Oral cholera vaccination strategies involving 2 doses would be cost effective in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 889 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-21
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Cholera Vaccination

scholarly journals Combating pertussis resurgence: One booster vaccination schedule does not fit all

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. E472-E477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Riolo ◽  
Pejman Rohani
Keyword(s):  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Vaccine Booster ◽  
Pertussis Epidemiology

Pertussis has reemerged as a major public health concern in many countries where it was once considered well controlled. Although the mechanisms responsible for continued pertussis circulation and resurgence remain elusive and contentious, many countries have nevertheless recommended booster vaccinations, the timing and number of which vary widely. Here, using a stochastic, age-stratified transmission model, we searched for cost-effective booster vaccination strategies using a genetic algorithm. We did so assuming four hypothesized mechanisms underpinning contemporary pertussis epidemiology: (I) insufficient coverage, (II) frequent primary vaccine failure, (III) waning of vaccine-derived protection, and (IV) vaccine “leakiness.” For scenarios I–IV, successful booster strategies were identified and varied considerably by mechanism. Especially notable is the inability of booster schedules to alleviate resurgence when vaccines are leaky. Critically, our findings argue that the ultimate effectiveness of vaccine booster schedules will likely depend on correctly pinpointing the causes of resurgence, with misdiagnosis of the problem epidemiologically ineffective and economically costly.

scholarly journals Modeling vaccination strategies in an Excel spreadsheet: Increasing the rate of vaccination is more effective than increasing the vaccination coverage for containing COVID-19

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254430
Author(s):  
Mario Moisés Alvarez ◽  
Sergio Bravo-González ◽  
Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Excel Spreadsheet ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

We have investigated the importance of the rate of vaccination to contain COVID-19 in urban areas. We used an extremely simple epidemiological model that is amenable to implementation in an Excel spreadsheet and includes the demographics of social distancing, efficacy of massive testing and quarantine, and coverage and rate of vaccination as the main parameters to model the progression of COVID-19 pandemics in densely populated urban areas. Our model predicts that effective containment of pandemic progression in densely populated cities would be more effectively achieved by vaccination campaigns that consider the fast distribution and application of vaccines (i.e., 50% coverage in 6 months) while social distancing measures are still in place. Our results suggest that the rate of vaccination is more important than the overall vaccination coverage for containing COVID-19. In addition, our modeling indicates that widespread testing and quarantining of infected subjects would greatly benefit the success of vaccination campaigns. We envision this simple model as a friendly, readily accessible, and cost-effective tool for assisting health officials and local governments in the rational design/planning of vaccination strategies.

scholarly journals 1389. Economic Evaluation of Universal Varicella Vaccination in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S704-S704
Author(s):  
Enrique Chacon-Cruz ◽  
Estelle Meroc ◽  
Sue Ann Costa-Clemens ◽  
Thomas Verstraeten
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Saving ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Universal varicella vaccination (UVV) has proven to be cost-effective in countries where implemented. However, this has not yet been evaluated for Mexico. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of UVV in the Mexican Immunization Program from both healthcare and societal perspectives. Methods The annual disease burden (varicella cases/deaths, outpatient visits, and hospitalizations) were derived from Mexican seroprevalence-published data adjusted to the 2020 country’s population. The annual economic burden was calculated by combining disease with Mexican published unit cost data. Four different vaccination strategies were evaluated: 1. One dose of a single varicella vaccine at 1 year old; 2. Two doses of single varicella vaccine at 1 and 6 years; 3. One dose of a single varicella vaccine at 1 year, and quadrivalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (MMRV) at 6 years; 4. Two doses of MMRV at 1 and 6 years. We developed an economic model for each vaccination strategy where 20 consecutive birth cohorts were simulated. The impact of vaccination (number of avoided cases/deaths) was evaluated for a 20 years follow-up period based on vaccine effectiveness (87% and 97.4%), and assuming a 95% coverage. Subsequently, we estimated net vaccination costs, benefit-cost ratio (BCR), annual costs saved, cost-effectiveness ratio. Results From annual disease burden estimation, avoided cases with one dose, and two doses were of 20,570,722 and 23,029,751, respectively. From the 20 years cohort, the yearly number of varicella cases was estimated at 2,041,296, and total costs at $115,565,315 (USD) (healthcare perspective) and $165,372,061 (healthcare and societal perspectives). Strategies 1 and 2 were found to be cost-saving (BCR >1) (Figure 1), and strategy 3 to be cost-effective (CE) ($1539 per Life Year Gained). Strategy 4 was not CE. Strategies 1 and 2 would allow saving annually $53.16 million and $34.41 million, respectively, to the Mexican society. FIGURE 1 Conclusion 1.The disease and economic burden of varicella in Mexico are high. 2.UVV with four different vaccination strategies results in a high reduction of cases. 3.From healthcare and societal perspectives, UVV was shown to be cost-effective (with strategy 3), and cost-saving (with strategies using one dose or two doses separately). Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Modeling the effect of vaccination strategies in an Excel spreadsheet: The rate of vaccination, and not only the vaccination coverage, is a determinant for containing COVID-19 in urban areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Moises Alvarez ◽  
Sergio Bravo-Gonzalez ◽  
Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Excel Spreadsheet ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

