scholarly journals Operation and operation approval of high-altitude platforms

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1044
Author(s):  
F. Nikodem ◽  
S. Kaltenhäuser
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
High Altitude Platform ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
High Altitude Platforms ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Aerial Systems ◽  
Long Endurance

Abstract Recently, the European Aviation Safety Agency and other civil aviation authorities introduced a regulatory framework for low- and medium-risk operations of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) where medium-risk operations fall into the ‘specific’ category. Other introduced categories are the ‘open’ category for very-low-risk operations and the ‘certified’ category for high-risk operations that are comparable to manned aviation. This framework has the potential to reduce the certification costs compared to manned civil aviation. This paper discusses the challenges for operators of high-altitude platforms who aim for medium-risk UAS operations in the ‘specific’ category. It also shows ways to obtain an operation approval in the ‘specific’ category and how to deal with the associated operational requirements to perform such long-endurance UAS missions. Moreover, problems the high-altitude platform operator has to face when applying SORA are discussed. The paper closes with a promising approach to further enable high-altitude operations and to face some of the problems that occurred in the applicability of SORA to high-altitude platform operations by the use of 4D-operational volumes and unmanned traffic management (UTM) services.

scholarly journals Development of a Flexible and Expandable UTM Simulator Based on Open Sources and Platforms

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Sugjoon Yoon ◽  
Dongcho Shin ◽  
Younghoon Choi ◽  
Kyungtae Park
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Ground Control ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Present Design ◽  
Independent Process ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Aerial Systems

In order to study air traffic control of UAS’s (Unmanned Aerial Systems) in very low altitudes, the UTM (UAS Traffic Management) simulator has to be as flexible and expandable as other research simulators because relevant technologies and regulations are not matured enough at this stage. Available approaches using open sources and platforms are investigated to be used in the UTM simulator. The fundamental rationale for selection is availability of necessary resources to build a UTM simulator. Integration efforts to build a UTM simulator are elaborated, using Ardupilot, MavProxi, Cesium, and VWorld, which are selected from the thorough field study. Design requirements of a UTM simulator are determined by analyzing UTM services defined by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and Eurocontrol. The UTM simulator, named eUTM, is composed of three components: UOS (UTM Operating System), UTM, and multiple GCSs (Ground Control Stations). GCSs are responsible for generation of flight paths of various UASs. UTM component copies functions of a real UTM such as monitoring and controlling air spaces. UOS provides simulation of environment such as weather, and controls the whole UTM simulator system. UOS also generates operation scenarios of UTM, and resides on the same UTM computer as an independent process. Two GCS simulators are connected to the UTM simulator in the present configuration, but the UTM simulator can be expanded to include up to 10 GCS simulators in the present design. In order to demonstrate the flexibility and expandability of eUTM simulator, several operation scenarios are realized and typical deconfliction scenarios among them are tested with a deconfliction algorithm. During the study, some limits are identified with applied open sources and platforms, which have to be resolved in order to obtain a flexible and expandable UTM simulator supporting relevant studies. Most of them are related to interfacing individual sources and platforms which use different program languages and communication drivers.

Aircraft Classification Using RADAR from small Unmanned Aerial Systems for Scalable Traffic Management Emergency Response Operations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester Dolph ◽  
George Szatkowski ◽  
Henry Holbrook ◽  
Chris Morris ◽  
Larry Ticatch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Response ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Aerial Systems

scholarly journals “Open” Category Unmanned Aerial Systems Harmonized Standards and Requirements Complex

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Andon Andonov
Keyword(s):  
Aviation Safety ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Unmanned Systems ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Military ◽  
Aerial Systems

