soil solution on MOR was non-significant.A perusal of thevalues of the correlations between MOR and different soil properties showed that the MOR of soils of Haryana are positively correlated with silt + clay (r = 0.805) followed by water-stable aggregates (r = 0.774), organic carbon (r = 0.738), silt (r = 0.711), mean weight diameter (r = 0.608) and clay (r = 0.593) while negatively correlated with dispersion ratio (r = - 0.872), sand (r = -0.801) and hydraulic conductivity (r = -0.752) of soils.

scholarly journals Anodic Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes for Magnetically Guided Therapeutic Delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Hasanzadeh Kafshgari ◽  
Delf Kah ◽  
Anca Mazare ◽  
Nhat Truong Nguyen ◽  
Monica Distaso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Hollow titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes offer substantially higher drug loading capacity and slower drug release kinetics compared to solid drug nanocarriers of comparable size. In this report, we load TiO2 nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles to facilitate site-specific magnetic guidance and drug delivery. We generate magnetic TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2NTs) by incorporating a ferrofluid containing Ø ≈ 10 nm iron oxide nanoparticles in planar sheets of weakly connected TiO2 nanotubes. After thermal annealing, the magnetic tubular arrays are loaded with therapeutic drugs and then sonicated to separate the nanotubes. We demonstrate that magnetic TiO2NTs are non-toxic for HeLa cells at therapeutic concentrations (≤200 µg/mL). Adhesion and endocytosis of magnetic nanotubes to a layer of HeLa cells are increased in the presence of a magnetic gradient field. As a proof-of-concept, we load the nanotubes with the topoisomerase inhibitor camptothecin and achieve a 90% killing efficiency. We also load the nanotubes with oligonucleotides for cell transfection and achieve 100% cellular uptake efficiency. Our results demonstrate the potential of magnetic TiO2NTs for a wide range of biomedical applications, including site-specific delivery of therapeutic drugs.

scholarly journals Machine learning based soil maps for a wide range of soil properties for the forested area of Switzerland

2021 ◽  
pp. e00437
Author(s):  
Andri Baltensweiler ◽  
Lorenz Walthert ◽  
Marc Hanewinkel ◽  
Stephan Zimmermann ◽  
Madlene Nussbaum
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Maps ◽  
Forested Area ◽  
Wide Range

scholarly journals Characterizing Soil Physical Properties for Soil Moisture Monitoring with the North Carolina Environment and Climate Observing Network

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 933-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weinan Pan ◽  
R. P. Boyles ◽  
J. G. White ◽  
J. L. Heitman
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Moisture Monitoring

Abstract Soil moisture has important implications for meteorology, climatology, hydrology, and agriculture. This has led to growing interest in development of in situ soil moisture monitoring networks. Measurement interpretation is severely limited without soil property data. In North Carolina, soil moisture has been monitored since 1999 as a routine parameter in the statewide Environment and Climate Observing Network (ECONet), but with little soils information available for ECONet sites. The objective of this paper is to provide soils data for ECONet development. The authors studied soil physical properties at 27 ECONet sites and generated a database with 13 soil physical parameters, including sand, silt, and clay contents; bulk density; total porosity; saturated hydraulic conductivity; air-dried water content; and water retention at six pressures. Soil properties were highly variable among individual ECONet sites [coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 12% to 80%]. This wide range of properties suggests very different behavior among sites with respect to soil moisture. A principal component analysis indicated parameter groupings associated primarily with soil texture, bulk density, and air-dried water content accounted for 80% of the total variance in the dataset. These results suggested that a few specific soil properties could be measured to provide an understanding of differences in sites with respect to major soil properties. The authors also illustrate how the measured soil properties have been used to develop new soil moisture products and data screening for the North Carolina ECONet. The methods, analysis, and results presented here have applications to North Carolina and for other regions with heterogeneous soils where soil moisture monitoring is valuable.

scholarly journals A Novel Technology for Processing Urban Waste Compost as a Fast-Releasing Nitrogen Source to Improve Soil Properties and Broccoli and Lettuce Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Olivieri de Nobile ◽  
Alexander Calero Hurtado ◽  
Renato de Mello Prado ◽  
Henrique Antunes de Souza ◽  
Maria Gabriela Anunciação ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Urban Waste ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

