scholarly journals Historical sunspot records

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Arlt ◽  
José M. Vaquero
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Group Sunspot ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Sunspot Numbers ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Physical Quantities

AbstractSunspot observations are available in fairly good numbers since 1610, after the invention of the telescope. This review is concerned with those sunspot observations of which longer records and drawings in particular are available. Those records bear information beyond the classical sunspot numbers or group sunspot numbers. We begin with a brief summary on naked-eye sunspot observations, in particular those with drawings. They are followed by the records of drawings from 1610 to about 1900. The review is not a compilation of all known historical sunspot information. Some records contributing substantially to the sunspot number time series may therefore be absent. We also glance at the evolution of the understanding of what sunspots actually are, from 1610 to the 19th century. The final part of the review illuminates the physical quantities that can be derived from historical drawings.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE CONFESSIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF THE PSKOV REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2018 ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Andrey G. Manakov ◽  
◽  
Vitaliy S. Dementiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Unique Object ◽  
Pskov Region ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the results of a historical and geographical study of the confessional composition of the population of the Pskov region using the time series analysis. This method has been widely used in the historical geography of the population. The study covers almost 50 years since the middle of the 19th century to the census of the population in 1897. This period is divided into two stages, and the turn of the 1870-80s is chosen as the intermediate date. The study reveals differences in the confessional structure of the population of the Pskov region. The Pskov region is a unique object for studying various historical and geographical processes; in particular, participating in the formation of the modern ethno-cultural space of the Northwest of Russia. This is explained by the position of the region in the contact zone of three cultural worlds, the specifics of which are determined by the prevailing religions. This is the Russian Orthodox world (the territory of the Pskov region), the Central European Catholic world (the eastern part of Latvia - Latgale), and the Northern European Lutheran world (Estonia). In order to study all of the processes, one can suggest using methods developed in historical geography, in particular, time series analysis.

scholarly journals Meteor Studies

1988 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 170-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Lindblad
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Sporadic Meteors ◽  
Important Milestone

Historically meteor astronomy is one area where amateurs have always been able to make significant contributions. In fact, in the 19th century, it was amateur naked eye and telescopic observations which laid down much of the foundations of meteor astronomy. References to this work can be found in any textbook on meteors. The 19th century observers concentrated on counting meteors, estimating magnitudes and plotting the meteor paths on star maps. Their main interest was to determine hourly rates and shower radiants. An important milestone was Denning’s radiant catalogue (Denning 1882), which included 4367 shower radiants. Although it is now believed that many of these radiants are spurious, the catalogue is still a useful reference. Unfortunately Denning and other 19th century observers often combined sporadic meteors observed on different nights into a minor stream radiant. This habit of “radiant hunting” is even today quite popular among some amateur observers. However, in all fairness it should be emphasized that most of the 20th century amateur meteor observers applied very strict criteria to their radiant determinations. Names such as J.M. Prentice in Great Britain, R.A. McIntosh in New Zealand and R. Rigollet in France may be mentioned.

scholarly journals The effects of population density and malnutrition on the dynamics of whooping cough

1998 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. DUNCAN ◽  
S. R. DUNCAN ◽  
S. SCOTT
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Seasonal Weather

Liverpool, a seaport in NW England, suffered severely from lethal infectious diseases in the second half of the 19th century: the population was densely crowded and malnourished and life expectancy was low. Time-series analysis shows that the epidemics of whooping cough (i) had an interepidemic interval of 2·9 years, 1863–85, which lengthened to 3·4 years, 1885–1900 (ii) were strongly coherent with wheat prices (P<0·001) and (iii) also correlated with cycles of seasonal weather conditions. It is suggested from mathematical modelling that the epidemics in this compromised population were maintained (i.e. the system was driven) by an oscillation of malnutrition and by seasonal weather conditions. A model that incorporates both the dynamics of whooping cough and the demographic characteristics of the population is presented. It has been shown to replicate the dynamics of the epidemics and has been used to predict the changes with time of (i) the force of the infection and (ii) the proportion of those infected with whooping cough who died.

scholarly journals The replacement of diminutive suffixes in the New High German period

