scholarly journals Eat like an athlete: insights of sports nutrition science to support active aging in healthy older adults

GeroScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Y. Oikawa ◽  
Tristin D. Brisbois ◽  
Luc J. C. van Loon ◽  
Ian Rollo
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Active Aging ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Muscle Health ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

AbstractSkeletal muscle mass losses with age are associated with negative health consequences, including an increased risk of developing metabolic disease and the loss of independence. Athletes adopt numerous nutritional strategies to maximize the benefits of exercise training and enhance recovery in pursuit of improving skeletal muscle quality, mass, or function. Importantly, many of the principles applied to enhance skeletal muscle health in athletes may be applicable to support active aging and prevent sarcopenia in the healthy (non-clinical) aging population. Here, we discuss the anabolic properties of protein supplementation in addition to ingredients that may enhance the anabolic effects of protein (e.g. omega 3 s, creatine, inorganic nitrate) in older persons. We conclude that nutritional strategies used in pursuit of performance enhancement in athletes are often applicable to improve skeletal muscle health in the healthy older population when implemented as part of a healthy active lifestyle. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms by which these nutrients may induce favourable changes in skeletal muscle and to determine the appropriate dosing and timing of nutrient intakes to support active aging.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns, Skeletal Muscle Health, and Sarcopenia in Older Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoneta Granic ◽  
Avan Sayer ◽  
Sian Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Nutritional Epidemiology ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Muscle Health

In recent decades, the significance of diet and dietary patterns (DPs) for skeletal muscle health has been gaining attention in ageing and nutritional research. Sarcopenia, a muscle disease characterised by low muscle strength, mass, and function is associated with an increased risk of functional decline, frailty, hospitalization, and death. The prevalence of sarcopenia increases with age and leads to high personal, social, and economic costs. Finding adequate nutritional measures to maintain muscle health, preserve function, and independence for the growing population of older adults would have important scientific and societal implications. Two main approaches have been employed to study the role of diet/DPs as a modifiable lifestyle factor in sarcopenia. An a priori or hypothesis-driven approach examines the adherence to pre-defined dietary indices such as the Mediterranean diet (MED) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)—measures of diet quality—in relation to muscle health outcomes. A posteriori or data-driven approaches have used statistical tools—dimension reduction methods or clustering—to study DP-muscle health relationships. Both approaches recognise the importance of the whole diet and potential cumulative, synergistic, and antagonistic effects of foods and nutrients on ageing muscle. In this review, we have aimed to (i) summarise nutritional epidemiology evidence from four recent systematic reviews with updates from new primary studies about the role of DPs in muscle health, sarcopenia, and its components; (ii) hypothesise about the potential mechanisms of ‘myoprotective’ diets, with the MED as an example, and (iii) discuss the challenges facing nutritional epidemiology to produce the higher level evidence needed to understand the relationships between whole diets and healthy muscle ageing.

scholarly journals Could Omega 3 Fatty Acids Preserve Muscle Health in Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Kassandra Lanchais ◽  
Frederic Capel ◽  
Anne Tournadre
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Muscle Health

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a high prevalence of death due to cardiometabolic diseases. As observed during the aging process, several comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disorders (CVD), insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and sarcopenia, are frequently associated to RA. These abnormalities could be closely linked to alterations in lipid metabolism. Indeed, RA patients exhibit a lipid paradox, defined by reduced levels of total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol whereas the CVD risk is increased. Moreover, the accumulation of toxic lipid mediators (i.e., lipotoxicity) in skeletal muscles can induce mitochondrial dysfunctions and insulin resistance, which are both crucial determinants of CVD and sarcopenia. The prevention or reversion of these biological perturbations in RA patients could contribute to the maintenance of muscle health and thus be protective against the increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases, dysmobility and mortality. Yet, several studies have shown that omega 3 fatty acids (FA) could prevent the development of RA, improve muscle metabolism and limit muscle atrophy in obese and insulin-resistant subjects. Thereby, dietary supplementation with omega 3 FA should be a promising strategy to counteract muscle lipotoxicity and for the prevention of comorbidities in RA patients.

