scholarly journals Indicators for Sanitation Quality in Low-Income Urban Settlements: Evidence from Kenya, Ghana, and Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Meili ◽  
Vasco Schelbert ◽  
Mahbub-Ul Alam ◽  
Prince Antwi-Agyei ◽  
Sheillah Simiyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Adequate Quality ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
Lower Correlation

AbstractIn recent years, shared facilities have contributed substantially to increased access to sanitation in urban areas. While shared sanitation is often the only viable option in densely-populated, low-income urban areas, it is currently considered a “limited" solution by the international community. In this paper, we analyze the conditions under which shared sanitation could be considered of adequate quality and propose a set of indicators associated with sanitation quality to be included in national household surveys. We conducted a survey with 3600 households and 2026 observational spot-checks of shared and individual household toilets in Kisumu (Kenya), Kumasi (Ghana), and Dhaka (Bangladesh). We develop a composite sanitation quality outcome measure based on observational data. Using regression analysis, we identify self-reported indicators that correlate with the spot-checked composite measure and are, therefore, robust with regard to reporting bias. Results show that (pour-) flush toilets are a highly informative indicator for sanitation quality compared to other toilet technologies. In contrast to previous arguments and depending on the context, sharing a toilet has a comparatively lower correlation with sanitation quality. Toilets still show good quality if shared among only 2–3 households. Toilet location and lighting, as well as the presence of a lockable door, are equally strong indicators for sanitation quality and could serve as alternative indicators. The findings suggest that the sanitation service levels defined by the WHO and UNICEF might be reconsidered to better capture the quality of sanitation facilities in low-income urban settlements.

scholarly journals When is shared sanitation acceptable in low-income urban settlements? A user perspective on shared sanitation quality in Kumasi, Kisumu and Dhaka

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-968
Author(s):  
Vasco Schelbert ◽  
Dario Meili ◽  
Mahbub-Ul Alam ◽  
Sheillah Simiyu ◽  
Prince Antwi-Agyei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Incremental Step

Abstract Shared sanitation facilities (SSFs) have contributed considerably to sanitation access in many low-income settlements. While many SSFs are of unacceptable quality, others have been found to be a hygienically safe and a socially and economically viable sanitation option. Within its framework, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), evaluating progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, considers shared sanitation as ‘limited sanitation’. Overall, there is uncertainty about the criteria to distinguish between unacceptable and acceptable quality of SSF. In our study, we used a user-centred qualitative approach in low-income urban settlements in Kumasi (Ghana), Kisumu (Kenya) and Dhaka (Bangladesh) and conducted 17 focus group discussions to evaluate how SSF users define the quality of an SSF and which aspects they consider as essential priorities for good-quality SSF. In descending order, the user priorities identified are: immediate water access, cleanliness, gender-separated toilets, flush toilets, lighting for use at night, lockable/functional doors, tiling, handwashing stations and privacy. This list can serve as input to the sanitation guidelines, local building codes and the establishment of minimum national sanitation standards. SSFs that meet these minimal criteria can then be promoted as an incremental step when individual household facilities are not feasible.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TIPOLOGI WILAYAH DALAM MENDUKUNG PENGEMBANGAN MINAPOLITAN DI PROVINSI GORONTALO

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Taslim Arifin ◽  
Syahrial Nur Amri ◽  
Siti Hajar Suryawati
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Income ◽  
Regional Economic Growth ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Typology Analysis ◽  
Development Center