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Lameli
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Replacement Process ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article addresses the replacement of the diminutive form ‑lein by ‑chen as the leading suffix in written German during the New High German period. A large sample of diminutives from 1600–1900, retrieved from the DTA corpus, forms the basis of this investigation. The study aims to provide a detailed periodization of the replacement process with regard to both types and tokens. By using methods from computational linguistics and time series analysis, clear patterns of language variation and change are demonstrated; these patterns are to some extent interrelated and staggered throughout time. The study additionally shows that there are transfers between genres that coincide with the transition from ‑lein to ‑chen. This indicates that the replacement is due to a strengthening of the semantic effort of the diminutive suffix. Finally, information regarding the writers’ origins is used to map the areal distribution of diminutive forms over time. The maps illustrate the importance of geography as a factor, particularly in the initial phase of the replacement; however, it seems to be without any impact by the end of the 19th century. In doing so, the study offers a particular framework for the analysis of word formation based on historical corpora.

A long-term geophysical and astronomical dataset: sunspot counting from 1610 to 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Vaquero
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Solar Physics ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Made In

&lt;p&gt;Solar activity is an essential factor for the study of many aspects of the geophysical and astronomical sciences. A very simple measure of solar activity is counting sunspots using telescopes. This task can be done even with small telescopes since the Sun is apparently a very large and luminous star. For this reason, it is possible to rescue the ancient observations of sunspots made in the past centuries to obtain an image of the evolution of solar activity during the last four centuries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first attempt to reconstruct solar activity from these records was made by Rudolf Wolf, who defined the &lt;em&gt;Sunspot Number&lt;/em&gt; index in the 19th century. The Zurich Observatory (and later the Brussels Observatory) was in charge of continuing Wolf's work to the present day. In 1998, Hoyt and Schatten presented a new reconstruction of solar activity that was very different from Wolf's reconstruction (Vaquero and V&amp;#225;zquez, 2009). Many of these differences were solved by Clette et al. (2014).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Currently, research to improve the &lt;em&gt;Sunspot Number&lt;/em&gt; is focused on (i) improving the database by reviewing old observations, and (ii) improving the methodologies to convert raw data into the &lt;em&gt;Sunspot Number&lt;/em&gt; index. In this work, we try to present the latest advances in this task (Mu&amp;#241;oz-Jaramillo and Vaquero, 2019; Arlt and Vaquero, 2020).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Arlt, R., Vaquero, J.M. (2020) Living Reviews in Solar Physics 17, 1.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Clette, F. et al. (2014) Space Science Reviews 186, 35.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mu&amp;#241;oz-Jaramillo, A., Vaquero, J.M. (2019) Nature Astronomy 3, 205.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Vaquero, J.M. and V&amp;#225;zquez, M. (2009) The Sun recorded through history (Springer).&lt;/p&gt;

Criticism of Hegel’s Philosophy in the Heritage of Philosophy Teachers Moscow Theological Academy of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Viacheslav I. Kotsiuba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Logical Connection ◽  
Philosophy Department ◽  
The World ◽  
Dialectical Process ◽  
Divine Mind ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

Based on student diaries and correspondence, the article examines the attitude to Hegel’s philosophy at the Moscow Theological Academy in the first half of the 19th century. Critical remarks to the teachings of Hegel by the professor of philosophy at the Moscow Academy of Sciences Feodor A. Golubinsky: the ab­sence of a logical connection between the previous and the next in the derivation of categories, the pantheistic identification of the infinite Absolute and finite things, the erasure of the ontological border between the Divine mind and the hu­man. There is a connection between the criticism of Golubinsky and the criticism of Hegel by Jacobi, about whom Golubinsky spoke with praise, in this regard, the question of Hegel’s Spinoism, the style of his writings in comparison with the style of philosophical works of the Wolffian tradition, is highlighted. Further, the article presents criticism of Hegel in the writings of a student of Golubinsky and his successor in the philosophy department of the Moscow Academy of Sci­ences Viktor D. Kudryavtsev-Platonov. The basis of this criticism is noted in the principles of philosophy of Kudryavtsev-Platonov himself, convinced of the im­possibility of knowing reality by pure deduction. The article reveals the use by Kudryavtsev-Platonov of the critical argumentation of Trendeleburg: from the very beginning Hegel implicitly introduces the concepts of motion and time taken from experience into the dialectical process. In the final part of the article, the criti­cism of the Hegelian doctrine of the Absolute in the philosophy of religion of Kudryavtsev-Platonov is analyzed, following Golubinsky who classifies Hegel as a representative of pantheism. The difference in the understanding of panthe­ism by Hegel and Kudryavtsev-Platonov is shown, the thesis of the latter about the inconsistency of Hegel’s teaching with theistic ideas about God as perfect and separated from the world is considered.