scholarly journals Erythrocyte Long Chain Omega 3 Fatty Acids Are Associated with Higher Lean Mass in Postmenopausal Women Newly Diagnosed with Breast Cancer (P05-024-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Belury ◽  
Rachel Cole ◽  
Rebecca Andridge ◽  
Qing Xie ◽  
Ashleigh Keiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Appendicular Lean Mass ◽  
Muscle Health ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Objectives Cancer contributes to adverse changes in body composition that may increase risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Skeletal muscle is a main driver of cardiometabolic health. We hypothesize that higher intake of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3PUFAs) is associated with muscle health. This study evaluates whether LCn3PUFA exposure assessed in diet and in blood is associated with markers of muscle health in women with breast cancer. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis evaluating LCn3PUFA exposure and markers of muscle health in women (N = 150) prior to treatment for breast cancer. Exposure to LCn3PUFAs was assessed by a diet history questionnaire (DHQ), a question specifically about supplement usage and biomarker of LCn3PUFAs in red blood cells (RBC). Body composition were measured at the same visit using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression models were used to test for associations. Results 13% (N = 19) of women reported using fish oil supplements (e.g., Supplement Users) and had significantly higher levels of RBC LCn3PUFAs than Supplement Non-users. In Supplement Non-users, there was a positive association between reported dietary exposure by DHQ and RBC LCn3PUFA levels. The n3 index (e.g., sum of RBC EPA + DHA) and DHA (22:6n3) were positively associated with appendicular lean mass/BMI. There were no significant correlations between RBC LCn3PUFAs with grip strength and or other measurements of body composition. Conclusions As a biomarker of intake, RBC LCn3PUFAs are positively associated with appendicular lean mass, a measure of skeletal muscle mass. A future study should prospectively evaluate whether higher LCn3PUFA exposure (as measured in blood) is associated with maintaining better muscle health during and following cancer treatment. Funding Sources Funding was provided by the National Cattleman's Beef Association, NIH (JKG) CA186720, Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center and the Carol S. Kennedy Professorship.

scholarly journals Dietary Factors Associated with Frailty in Old Adults: A Review of Nutritional Interventions to Prevent Frailty Development

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Hernández Morante ◽  
Carmelo Gómez Martínez ◽  
Juana María Morillas-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Frailty Syndrome ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Increased Risk

Frailty syndrome is a medical condition that is characterised by a functional decline, usually from 65 years old on, and creates the need for assistance to perform daily living activities. As the population ages, the need for specialised geriatric care will increase immensely, and consequently, the need for specialised services for the care of these people will increase accordingly. From a nutritional point of view, to control or balance the nutritional status of residents will be essential in order to prevent sarcopenia and, consequently, frailty development. In this line, previous studies have highlighted the association among low energy intake, inadequate intake of protein and vitamin D, and an increased risk of frailty development. However, there is a lack of intervention studies on frail patients, especially in the realm of quality clinical trials. The few studies performed to date seem to indicate that there is a protective role of protein supplementation against frailty syndrome. In this regard, it is tempting to suggest daily 30 g protein supplements to prevent frailty. However, it is well established that excess protein can also be harmful; therefore, specific individual characteristics should be considered before prescribing these supplements. On the other hand, the relevance of other nutritional interventions, such as vitamin D, omega-3, and medium-chain triglycerides, is much more scarce in the literature. Therefore, we encourage the development of new clinical trials to carry out effective therapies to prevent frailty development.

Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation Associated With Resistance Training on Muscular Strength, Hypertrophy, and Muscle Quality in Preconditioned Older Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Sugihara Junior ◽  
Alex S. Ribeiro ◽  
Hellen C.G. Nabuco ◽  
Rodrigo R. Fernandes ◽  
Crisieli M. Tomeleri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Total Strength

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of whey protein (WP) supplementation on muscular strength, hypertrophy, and muscular quality in older women preconditioned to resistance training (RT). In a randomized, double-blind, and placebo (PLA)-controlled design, 31 older women (67.4 ± 4.0 years, 62.0 ± 6.9 kg, 155.9 ± 5.7 cm, and 25.5 ± 2.4 kg/m2) received either 35 g of WP (n = 15) or 35 g of PLA (n = 16) over a 12-week study period while performing an RT program three times a week. Dietary intake, one-repetition maximum test, and skeletal muscle mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were assessed before and after the intervention period. Both groups showed significant (p < .05) improvements in skeletal muscle mass and total strength, and the WP group realized greater increases (p < .05) in these measures compared with PLA (skeletal muscle mass: WP = +4.8% vs. PLA = +2.3%; strength: WP = +8.7% vs. PLA = +4.9%). Muscular quality increased (p < .05) in both groups (WP = +2.9% vs. PLA = +1.5%) without statistical differences (p > .05) noted between conditions. We conclude that WP supplementation in combination with RT induces higher increases in both strength and hypertrophy in older women preconditioned to RT.

scholarly journals Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Health

Marine Drugs ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6977-7004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart Jeromson ◽  
Iain Gallagher ◽  
Stuart Galloway ◽  
D. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Muscle Health

scholarly journals Potential Utility of Electrical Impedance Myography in Evaluating Age-Related Skeletal Muscle Function Deficits

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Clark ◽  
Seward Rutkove ◽  
Elmer C. Lupton ◽  
Carlos J. Padilla ◽  
W. David Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Function ◽  
Muscle Health

Skeletal muscle function deficits associated with advancing age are due to several physiological and morphological changes including loss of muscle size and quality (conceptualized as a reduction in the intrinsic force-generating capacity of a muscle when adjusted for muscle size). Several factors can contribute to loss of muscle quality, including denervation, excitation-contraction uncoupling, increased fibrosis, and myosteatosis (excessive levels of inter- and intramuscular adipose tissue and intramyocellular lipids). These factors also adversely affect metabolic function. There is a major unmet need for tools to rapidly and easily assess muscle mass and quality in clinical settings with minimal patient and provider burden. Herein, we discuss the potential for electrical impedance myography (EIM) as a tool to evaluate muscle mass and quality in older adults. EIM applies weak, non-detectible (e.g., 400 μA), mutifrequency (e.g., 1 kHz–1 MHz) electrical currents to a muscle (or muscle group) through two excitation electrodes, and resulting voltages are measured via two sense electrodes. Measurements are fast (~5 s/muscle), simple to perform, and unaffected by factors such as hydration that may affect other simple measures of muscle status. After nearly 2 decades of study, EIM has been shown to reflect muscle health status, including the presence of atrophy, fibrosis, and fatty infiltration, in a variety of conditions (e.g., developmental growth and maturation, conditioning/deconditioning, and obesity) and neuromuscular diseases states [e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and muscular dystrophies]. In this article, we describe prior work and current evidence of EIM’s potential utility as a measure of muscle health in aging and geriatric medicine.

scholarly journals Harnessing Muscle–Liver Crosstalk to Treat Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manu V. Chakravarthy ◽  
Mohammad S. Siddiqui ◽  
Mikael F. Forsgren ◽  
Arun J. Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Muscle Volume ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Increased Risk