Abstract The steadily increasing use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) is an important factor for the military and civil aviation safety on a global scale. One of the critical conditions for the efficient functioning of the European aviation safety system is the establishment and implementation in practice of a comprehensive regulatory framework for the use of unmanned systems in the Common European Airspace. The aviation authorities and industry strive to introduce a set of rules and requirements that adequately and flexibly guarantee a high level of safety without limiting the development of the UAS market. This article proposes a set of standards that should be met by “Open” category UAS with the intention to execute operations in the European airspace.

scholarly journals Machine Learning and Cognitive Ergonomics in Air Traffic Management: Recent Developments and Considerations for Certification

Aerospace ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Kistan ◽  
Alessandro Gardi ◽  
Roberto Sabatini
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Air Traffic Management ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Cognitive Ergonomics ◽  
Traffic Flow Management ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Aerial Systems

Resurgent interest in artificial intelligence (AI) techniques focused research attention on their application in aviation systems including air traffic management (ATM), air traffic flow management (ATFM), and unmanned aerial systems traffic management (UTM). By considering a novel cognitive human–machine interface (HMI), configured via machine learning, we examined the requirements for such techniques to be deployed operationally in an ATM system, exploring aspects of vendor verification, regulatory certification, and end-user acceptance. We conclude that research into related fields such as explainable AI (XAI) and computer-aided verification needs to keep pace with applied AI research in order to close the research gaps that could hinder operational deployment. Furthermore, we postulate that the increasing levels of automation and autonomy introduced by AI techniques will eventually subject ATM systems to certification requirements, and we propose a means by which ground-based ATM systems can be accommodated into the existing certification framework for aviation systems.

Ultra-Compact Power System for Long-Endurance Small Unmanned Aerial Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Izenson ◽  
Patrick Magari ◽  
Jerry Bieszczad ◽  
George Kiwada
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Aerial Systems ◽  
Long Endurance

scholarly journals Multi-HAPS Network Implementation within 3GPP’s NTN framework for 5G and beyond

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Ogbonnaya Anicho ◽  
Philip Charlesworth ◽  
Gurvinder Baicher ◽  
Atulya Nagar
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Doppler Effect ◽  
Technical Specification ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Seamless Integration ◽  
The Doppler Effect ◽  
Terrestrial Network ◽  
Aerial Systems ◽  
High Altitude Platform Station

High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) is part of the 3GPP defined non-terrestrial network (NTN) infrastructure for 5G networks. Various technical studies by 3GPP have addressed NTN-based implementations and have significantly studied satellite-based scenarios. However, the study does not sufficiently address HAPS or multi-HAPS based scenarios specifically. Though HAPS, is captured under Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), it has unique operational realities that set it apart from other NTN platforms. For instance, HAPS come in different variants of fixed-wing, balloons and airships. This paper highlights the need for expanded studies specifically aimed at HAPS for more seamless integration. The work also analyses the Doppler effect associated with fixed-wing HAPS systems to further demonstrate how operational scenarios may differ for these platforms and the need for targeted studies. HAPS is expected to contribute significantly to the NTN-based implementations and may require more specialised considerations within the 3GPP NTN technical specification process, especially for 5G and beyond 5G (B5G) networks.

scholarly journals System Operation of Regional UTM in Taiwan

Aerospace ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin E. Lin ◽  
Pei-Chi Shao ◽  
Yu-Yuan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Data Streaming ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Trial Test ◽  
System Verification ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Aerial Systems

