scholarly journals Coupling and Decoupling of Reproduction and Larval Recruitment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Commercial Fisheries ◽  
Adult Density ◽  
Benthic Species ◽  
Pelagic Species ◽  
Larval Recruitment ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Benthic Animals

AbstractStock-recruitment relationships for managing commercial fisheries are difficult to measure and notoriously poor, so marine ecologists have relied on larval recruitment as a proxy for how planktonic processes regulate populations and communities. However, my literature review revealed that coupling between reproductive output and recruitment in benthic populations was common, occurring in 62% of 112 studies and 64% of 81 species. Coupling was considerably stronger for studies on brooders (72%) than broadcast-spawners (46%) and taxa with short (74%) than long (56%) planktonic larval durations (PLDs); hence, it was highest for brooders with short PLDs (94%). Coupling was similar in studies on benthic animals (63%) and seagrasses and kelp (56%). Coupling was detected more often by quantifying both reproductive output and settlement (79%) than adult density and recruitment (60%). It also was detected in 83% of just 21% of studies that estimated dispersal. Coupling was even detected by 55% of the 46% of studies conducted at just one site and 58% of the 65% of studies lasting no longer than 3 years. Decoupling was detected 33 times in invertebrates and fishes, occurring more often in the plankton (48.5%) and during reproduction (45.5%) than after settlement (6%), and nine times in seagrasses and kelp, occurring more often during reproduction (44.4%) than postsettlement (33.3%) or in the plankton (22.2%). Widespread coupling between reproductive output and settlement for sedentary, benthic species suggests that the poor stock-recruitment relationships typical of vagile, wide-ranging, pelagic species may be due more to the difficulty of detecting them than decoupling.

scholarly journals Downside of corporate performance management practices in low-income markets

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Last Mazambani ◽  
Emmanuel Mutambara
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Corporate Performance ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Developed Markets ◽  
The Poor

Based on theoretical literature review, the paper demonstrates the misgiving of market economy corporate performance management practices when applied in poor markets. Western developed management practices are incongruent to serve poor customers in low-income markets. The findings of the literature review are that these management systems are exclusionary and conflict with sustainable development as they reject the poor as unprofitable and worthless to pursue as customers. In addition, they are based on antiquated assumptions and contradict ideologies and cultural contexts of the poor. In recent times, corporates are under pressure to enter low-income markets as developed markets get saturated. The poor are, however, significantly different from the affluent customers obtained in higher income segments. Corporates find themselves poorly equipped to succeed. Because poor markets are only latent, firms are expected to do more in order to create value than they would do when entering developed markets. The paper provides recommendations for the firms from developed markets to adjust their performance management practices in order to be successful in emerging markets.

Preparing a Service System of Microfinance for the Unbanked in Myanmar

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hnin Pwint Aye ◽  
Yoshiteru Nakamori
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Service System ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Access System ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Microfinance Institution ◽  
Legal Procedures

The objective of this paper is to create a service system to protect the security of financial system of microfinance and over indebtedness by improving the capacity of unbanked instead of strict legal procedures. The service system is one of the sub-systems of the access system. The access system including four sub-systems is constructed to moderate the severe legal procedures of MFI for rural unbanked in Myanmar to be able to easily borrow loans from a microfinance institution and to secure the financial system of MFI and over indebtedness of the clients. This paper applied a literature review to comprehend the causes of occurring over-indebtedness, importance of service to protect over-indebtedness and improve livelihoods of the poor. Two surveys collected the data of the current capacity of the poor from two perspectives and verified three hypotheses. As a result, unbanked in Myanmar have low capacity. The ideas for service system are explored depending on the current occupations of unbanked. A proposed service system is created on the ideas for the process of skill development training.

scholarly journals Menelaah Persoalan Kemiskinan Melalui Narasi Persembahan Janda Miskin (Markus 12:41-44)

JURNAL LUXNOS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Yane Octavia Rismawati Wainarisi
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
Poor People ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Vulnerable People

Abstract: This article discusses the study of the problem of poverty based on the narrative of the offering of the poor widow in Mark 12: 41-44. By using qualitative methods or more precisely literature review, the authors conclude that there needs to be an encounter with them beforehand so that through encounters with poor people, both writers and we can also gain a deeper understanding of God's heart, not only for ourselves, for the poor and the weak, but also for everyone around the world. However, because poor people are the most vulnerable people to be treated unfairly, it is necessary to formulate solidarity with the poor in order to realize the Kingdom of God in the world. Abstrak: Artikel ini membahas tentang telaah persoalan kemiskinan yang didasarkan pada narasi persembahan janda miskin dalam Markus 12: 41-44. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif atau lebih tepatnya kajian pustaka, maka penulis menyimpulkan bahwa perlu ada perjumpaan terlebih dahulu dengan mereka agar melalui perjumpaan dengan orang-orang miskin, baik penulis dan kita juga dapat memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih tentang hati Allah, tidak hanya bagi kita sendiri, bagi orang-orang miskin dan lemah, namun juga bagi setiap orang diseluruh dunia. Namun karena orang-orang miskin merupakan orang-orang yang paling rentan untuk mendapat perlakukan tidak adil, maka perlu suatu formulasi solidaritas terhadap kaum miskin demi mewujudkan Kerajaan Allah di dunia.  