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached epidemic proportions, affecting an estimated one-quarter of the world’s adult population. Multiple organ systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of NAFLD; however, the role of skeletal muscle has until recently been largely overlooked. A growing body of evidence places skeletal muscle—via its impact on insulin resistance and systemic inflammation—and the muscle-liver axis at the center of the NAFLD pathogenic cascade. Population-based studies suggest that sarcopenia is an effect-modifier across the NAFLD spectrum in that it is tightly linked to an increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and advanced liver fibrosis, all independent of obesity and insulin resistance. Longitudinal studies suggest that increases in skeletal muscle mass over time may both reduce the incidence of NAFLD and improve preexisting NAFLD. Adverse muscle composition, comprising both low muscle volume and high muscle fat infiltration (myosteatosis), is highly prevalent in patients with NAFLD. The risk of functional disability conferred by low muscle volume in NAFLD is further exacerbated by the presence of myosteatosis, which is twice as common in NAFLD as in other chronic liver diseases. Crosstalk between muscle and liver is influenced by several factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, ectopic fat deposition, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory mediators. In this perspective review, we discuss key pathophysiological processes driving sarcopenia in NAFLD: anabolic resistance, insulin resistance, metabolic inflexibility and systemic inflammation. Interventions that modify muscle quantity (mass), muscle quality (fat), and physical function by simultaneously engaging multiple targets and pathways implicated in muscle-liver crosstalk may be required to address the multifactorial pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and provide effective and durable therapies.

scholarly journals Nutritional Supplements to Support Resistance Exercise in Countering the Sarcopenia of Aging

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2057 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McKendry ◽  
Brad S. Currier ◽  
Changhyun Lim ◽  
Jonathan C. Mcleod ◽  
Aaron C.Q. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Skeletal muscle plays an indispensable role in metabolic health and physical function. A decrease in muscle mass and function with advancing age exacerbates the likelihood of mobility impairments, disease development, and early mortality. Therefore, the development of non-pharmacological interventions to counteract sarcopenia warrant significant attention. Currently, resistance training provides the most effective, low cost means by which to prevent sarcopenia progression and improve multiple aspects of overall health. Importantly, the impact of resistance training on skeletal muscle mass may be augmented by specific dietary components (i.e., protein), feeding strategies (i.e., timing, per-meal doses of specific macronutrients) and nutritional supplements (e.g., creatine, vitamin-D, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids etc.). The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date, evidence-based account of nutritional strategies to enhance resistance training-induced adaptations in an attempt to combat age-related muscle mass loss. In addition, we provide insight on how to incorporate the aforementioned nutritional strategies that may support the growth or maintenance of skeletal muscle and subsequently extend the healthspan of older individuals.

scholarly journals The Role of Home-Based Exercise in Maintaining Skeletal Muscle During Preoperative Pancreatic Cancer Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 153473542098661
Author(s):  
Nathan H. Parker ◽  
Jessica Gorzelitz ◽  
An Ngo-Huang ◽  
Bette J. Caan ◽  
Laura Prakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Preoperative Treatment ◽  
Historical Cohort ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Muscle Health

Loss of skeletal muscle and inferior muscle quality are associated with poor prognosis in patients undergoing preoperative treatment for pancreatic cancer, so maintaining skeletal muscle health before surgery may help accelerate patients’ functional recovery and improve their quality of life following surgery. While exercise helps maintain or increase skeletal muscle in individuals undergoing cancer treatment, its efficacy during pancreatic cancer treatment is unclear. Accordingly, in this study we compared changes in skeletal muscle quantity (skeletal muscle index [SMI]) and quality (skeletal muscle density [SMD]) during preoperative pancreatic cancer treatment in participants in a home-based exercise program (EP) and a historical cohort of patients who received the usual care (UC) with no formal exercise programming. Recommendations for the EP cohort included both aerobic and resistance exercise. We assessed changes in SMI and SMD using computed tomography scans administered at treatment planning (T0, prior to EP enrollment) and preoperative restaging (T1) for 33 EP and 64 UC patients and compared changes between groups. The UC patients had statistically significant SMI decreases from T0 to T1 (−1.4 ± 3.8 cm2/m2; p = .005), while the EP patients did not (0.2 ± 3.2 cm2/m2; p = .7). The SMI loss was significantly worse for the UC than for the EP patients ( p = .03). Neither group demonstrated statistically significant changes in SMD from T0 to T1, nor did the groups differ in the amount of change in SMD. An adjusted linear regression model demonstrated that EP participation was significantly associated with better SMI maintenance ( p = .02). These results suggest that participation in a home-based EP during preoperative treatment may help improve skeletal muscle health and clinical and quality of life outcomes for pancreatic cancer survivors.

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