Pengembangan wilayah dengan pendekatan minapolitan sebagai konsep pembangunan perikanan tidak bisa dilakukan secara parsial. Perikanan harus dibangun secara holisitik yaitu dengan membangun semua yang tersedia di perkotaan ke perdesaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur dan pola pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah dan mengetahui potensi dan daya saing lokasi sebagai prioritas pusat pertumbuhan perikanan di Provinsi Gorontalo. Studi ini menggunakan analisis tipologi Klassen dan Shift-Share (S-S). Wilayah yang memiliki struktur ekonomi relatif baik adalah Kabupaten Pohuwato. Daerah ini memiliki PDRB perkapita di atas nilai provinsi namun pertumbuhan ekonomi masih dibawah provinsi (high income but low growth), atau termasuk kategori daerah maju tapi tertekan. Kabupaten Gorontalo, Boalemo dan Bone Bolango termasuk dalam kategori relatif tertinggal (low growth and low income). Kabupaten Boalemo, Pohuwato dan Bone Bolango memiliki pertumbuhan subsektor perikanan yang hampir sama yaitu 18,6%, 16,2% dan 12,7%. Kabupaten Gorontalo hanya bertumbuh sebesar 7,4%. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari produksi subsektor perikanan Kabupaten Gorontalo yang hanya memiliki share 8% terhadap produksi perikanan. Untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi pada sektor perikanan, perlu memperhatikan hal-hal berikut: (a) menyediakan fasilitas publik, (b) pengembangan sektor perikanan secara terintegrasi, (c) pengembangan industri pengolahan hasil perikanan, (d) Pemda Kabupaten Boalemo dan Pohuwato, perlu melakukan tindakan pro aktif dan konstruktif untuk merangsang tumbuhnya minat penanaman modal disertai dengan peningkatan dan pembenahan kualitas SDM. Title: Regional Typhology Analysis for Developing of Minapolitan in the Gorontalo ProvinceRegional  development  by  using  Minapolitan  approach  is  as  a  fisheries  development  concept cannot be applied partially. Fisheries sector should be holistically developed by developing all of potency of rurals and urban areas. This study aims to: (1) understand the structure and pattern of regional economic growth, (2) find out the potency and competitiveness of the area as a priority for fisheries development center in Gorontalo Province. This study uses Klassen and Shift-Share (S-S) typology analysis. Finding of this study showed that has the better economic structure was Pohuwato Regency. This region has Gross Regional Domestic Bruto (GRDB) per capita above the provincial value. However, economic development is still below the provincial level (high income but low growth). It is categorized as developed region but they still under preasure of economy. Boalemo Regency, Pohuwato Regency and Bone Bolango Regency have almost equal fishery development value, which are 18.6%, 16.2% and 12.7% respectively. Gorontalo Regency is grow only 7.4 %. This is due to fisheries production in Gorontalo Regency is only share 8% of total fisheries production. In order to improve economic growth, is  fisheries  sector  need  to  pay  attention  to  several  important  points:  (a)  provide  public  facilities,  (b) development of an integrated fisheries sector, (c) development of processing industry, (d) Boalemo and Pohuwato regencies, need to tae action of pro-active and constructive to stimulate investor in improving quality of human resources.

scholarly journals Kajian pemanfaatan ruang kawasan pesisir studi kasus kawasan permukiman kumuh Kelurahan Padarni Kabupaten Manokwari

Cassowary ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-146
Author(s):  
Adityo Dwi Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Waterfront Development ◽  
Coastal City

Manokwari is a coastal city and the capital city of the Province which is considered as very strategic and growing city, making Manokwari more attract for jobs seeker. Many low- income people who migrate to Manokwari make densely populated and slum squatter settlements inevitable. Padarni Coastal Area is one of the urban areas with very poor environmental conditions, Irregular, disaster-prone settlements as well as basic facilities and infrastructure have not been realized properly so that the community cannot move and live properly. The results of the study were 6 causes of slum conditions: Socio-cultural Characteristics, level of urbanization, limited land, accessibility, facilities and infrastructure, and weak of government policies. With the concept of waterfront development, settlement arrangement activities are directed at the utilization of local potential, phasing improvement in the quality of settlements and sustainable slums prevention.

Kaantabay Sa Kauswagan: Empowering the Urban Poor in Naga City, Philippines

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
Wilfredo Prilles
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Central Government ◽  
City Government ◽  
Political Will ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Resources And Capabilities ◽  
Vital Factor

Initiated in 1989, the KsK programme (literally Partners in Development) shows how a tri-partite approach of pooling resources and capabilities of private landowners, city and central government and the poor can be used to improve urban living conditions. Strong political will and an enlightened perception of the poor has enabled a city government to reduce poverty, manage urbanisation and improve quality of life in urban areas. Eighty-one per cent of the 7,400 low-income houses have been improved to date. Strong community participation has been a vital factor in achieving this success.

scholarly journals Locatıon Housıng Affordabılıty as an Indıcator for Qualıty of Lıfe in Malaysıa

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Mohd Azren Hassan ◽  
Hazlina Hamdan ◽  
Jamalunlaili Abdullah ◽  
Yusfida Ayu Abddullah
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Housing Affordability

To have a quality of life is the ability to own a house. Housing affordability affects the quality of life concerning household well-being and economic security. The research sets to evaluate the location housing affordability for the low-income group base on housing and transportation expenditures in urban areas. 148 respondents have interviewed and by using an integrated Location Housing Affordability, it had indicated that location does influence housing affordability. The findings showed the urban area for the low-income group is seriously unaffordable. “Location" should be part of affordable housing because it affects housing affordability thus concerning the quality of life.

scholarly journals The Quality of Housing Produced by the Low Income in a Developing Country: A case study in Ibadan, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
Jaiyeoba Babatunde Emmanuel
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The People ◽  
International Publishing ◽  
Housing Standards ◽  
Low Income Housing