Abstract Purpose: This study evaluated nitrogen (N) mineralization dynamics in three soils after the addition of heat-treated urban waste amendments or urban waste compost (UWC). The effects of UWC and urea on soil properties and broccoli and lettuce production were compared. Methods: The first N mineralization experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement (4 × 3), as a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replicates. Four UWC doses: 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50.0 mg dm-3 were applied to three soils: sandy Ustoxic Quartzipsamment (QS), intermediate-texture red Ultisol (US), and clayey red Oxisol (OS), during eight incubation periods (0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 days). In the second experiment, the effects of UWC and urea fertilizer on soil properties were compared. The growth of broccoli and lettuce plants was evaluated (experiments 3 and 4). The treatments (Experiments 2–4) followed a factorial arrangement (4 × 2; RCBD; three replicates), using OS soil. Four N doses (as for experiment 1) were combined with two N sources (UWC and urea). Results: The processed UWC application proportionally increased the N mineralization rate by 72% in QS, 54% in US, and 66% in OS. Furthermore, UWC application enhanced soil properties (pH and nutrient availability), compared with urea fertilizer, and improved N uptake, resulting in higher fresh biomass production in broccoli and lettuce plants (50.0 and 37.5 mg dm-3, respectively). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that heat-treated UWC is an economical, viable, and efficient fertilizer to improve soil properties and short-cycle vegetable crop productivity.

scholarly journals The effects of sealing on urban soil carbon and nutrients

SOIL ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 661-675
Author(s):  
Roisin O'Riordan ◽  
Jess Davies ◽  
Carly Stevens ◽  
John N. Quinton
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Urban Soil ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Soil Sealing ◽  
Nutrient Stocks

Abstract. Urban soils are of increasing interest for their potential to provide ecosystem services such as carbon storage and nutrient cycling. Despite this, there is limited knowledge on how soil sealing with impervious surfaces, a common disturbance in urban environments, affects these important ecosystem services. In this paper, we investigate the effect of soil sealing on soil properties, soil carbon and soil nutrient stocks. We undertook a comparative survey of sealed and unsealed green space soils across the UK city of Manchester. Our results reveal that the context of urban soil and the anthropogenic artefacts added to soil have a great influence on soil properties and functions. In general, sealing reduced soil carbon and nutrient stocks compared to green space soil; however, where there were anthropogenic additions of organic and mineral artefacts, this led to increases in soil carbon and nitrate content. Anthropogenic additions led to carbon stocks equivalent to or larger than those in green spaces; this was likely a result of charcoal additions, leading to carbon stores with long residence times. This suggests that in areas with an industrial past, anthropogenic additions can lead to a legacy carbon store in urban soil and make important contributions to urban soil carbon budgets. These findings shed light on the heterogeneity of urban sealed soil and the influence of anthropogenic artefacts on soil functions. Our research highlights the need to gain a further understanding of urban soil processes, in both sealed and unsealed soils, and of the influence and legacy of anthropogenic additions for soil functions and important ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Assessment of the ecological structure of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile on the northern coast of Lazio, Italy (central Tyrrhenian, Mediterranean)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Valentina Gnisci ◽  
Selvaggia Cognetti de Martiis ◽  
Alessandro Belmonte ◽  
Carla Micheli ◽  
Viviana Piermattei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Fragmented Habitat ◽  
Ecological Structure ◽  
Wide Range

The ecological structure of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile meadows was evaluated on the northern coast of Lazio, Italy (central Tyrrhenian, Mediterranean sea). This is an infra-littoral zone with a wide range of anthropogenic activities and high geo-morphological variability, which reflects heterogeneity in shoot density, leaf morphology and biomass in fragmented patches. Genetic variability in populations corresponds to the formation of 3 sub-clusters, in the diverse impacted zones (north, centre and south), being correlated to the geographical distance between sites. AMOVA estimated a high genetic variation showing 43.05% individual differences within populations with a marked differentiation among the populations (56.9%) indicated by Fst value (0.57). These results revealed the role of the genetic structure of seagrasses for determining selectivity of fragmented habitat, in response to natural drivers. They showed that site-specific self-recruitment is related to biodiversity capacity and to the geo-morphological characteristic of the coast.