We have investigated the importance of the rate of vaccination to contain COVID-19 in urban areas. We used an extremely simple epidemiological model that is amenable to implementation in an Excel spreadsheet and includes the demographics of social distancing, efficacy of massive testing and quarantine, and coverage and rate of vaccination as the main parameters to model the progression of COVID-19 pandemics in densely populated urban areas. Our model predicts that effective containment of pandemic progression in densely populated cities would be more effectively achieved by vaccination campaigns that consider the fast distribution and application of vaccines (i.e., 50% coverage in 6 months) while social distancing measures are still in place. Our results suggest that the rate of vaccination is more important than the overall vaccination coverage for containing COVID-19. In addition, our modeling indicates that widespread testing and quarantining of infected subjects would greatly benefit the success of vaccination campaigns. We envision this simple model as a friendly, readily accessible, and cost-effective tool for assisting health officials and local governments in the rational design/planning of vaccination strategies.

Assessing the economics of vaccination forNeisseria meningitidisin industrialized nations: A review and recommendations for further research

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Getsios ◽  
Ingrid Caro ◽  
Wissam El-Hadi ◽  
Jaime J. Caro
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Routine Vaccination ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
Transmission Of Disease

Objectives:To review the existing health economic literature on meningococcal disease vaccination.Methods:A Medline search for economic evaluations of vaccination programs for meningococcal disease in developed countries was conducted. All identified studies were reviewed.Results:Nine published studies were identified examining either mass vaccination during outbreaks or routine vaccination. Although net expenses were estimated in almost all studies, the resulting cost-effectiveness ratios varied widely. Vaccination of college-age students was found to be potentially cost-effective in Australia but not in the United States. With one exception, routine vaccination of children and adolescents in Europe was predicted to be cost-effective. Many simplifying assumptions were made, and important elements were often left out, in particular the potential for reduced transmission of disease.Conclusions:The methods used and the vaccination strategies vary widely, and results do not provide strong grounds for making conclusions as to whether vaccination is cost-effective. Furthermore, in all instances, transmission of disease, changes in population carriage rates, and outbreaks are either ignored, dealt with using very broad simplifying assumptions, or are not necessarily generalizable to other settings. The analyses provide some insight into the potential cost-effectiveness of vaccination, but more importantly, they highlight areas requiring further study. Economic evaluations based on observed outcomes from recently implemented strategies would be helpful, as would more sophisticated health economic models. The choice of vaccination strategies cannot be based on the results of existing economic analyses.

scholarly journals Estimating the effectiveness of vaccine programs in dog populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Wallace ◽  
E.A. Undurraga ◽  
A. Gibson ◽  
J. Boone ◽  
E.G. Pieracci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Abstract Dogs harbor numerous zoonotic pathogens, many of which are controlled through vaccination programs. The delivery of these programs can be difficult where resources are limited. We developed a dynamic model to estimate vaccination coverage and cost-per-dog vaccinated. The model considers the main factors that affect vaccination programs: dog demographics, effectiveness of strategies, efficacy of interventions and cost. The model was evaluated on data from 18 vaccination programs representing eight countries. Sensitivity analysis was performed for dog confinement and vaccination strategies. The average difference between modelled vaccination coverage and field data was 3.8% (2.3%–5.3%). Central point vaccination was the most cost-effective vaccination strategy when >88% of the dog population was confined. More active methods of vaccination, such as door-to-door or capture-vaccinate-release, achieved higher vaccination coverage in free-roaming dog populations but were more costly. This open-access tool can aid in planning more efficient vaccination campaigns in countries with limited resources.

A model of cholera transmission with hyperinfectivity and its optimal vaccination control

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (06) ◽  
pp. 1750084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chairat Modnak
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Equilibrium Analysis ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Health Control ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Constant Control

The use of cholera vaccines has been increasingly recognized as an effective control measure in cholera endemic countries. Also, the disease transmissions are getting more complicated and thus comprehensive strategies to implement public health control measures are worthwhile to be investigated. In this paper, we aim to better understand the effects of HI states of vibrios from the environment and from human contacts that cause cholera outbreaks. We also present and analyze our cholera mathematical model with vaccine incorporated. Equilibrium analysis is conducted in the case with constant control for both epidemic and endemic dynamics. Optimal control theory is applied to seek cost-effective solutions of time-dependent vaccination strategies against cholera outbreaks. Our results show that using vaccination during cholera outbreaks at the very beginning of the onset can reduce the number of infections significantly.

The application of electron microscopy to diagnosis in gynecologic neoplasms and tumor-like conditions

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Frozen Section ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Ultrastructural Examination ◽  
Specific Diagnosis ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Gynecologic Neoplasms

The female reproductive tract may be the site of a wide variety of benign and malignant tumors, as well as non-neoplastic tumor-like conditions, most of which can be diagnosed by light microscopic examination including special stains and more recently immunoperoxidase techniques. Nevertheless there are situations where ultrastructural examination can contribute substantially to an accurate and specific diagnosis. It is my opinion that electron microscopy can be of greatest benefit and is most cost effective when applied in conjunction with other methodologies. Thus, I have developed an approach which has proved useful for me and may have benefit for others. In cases where it is deemed of potential value, glutaraldehyde-fixed material is obtained at the time of frozen section or otherwise at operation. Coordination with the gynecologic oncologist is required in the latter situation. This material is processed and blocked and is available if a future need arises.

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