The paper illustrates how housing produced by the low income in Ogbere area of Ibadan is negotiated from the societal complex due to the inability of government to provide for them and low income housing not being attractive to the profit driven private sector. Quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted while using the lens of Lefebvre’s theory of space to examine the people, the process and the houses produced. The findings necessitate situating low income housing standards, quality and policy interventions in the social context to upgrade the quality of life in urban areas. Keywords: Lefebvre, Low income, Housing production, Social context eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

scholarly journals Experiences of shared sanitation – towards a better understanding of access, exclusion and ‘toilet mobility’ in low-income urban areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-590
Author(s):  
Ella Foggitt ◽  
Sally Cawood ◽  
Barbara Evans ◽  
Patricia Acheampong
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Global Network ◽  
New Town ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Generous Support ◽  
Public Toilets

Abstract Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 6.2 calls for ‘adequate and equitable sanitation for all’. In dense, rapidly urbanising cities, the challenge of providing household sanitation means that many countries include shared, community and public toilets in their national strategies to meet global goals. However, shared sanitation is associated with several problems including poor management and exclusion. This study examines shared sanitation access and use by using innovative mapping methods in compound house units in Fante New Town, Kumasi, Ghana. This study reveals that 56% of house units have at least one toilet. Of the 47% of people living in these house units, almost a third were excluded from using the toilet. Tenure status was the main driver for exclusion, with nearly half of people reporting non-usage ‘not allowed’ to use the toilet by the landlord. This study outlines key policy interventions to address broader institutional and regulatory barriers to shared sanitation. At the settlement level, this includes the provision of safe, well-managed public toilets and engagement with landlords to improve house unit toilet access. At the national and global level, this study calls for nuanced indicators to assess the quality of access and to ensure shared sanitation works for everyone. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

scholarly journals Environmental Factors and the Microbial Quality of Urban Drinking Water in a Low-Income Country: The Case of Madagascar

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bastaraud ◽  
Jean Rakotondramanga ◽  
Jackson Mahazosaotra ◽  
Noror Ravaonindrina ◽  
Ronan Jambou
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Microbial Quality

Access to piped water is often limited to urban areas in low-income countries, and the microbiological quality of drinking water varies due to technical and environmental constraints. To analyse the parameters that modulate the contamination of these systems, this study examines 16 years of microbial quality data for water supplied in 32 urban areas of Madagascar. A discriminant statistical approach and agglomerative hierarchical clusters were applied to environmental and climatic data. The microbial contamination varied between sites from 3.3 to 17.5%, and 78% of the supply systems showed large variations between years or months. Agglomerative hierarchical clusters (AHCs) revealed four supply system profiles that share a similar bacteriological evolution. Heavy rainfall and dry periods sustained increasing contamination, as reflected in levels of spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (SSRC) and/or total coliforms (TC). SSRC were dominant in three profiles, with faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) dominant in the other. Principal component analysis demonstrated the main drivers of contamination: type of water source, implemented treatment, location of the site, population growth, lack of protection, agriculture, urbanization/sanitation, and flooding threats. Contamination increased over the 16-year period, reaching alarming levels. The protection of water sources should be a concern for public authorities.

Equity and access to basic services : Issues and options

Social Change ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 104-113
Author(s):  
V. K. Dhar
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Equity And Access ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Basic Services

Infrastructure and services are the most important factors determining the quality of environment of urban settlements. With the fast growth of urban population, there has been increasing need to expand the infrastructure and services at a rapid rate. Further, the slum population is growing twice as fast as the general rate of growth of the urban areas. Therefore, problems of providing services to the economically weaker sections assumed much importance. This paper analyses the present production and distribution strategies and their impact on the delivery of the economic and social services to the economically weaker sections of the society and raises issues in terms of pricing strategies, norms and standards, legal framework and the administrature machinery for planning and distribution.

scholarly journals Understanding Social and Environmental Hazards in Urban Areas: An Analysis from Barranquilla, Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Marina B. Martínez-González ◽  
Celene B. Milanes ◽  
Jorge Moreno-Gómez ◽  
Samuel Padilla-Llano ◽  
Alex Vásquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Urban Stream ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The City

The present research aims to understand the challenges faced by a Colombian city in the context of multidimensional risk scenarios, given the existing demographic and socio-economic conditions and local perspectives and perceptions regarding socio-environmental risks. The research was undertaken in the city of Barranquilla, northern Colombia. A survey was designed to analyze (1) the general socio-economic and vulnerability conditions of a communities’ sample, (2) information related to hazards and disaster risk in their neighbourhoods, and (3) information on actions to mitigate risk. Three hundred and ninety-one people were surveyed. Likert scale and Pearson's Chi-square test and descriptive, inferential statistical methods, regression models, and the Mann–Whitney U test were used to process the results. Respondents lived, in general, under precarious socio-economic conditions (such as low income or lack of infrastructure and others). Given socio-environmental constraints, the research revealed that hazards such as urban stream flooding and robbery were the most negatively associated with the respondent’s quality of life. Regarding the actions to avoid losses, 84% of respondents had not implemented any preventive action. Respondents also have low awareness of the need to implement risk prevention actions. Social risks and the configuration of anthropic hazards stand out as principal centres for concern.

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