Correlation of the New Sunspot Number and Geomagnetic aa Index in the Years 1900-2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (S340) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Marielle R. Eduardo ◽  
Quirino M. Sugon ◽  
Bhazel Anne R. Pelicano
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
Number Series ◽  
Standard Version ◽  
Geomagnetic Indices ◽  
Sunspot Numbers ◽  
Aa Index

AbstractThe recalibration of the sunspot number series has established a new standard version for sunspot time series that requires updating of prior results based on the calibration. These recent sunspot number corrections mean a change in the results of the previous correlational studies of ISSN with geomagnetic indices, such as the aa-index. In this paper, we investigate the correlation between the old and new sunspot numbers ISSN and SN and their relationship with the aa index through time series, using the methods of Echer et. al (2004), Verma & Trippathi (2016), Stamper et. al (1996), and Feynman (1982).

The Effect of Modernization on Suicide in Finland: 1800–1984

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Stack
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Control Variables ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
The 19Th Century

Durkheim's theory of suicide stressed the historical processes of modernization in explaining the rise in suicide. Tests of Durkheim's theory have, however, been largely ahistorical. The present study fills this void with a time-series analysis of Finnish historical suicide data. A Cochrane-Orcutt analysis finds that a one percent increase in urbanization is associated with a.19 percent increase in suicide. The results are independent of control variables from alternate perspectives on suicide. Some evidence is found to support Halbwach's “Law of Convergence.” Whereas a one percent increase in modernization increases suicide by .22 percent in the 19th century, this figure drops to .12 percent in the 20th century.

New Method of Time Series Analysis and Its Application to Wolf's Sunspot Number Data. II: Periodicities of The Daily Sunspot Numbers

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (Part 1, No. 2) ◽  
pp. 957-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saburou Terachi ◽  
Norio Ohtomo ◽  
Yukio Tanaka ◽  
Kazuo Tokiwano ◽  
Noboru Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Sunspot Number ◽  
New Method ◽  
Sunspot Numbers ◽  
Series Analysis

scholarly journals Mekka in the Latter Part of the 19th Century

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-146
Author(s):  
Isa Blumi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Process ◽  
The 19Th Century

The annual spectacle of millions of pilgrims flooding Makkah has capturedthe imagination of generations of readers. This interest in the hajj, however,has not necessarily produced quality scholarship. From crude ethnographicsummaries to careful narratives of spiritual attainment, the literature has beeninconsistent at best. Brill’s republishing of Dutch scholar Christiaan SnouckHurgronje’s (1857-1936) forgotten work offers the modern reader not only aninvaluable window into the hajj as practiced before the age of mass communication,but provides a hitherto neglected discussion on the social, cultural,political, and economic impact that the experience had upon Muslims.Often lost in the generalizations one finds in descriptions of the annualpilgrimage, the world in which the reader is thrust while reading this bookoffers a Makkah that is far more culturally dynamic than expected. Hurgronje’sworld is one filled with cultural and doctrinal variances that aremanifestedin the different ways in which Muslims worshiped, clothed themselves,and ultimately socialized while in Makkah. In this sense, his carefulstudy of life over the months leading to the hajj exposes the reader to a fluidcultural and economic process that constantly transforms, leaving the readerwith the impression that life was not, as the clichés so often try to instill,“timeless.” Hurgronje, to his credit, is not interested in retelling theOrientalist trope; rather, he strives to provide a serious ethnographic and historicalstudy.As Hurgronje himself writes, this is a study to help non-Muslims, especiallyfellow Dutchmen, understand their Muslim subjects living in the FarEast. For this reason, the book’s final part focuses exclusively on the Makkanexperience of Dutch subjects. In this regard, it is a careful analysis of howMuslims from Java, Borneo, and Sumatra interacted with fellow Muslims;socialized in this cosmopolitan milieu; and adopted numerous personal andcollective activities during their stay. That being said, it is especially impressivethat this study is not meant to be only a tool for colonial governance ...

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