Combatting chronic metabolic disorders and delaying aging by improving glucose-insulin metabolism and fat accumulation in nondiabetics

2022 ◽  
pp. 289-307
Author(s):  
Harry G. Preuss ◽  
Debasis Bagchi
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Fat Accumulation

scholarly journals Antiobesity and Antidiabetes Effects of aCudrania tricuspidataHydrophilic Extract Presenting PTP1B Inhibitory Potential

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dae Hoon Kim ◽  
Sooung Lee ◽  
Youn Wook Chung ◽  
Byeong Mo Kim ◽  
Hanseul Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Insulin Signal Transduction ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Diabetes and obesity represent the major health problems and the most age-related metabolic diseases. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has emerged as an important regulator of insulin signal transduction and is regarded as a pharmaceutical target for metabolic disorders. To find novel natural materials presenting therapeutic activities against diabetes and obesity, we screened various herb extracts using a chip screening allowing the determination of PTP1B inhibitory effects of the tested compounds using insulin receptor (IR) as the substrate.Cudrania tricuspidataleaves (CTe) had a strong inhibitory effect on PTP1B activity and substantially inhibited fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. CTe was orally administrated to diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice once daily for 3 weeks after which changes in glucose, insulin metabolism, and fat accumulation were examined. Hepatic enzyme markers (aspartate aminotransferase, AST, and alanine aminotransferase, ALT) and total fat mass and triglyceride levels decreased in CTe-treated mice, whereas body weight and total cholesterol concentration slightly decreased. CTe increased the phosphorylation of IRS-1 and Akt in liver tissue. Furthermore, CTe treatment significantly lowered blood glucose levels and improved insulin secretion in DIO mice. Our results strongly suggest that CTe may represent a promising therapeutic substance against diabetes and obesity.

scholarly journals Genomic Analysis of Visceral Fat Accumulation in Holstein Cows

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa C. Novo ◽  
Ligia Cavani ◽  
Pablo Pinedo ◽  
Pedro Melendez ◽  
Francisco Peñagaricano
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Gene Set ◽  
Visceral Fat Accumulation

Visceral fat is related to important metabolic processes, including insulin sensitivity and lipid mobilization. The goal of this study was to identify individual genes, pathways, and molecular processes implicated in visceral fat deposition in dairy cows. Data from 172 genotyped Holstein cows classified at slaughterhouse as having low (n = 77; omental fold <5 mm in thickness and minimum fat deposition in omentum) or high (n = 95; omental fold ≥20 mm in thickness and marked fat deposition in omentum) omental fat were analyzed. The identification of regions with significant additive and non-additive genetic effects was performed using a two-step mixed model-based approach. Genomic scans were followed by gene-set analyses in order to reveal the genetic mechanisms controlling abdominal obesity. The association mapping revealed four regions located on BTA19, BTA20 and BTA24 with significant additive effects. These regions harbor genes, such as SMAD7, ANKRD55, and the HOXB family, that are implicated in lipolysis and insulin tolerance. Three regions located on BTA1, BTA13, and BTA24 showed marked non-additive effects. These regions harbor genes MRAP, MIS18A, PRNP and TSHZ1, that are directly implicated in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. The gene-set analysis revealed functional terms related to cell arrangement, cell metabolism, cell proliferation, cell signaling, immune response, lipid metabolism, and membrane permeability, among other functions. We further evaluated the genetic link between visceral fat and two metabolic disorders, ketosis, and displaced abomasum. For this, we analyzed 28k records of incidence of metabolic disorders from 14k cows across lactations using a single-step genomic BLUP approach. Notably, the region on BTA20 significantly associated with visceral fat deposition was also associated with the incidence of displaced abomasum. Overall, our findings suggest that visceral fat deposition in dairy cows is controlled by both additive and non-additive effects. We detected at least one region with marked pleiotropic effects affecting both visceral fat accumulation and displaced abomasum.

Polysaccharides from fermented Momordica charantia L. with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 ameliorate metabolic disorders and gut microbiota change in obese rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2617-2630
Author(s):  
Jia-Jia Wen ◽  
Ming-Zhi Li ◽  
He Gao ◽  
Jie-Lun Hu ◽  
Qi-Xing Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Obese Rats

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by overweight resulting from fat accumulation, along with disturbance of metabolism and gut microbiota.

scholarly journals The Role of Hepatic Fat Accumulation in Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis—Dysregulation by the Liver

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Amalie London ◽  
Anne-Marie Lundsgaard ◽  
Bente Kiens ◽  
Kirstine Nyvold Bojsen-Møller
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Hepatic Glucose Production ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Hepatic Glucose

Accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, which are important pathogenic factors in the development of type 2 diabetes. In this narrative review, we summarize the effects of hepatic TG accumulation on hepatic glucose and insulin metabolism and the underlying molecular regulation in order to highlight the importance of hepatic TG accumulation for whole-body glucose metabolism. We find that liver fat accumulation is closely linked to impaired insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production and reduced hepatic insulin clearance. The resulting systemic hyperinsulinemia has a major impact on whole-body glucose metabolism and may be an important pathogenic step in the development of type 2 diabetes.

Beneficial effects of carrots (Daucus carota) on adipocyte differentiation, glucose uptake, and fat accumulation

Planta Medica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Christensen ◽  
D Kotowska ◽  
L Olsen ◽  
S Bhattacharya ◽  
X Fretté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Plasminogen Activation in Diabetes Mellitus: Normalization of Blood Sugar Levels Improves Impaired Enzyme Kinetics In Vitro

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (02) ◽  
pp. 413-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarethe Geiger ◽  
Bernd R Binder
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type I ◽  
Plasminogen Activation ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
Sugar Levels

SummaryWe have demonstrated previously that fibrin enhanced plasmin formation by the vascular plasminogen activator was significantly impaired, when components isolated from the plasma of three uncontrolled diabetic patients (type I) were used to study plasminogen activation in vitro. In the present study it can be demonstrated that functional properties of the vascular plasminogen activators as well as of the plasminogens from the same three diabetic patients are significantly improved after normalization of blood sugar levels and improvement of HbAlc values. Most pronounced the Km of diabetic vascular plasminogen activator in the presence of fibrin returned to normal values, and for diabetic plasminogen the prolonged lag period until maximal plasmin formation occurred was shortened to almost control values. From these data we conclude that the observed abnormalities of in vitro fibrinolysis are not primarily associated with the diabetic disease, but might be secondary to metabolic disorders caused by diabetes.

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