The hierarchical unmanned aerial systems (UAS) traffic management (UTM) is proposed for UAS operation in Taiwan. The proposed UTM is constructed using the similar concept of ATM from the transport category aviation system. Based on the airspace being divided by 400 feet of altitude, the RUTM (regional UTM) is managed by the local government and the NUTM (national UTM) by the Civil Aeronautical Administration (CAA). Under construction of the UTM system infrastructure, this trial tests examine the effectiveness of UAV surveillance under 400 feet using automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B)-like on-board units (OBU). The ground transceiver station (GTS) is designed with the adoptable systems. In these implementation tests, five long-range wide area network (LoRa) gateways and one automatic packet reporting system (APRS) I-Gate are deployed to cover the Tainan Metropolitan area. The data rates are set in different systems from 8 to 12 s to prevent from data conflict or congestion. The signal coverage, time delay, data distribution, and data variance in communication are recorded and analyzed for RUTM operation. Data streaming and Internet manipulation are verified with cloud system stability and availability. Simple operational procedures are defined with priority for detect and avoid (DAA) for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Mobile communication and Zello broadcasts are introduced and applied to establish controller-to-pilot communication (CPC) for DAA. The UAV flight tests are generally beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) near suburban areas with flight distances to 8 km. On the GTS deployment, six test locations examine communication coverage and effectiveness using ADS-B like OBUs. In system verification, the proposed ADS-B like OBU works well in the UTM infrastructure. The system feasibility is proven with support of receiving data analysis and transceiver efficiency. The trial test supports RUTM in Taiwan for UAV operations.

scholarly journals UTM-Chain: Blockchain-Based Secure Unmanned Traffic Management for Internet of Drones

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3049
Author(s):  
Azza Allouch ◽  
Omar Cheikhrouhou ◽  
Anis Koubâa ◽  
Khalifa Toumi ◽  
Mohamed Khalgui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Aerial Systems ◽  
And Storage

Unmanned aerial systems (UAVs) are dramatically evolving and promoting several civil applications. However, they are still prone to many security issues that threaten public safety. Security becomes even more challenging when they are connected to the Internet as their data stream is exposed to attacks. Unmanned traffic management (UTM) represents one of the most important topics for small unmanned aerial systems for beyond-line-of-sight operations in controlled low-altitude airspace. However, without securing the flight path exchanges between drones and ground stations or control centers, serious security threats may lead to disastrous situations. For example, a predefined flight path could be easily altered to make the drone perform illegal operations. Motivated by these facts, this paper discusses the security issues for UTM’s components and addresses the security requirements for such systems. Moreover, we propose UTM-Chain, a lightweight blockchain-based security solution using hyperledger fabric for UTM of low-altitude UAVs which fits the computational and storage resources limitations of UAVs. Moreover, UTM-Chain provides secure and unalterable traffic data between the UAVs and their ground control stations. The performance of the proposed system related to transaction latency and resource utilization is analyzed by using cAdvisor. Finally, the analysis of security aspects demonstrates that the proposed UTM-Chain scheme is feasible and extensible for the secure sharing of UAV data.

scholarly journals Optimal airfoil design and wing analysis for solar-powered high-altitude platform station

2021 ◽  
pp. 241-241
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hasan ◽  
Jelena Svorcan ◽  
Aleksandar Simonovic ◽  
Nikola Mirkov ◽  
Olivera Kostic
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Lift Coefficient ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Transitional Flow ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Shape Transformation ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
High Altitude Platform ◽  
Solar Powered

The ability of flying continuously over prolonged periods of time has become target of numerous research studies performed in recent years in both the fields of civil aviation and unmanned drones. High-altitude platform stations are aircrafts that can operate for an extended period of time at altitudes 17 km above sea level and higher. The aim of this paper is to design and optimize a wing for such platforms and computationally investigate its aerodynamic performance. For that purpose, two-objective genetic algorithm, class shape transformation and panel method were combined and used to define different airfoils with the highest lift-to-drag ratio and maximal lift coefficient. Once the most suitable airfoil was chosen, polyhedral half-wing was modeled and its aerodynamic performances were estimated using the computational fluid dynamics approach. Flow simulations of transitional flow at various angles-of-attack were realized in ANSYS FLUENT and various quantitative and qualitative results are presented, such as aerodynamic coefficient curves and flow visualizations. In the end, daily mission of the aircraft is simulated and its energy requirement is estimated. In order to be able to cruise above Serbia in July, an aircraft weighing 150 kg must accumulate 17 kWh of solar energy per day.

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