scholarly journals Analysis of Concrete Made from Natural and Recycled Aggregate from Hardened Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 350-357
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Recycled Aggregate ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Stone Dust ◽  
Hardened Properties ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
The Comparative Study

Detoriation of environment and depletion of natural resources is a major concern of the hour. Concrete not being an environmental pro material, a lot of work needs to be done on its sustainability parameters. Because of infrastructural growth to cater population needs, huge quantities of concrete are required. Since we all know that aggregates form around 75% of concrete volume, the quantities of aggregate required for the production of such huge quantities of concrete is immense. Hence a sustainable solution for the alternative of aggregate is urgently required to fulfill the shortage of aggregates. Keeping in mind the above problem the present work aims at finding a probable solution for utilizing the recycled aggregate obtained from destruction of hardened concrete. Since literature review suggested the poor performance of the concrete produced from recycled aggregate but did not give the best optimum situation in which it can be used. So the study was carried out on six different mixes containing natural aggregates and recycled aggregate for three different grades of concrete and both fresh and hardened properties of concrete was studied. No admixture was used for making concrete in any of the mixes. The comparative study showed that if recycled coarse aggregate is used with stone dust it gives better result and Total fines if used with natural coarse aggregate gives better result.

scholarly journals Microcredit and Poverty Reduction:Comparison of Macedonia and Turkey

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
İlhan Ege
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Financial Structure ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Is Success ◽  
Extensive Literature Review ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Income Instability

In the recent years income instability and poverty is imortnat problem in the world. Aproximately more than one out of five people in the World live in poverty. Microcredit is an effective tool to support the poor help themselves out of the poverty. The aims of this study are explaining poverty in Macedonia and Turkey and comparing Macedonia to Turkish microcredit systems. This study is completed through an extensive literature review of academic articles, and methodologies employed by Macedonia and Turkey microcredit models. The performance of system are studied and compared with the various parameters. The various parameters deals with poverty such as financial structure, gini coefficient and efficiency. Poverty is important problem for undeveloped countries. Microcredit has played an important role in the reduction of poverty. Finally, as the paper shows and the available data appears to confirm success to fighting poverty with microcredit experience of Macadonia and Turkey. And this paper is answered to question: Which is success to fight the poverty, Macedonia or Turkey?

scholarly journals Effects of Adult Biomass and Environmental Conditions on Bigheaded Carp Reproductive Output

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-382
Author(s):  
Michael J. Weber ◽  
Aaron Matthews ◽  
Clay L. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Mississippi River ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
River Temperature ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Recruitment Model ◽  
Adult Abundance

Abstract Bighead Carp Hypothalmichthys nobilis and Silver Carp Hypothalmichthys moltrix (hereafter collectively referred to as Bigheaded Carp) have spread throughout the majority of the Mississippi River since the 1970s. The current northern invasion edge of Bigheaded Carp in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) spans between Pools 14 and 20 because of limited passage at Lock and Dam (LD) 19. Mechanisms limiting adult Bigheaded Carp abundance above LD19 are unknown but may be due in part to lack of reproductive success influenced by adult abundance and environmental factors. Our objective was to investigate how relative adult biomass and river temperature and discharge affect maximum annual Bigheaded Carp larval production in the UMR using a Ricker stock-recruitment model. Adult Bigheaded Carp relative biomass (kg/h) was estimated annually with boat electrofishing and larvae were collected every 10 d between May and August 2014–2017 in Pools 14–20 in the UMR. Adult relative biomass ranged from 0.0 to 880.9 kg/h, whereas maximum annual larval densities ranged from 0.0 to 2,869.4 larvae/m3. After accounting for variability among pools and years, the most supported linear Ricker stock-recruitment model indicated the number of recruits per spawner decreased with increasing adult relative biomass and increased with mean discharge. Our results highlight the importance of adult biomass and river discharge conditions for reproduction of Bigheaded Carp along leading edges of invasion. Management strategies that aim to maintain low adult abundance where reproduction is not yet occurring could help limit population increases via reproduction, whereas reducing high adult biomass (e.g., commercial harvest, barriers) may result in greater Bigheaded Carp reproductive output in the UMR.