scholarly journals First in situ estimations of small phytoplankton carbon and nitrogen uptake rates in the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavya P. Sadanandan ◽  
Jang Han Lee ◽  
Ho Won Lee ◽  
Jae Joong Kaang ◽  
Jae Hyung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Small Phytoplankton

Abstract. Carbon and nitrogen uptake rates by small phytoplankton (0.7–5 μm) in the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas in the Arctic Ocean were quantified using in situ isotope labelling experiments for the first time as part of the NABOS (Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational System) program during August 21 to September 22, 2013. The depth integrated C, NO3−, and NH4+ uptake rates by small phytoplankton showed a wide range from 0.54 to 15.96 mg C m−2 h−1, 0.05 to 1.02 and 0.11 to 3.73 mg N m−2 h−1, respectively. The contributions of small phytoplankton towards the total C, NO3−, and NH4+ was varied from 24 to 89 %, 32 to 89 %, and 28 to 89 %, respectively. The turnover times for NO3− and NH4+ by small phytoplankton during the present study point towards the longer residence times (years) of the nutrients in the deeper waters, particularly for NO3−. Relatively, higher C and N uptake rates by small phytoplankton obtained during the present study at locations with less sea ice concentrations points towards the possibility of small phytoplankton thrive under sea ice retreat under warming conditions. The high contributions of small phytoplankton towards the total carbon and nitrogen uptake rates suggest capability of small size autotrophs to withstand in the adverse hydrographic conditions introduced by climate change.

scholarly journals Desain Pengembangan Aktivitas Kemahasiswaan dengan Pendekatan Psychological Capital dalam Meningkatkan Minat dan Kemampuan Berwirausaha Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
M. Irfani Hendri ◽  
Indarti Rochayati ◽  
M. Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Family Education ◽  
Student Activities ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Education Environment ◽  
Mental Change ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Collection Methods

This paper is to describe what has been done by the Faculty of Economics UNTAN in growing interest and entrepreneurship skills among students through student activities and currentevaluation tried to offer a development design of student activities with the approach ofpsychological capital that includes (1) the existence of self-confidence (self confidence); (2)positive attribution (optimism); (3) resistance in achieving its objectives with the ability toredefine the path to reach the goal with the ability to redefine the path to peak at the destination ifrequired (hope); and (4) when facing problems and difficulties, able to survive and continueforward (resiliency) to achieve success. The approach taken in this study is qualitative, type ofresearch is a case study. For purposes of analysis, data can be collected using triangulation ofdata collection methods which involves observation, interview documentation and Focus GroupDiscussion (FGD). It can be concluded that the hardest thing in the printing of an entrepreneur isthe mental change that is formed because of the mindset that the synergy of a wide range of ourdaily interactions (family, education, environment, etc.). It is an attempt to solve the mentalproblem needs to be a synergy of various growth entrepreneurship program that has a good andconcrete step in creating the entrepreneurs.

The Basis of Navigation Across Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody A. Freas ◽  
Ken Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Additional Component ◽  
Oscillatory Systems ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Cycling Behavior

Animals navigate a wide range of distances, from a few millimeters to globe-spanning journeys of thousands of kilometers. Despite this array of navigational challenges, similar principles underlie these behaviors across species. Here, we focus on the navigational strategies and supporting mechanisms in four well-known systems: the large-scale migratory behaviors of sea turtles and lepidopterans as well as navigation on a smaller scale by rats and solitarily foraging ants. In lepidopterans, rats, and ants we also discuss the current understanding of the neural architecture which supports navigation. The orientation and navigational behaviors of these animals are defined in terms of behavioral error-reduction strategies reliant on multiple goal-directed servomechanisms. We conclude by proposing to incorporate an additional component into this system: the observation that servomechanisms operate on oscillatory systems of cycling behavior. These oscillators and servomechanisms comprise the basis for directed orientation and navigational behaviors. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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