Implantação da Ferramenta Gage R&R em uma Indústria de Embalagens

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Jéssica Naihara Nunes Bueno
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Six Sigma ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Subject

A proposta deste artigo é avaliar o sistema de medição em um estudo de caso utilizando a ferramenta Gage R&R, com o objetivo de descobrir a variação das medições, podendo ser por Repetibilidade e/ou Reprodutibilidade. Na ferramenta DMAIC utilizada no Seis Sigma, a etapa Medir é usualmente a mais complicada e demorada pela baixa qualidade dos sistemas de medições da maioria das empresas. Pretende-se uma revisão literária para melhor conhecimento do assunto, assim, a primeira etapa foi a criação de um procedimento para a empresa em estudo. Após a elaboração do procedimento, os colaboradores foram treinados e a gerência definiu as principais inspeções que afetam o produto para a realização do estudo. Em seguida, a ferramenta foi aplicada e cada saída foi analisada comprovando a presença de variações que poderiam não ser consideradas. Palavras-chave: Sistema de medição. DMAIC. Gage R&R. Abstract The proposal is to evaluate the measurement system in a case study using the tool Gage R & R in order to find the variation of the measurements may be for repeatability and / or reproducibility. The tool used in Six Sigma DMAIC, the Measure step is usually the most complicated and delayed by the poor quality of measurement systems of most companies. We performed a literature review to better knowledge of the subject, so the first step was to create a procedure for the company under study. Following completion of the procedure were trained employees and management identified key inspections that affect the product for the study. Then the tool was applied and each output was analyzed demonstrating the presence of variations that could not be considered. Keywords: Measurement System. DMAIC. Gage R&R.

scholarly journals Zakat on Banknotes in Fiqh Syᾱfi’ῑyah Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-447
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yasir ◽  
Tengku Sirajuddiin ◽  
Ahmad Alfajri
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Library Studies ◽  
Supporting Material

One of the Islamic Shari'a is zakat, in addition to the value of the charity of zakat, it also serves as an economic boost for the poor. The obligation of zakat can be understood implicitly from the Qur'an and Hadith but the methods and criteria of zakat are not fully explained, this is where the different assumptions that lead to different practices and criteria are established, one of which is banknotes where some say obligatory and some not . This research is focused on zakat on banknotes, and the reasons that require paper money zakat according to the study of syᾱfi'ῑyahi fiqh. To obtain accurate data in this study, the authors conducted a literature review by using qualitative research methods. The data collection techniques were carried out by library studies, namely selecting and analyzing relevant literature and were seen as supporting material that discussed the problem of zakat money. From the results of this study, the authors find that banknotes is said to be obligatory, some said it is not mandatory. Opinions that say must give a reason, if the current position of banknotes in lieu of dirhams and dinars in the past then the wisdom that exists in dirhams and dinars is also on paper money that is valid in the present and when viewed in terms of the value of paper money This is instead of the value of gold and silver, which means that banknotes owned by someone instead of gold and silver are only in the form of the paper money must be zakat. Opinions that say they are not obliged to give reasons do not come up arguments that require currencies other than dirhams and dinars to be zakati, the lessons in gold and silver are not in currencies other than gold and silver. And currencies other than gold and silver have nothing in common with dirhams and dinars which can be explained to the obligatory zakat.

scholarly journals The hidden financial burden of healthcare: a systematic literature review of informal payments in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Evelyn Kabia ◽  
Catherine Goodman ◽  
Dina Balabanova ◽  
Kui Muraya ◽  
Sassy Molyneux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Health Worker ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Informal Payments ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Open Access Journals ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Informal payments limit equitable access to healthcare. Despite being a common phenomenon, there is a need for an in-depth analysis of informal charging practices in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) context. We conducted a systematic literature review to synthesize existing evidence on the prevalence, characteristics, associated factors, and impact of informal payments in SSA. Methods: We searched for literature on PubMed, African Index Medicus, Directory of Open Access Journals, and Google Scholar databases and relevant organizational websites. We included empirical studies on informal payments conducted in SSA regardless of the study design and year of publication and excluded reviews, editorials, and conference presentations. Framework analysis was conducted, and the review findings were synthesized. Results: A total of 1700 articles were retrieved, of which 23 were included in the review. Several studies ranging from large-scale nationally representative surveys to in-depth qualitative studies have shown that informal payments are prevalent in SSA regardless of the health service, facility level, and sector. Informal payments were initiated mostly by health workers compared to patients and they were largely made in cash rather than in kind. Patients made informal payments to access services, skip queues, receive higher quality of care, and express gratitude. The poor and people who were unaware of service charges, were more likely to pay informally. Supply-side factors associated with informal payments included low and irregular health worker salaries, weak accountability mechanisms, and perceptions of widespread corruption in the public sector. Informal payments limited access especially among the poor and the inability to pay was associated with delayed or forgone care and provision of lower-quality care. Conclusions: Addressing informal payments in SSA requires a multifaceted approach. Potential strategies include enhancing patient awareness of service fees, revisiting health worker incentives, strengthening accountability mechanisms, and increasing government spending on health.

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