Chitosan: A review of molecular structure, bioactivities and interactions with the human body and micro-organisms

2022 ◽  
pp. 119132
Author(s):  
Shijie (Gabriel) Kou ◽  
Linda Peters ◽  
Michael Mucalo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Micro Organisms

scholarly journals The role of intestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
Tomasz Dworzański ◽  
Rafał Fornal ◽  
Łukasz Koźba ◽  
Krzysztof Celiński ◽  
Ewa Dworzańska
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Faecal Flora ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Micro Organisms

In recent years, impressive advances in the knowledge about a vast number of microbes living in the human body and interactions between the microbiota and the human body have been observed. All micro-organisms that live in the human body consist of around 10 ^ 14 cells. The number of microbial cells colonizing the human body is ten times higher than the number of its own cells and the weight of all micro-organisms is about 2-2.5 kg. The number of bacterial genes is 50-100 times greater than the number of genes in the human body. Nowadays, the human microbiota is often regarded as a “newly discovered organ” or even as a “supergenome”. The results of many studies have revealed that disruption of the bowel microecosystem may affect the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. Therefore, manipulation of the gut microflora was hoped to be a new tool in the treatment of this disease. Various methods (probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotic therapy, transplantation of faecal flora) have been used to modify the intestinal microbiota by supporting the expansion of bacteria considered beneficial and reducing the number of those regarded as harmful, thus alleviating the IBS symptoms. There is much evidence in the literature to suggest that the intestinal microbiota and the gut-intestinal axis are important factors in the pathogenesis of IBS. Moreover, the literature findings have demonstrated beneficial effects of modifying the intestinal flora composition in alleviating IBS symptoms. Although the pathophysiology of IBS and the role of the intestinal microflora and gut-intestinal axis in it are well known, many issues are still to be elucidated. Further research into the bacteria identified in stool and colon mucosa of healthy individuals should provide more information on restoration of intestinal homeostasis in IBS patients.

scholarly journals Development of auto sanitizer for mitigation of Covid-19 – Using solar powered aluminum structural chamber

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-615
Author(s):  
S.C. Madu ◽  
E.A. Madu ◽  
C.O. Anyaoha ◽  
P.A. Okonkwo ◽  
U.C. Ogbuefi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
High Death Rate ◽  
High Death ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Good Number

The use of auto sanitizer in the disinfection of human body and surfaces against dangerous micro-organisms like coronavirus diseases that are infectious is of great importance to schools, family, community, and public health. The outbreak of novel Coronavirus in late 2019, which has crippled the academic, social, and economic activities globally is as a result of unhygienic activities of living creatures like, man, and animals. But a good number of technologies can be developed to tackle the emergence of this novel infectious virus. The challenge of COVID-19 that resulted to ill-health, high death rate, and shutdown of activities was being addressed radically by different medical practitioners, engineers through various practical innovations, methods and mitigation approach - ranging from the use of face shields and respiratory facemasks to practicing of social and physical distancing. This part of preventive measures has led us to developing an Auto Sanitizer that is made of Aluminum Chamber which does not wet the cloth or human body but disinfects it against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Studies in the Biochemistry of Micro-organisms. Part XV.—The Molecular Structure of Citrinin

1931 ◽  
Vol 220 (468-473) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Alkyl Side Chain ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Colour Reaction ◽  
Dihydric Phenol ◽  
Resorcinol Derivative ◽  
Micro Organisms

The present communication is, in effect, a discussion of the results obtained in the investigation of citrinin, and described in the preceding memoir (Part XIV ); these results, combined with some few further observations, appear to afford a key to the constitution of the substance. In considering this matter, it is convenient to start with the dihydric phenol, C 9 H 12 O 2 (I) (p. 290), which was obtained by fusing either of the isomeric products A or B (p. 283) with potassium hydroxide. This dihydric phenol has the composition of a dihydroxypropylbenzene, but the relative position of the hydroxyl groups and the arrangement of the alkyl side-chain or chains is unknown. The colour reaction with ferric chloride is, however, in agreement with the view that the substance is a resorcinol derivative, rather less well in harmony with the catechol hypothesis, and is hardly reconcilable with the assumption of a quinol nucleus.

scholarly journals Microbial endocrinology: host–bacteria communication within the gut microbiome

2015 ◽  
Vol 225 (2) ◽  
pp. R21-R34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Sandrini ◽  
Marwh Aldriwesh ◽  
Mashael Alruways ◽  
Primrose Freestone
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Micro Organisms

The human body is home to trillions of micro-organisms, which are increasingly being shown to have significant effects on a variety of disease states. Evidence exists that a bidirectional communication is taking place between us and our microbiome co-habitants, and that this dialogue is capable of influencing our health in a variety of ways. This review considers how host hormonal signals shape the microbiome, and what in return the microbiome residents may be signalling to their hosts.

scholarly journals FTIR Measurement of Human Energy Fields (Evidence of the Existence of Human Inner Power)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-171
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Ngurah Gunawan ◽  
Albert Sulaiman ◽  
Anak Agung Ngurah Franky Kusumanegara ◽  
Mada Ramadan ◽  
Mulana Ramadan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Molecular Vibration ◽  
Fourier Decomposition ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Physical Energy ◽  
Human Energy

It was argued that human energy consists of physical energy that related to metabolism in the human body and the invisible part represented by the human energy field (HEF). This energy can be generated by a person by using a special excercise. In term of Indian metaphysical theories this energy is called “Chakras” which represents an integrated energy centers. The paper investigates the measurement the Chakra energy by looking at the effect of this energy on the molecular structure of mineral water. The experiment is carried out by providing Chakra energy generated by varying Jurus to a water sample and measured in FTIR. The existence of Chakra energy then analyzed by its effect on the spectrum. The results show that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the mineral water has given Chakra energy have transmitance lower than normal mineral water. The Chakra energy reduce the transmittance but the majority of them does not change a pattern or shift the top of the spectrum. The explicit energy of molecular vibration will be studied by using the Fourier decomposition. This shows that a weakening of molecular vibration occurs to the higher Jurus with a decline in the amplitude of vibration almost half or less.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON MICRO-ORGANISMS AS THEY ARE IN VEDAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-11
Author(s):  
Pradeepta Kumar Singh ◽  
Nibedita Mohanta
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Climatic Condition ◽  
Micro Organisms

We have seen barren playground on which children play, but in rainy season many types of grasses, plants, weeds etc. grow up. It is possible because the seeds were already present there and waited for a favorable climatic condition. Likewise, the Human body being the micro cosmos contains every elements of creation including the seeds of every species. Our body consists of about 37 million cells and 370 million are microorganisms in it. We can admit that our own body contains microorganisms, innumerable. To be unaware of this fact is quite natural but to ignore this fact will be perplexing.

scholarly journals Water intake meets the Water from inside the human body – physiological, cultural, and health perspectives - Synthetic and Systematic literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-209
Author(s):  
Constantin MUNTEANU ◽  
Droteea TEOIBAS-SERBAN ◽  
Liviu IORDACHE ◽  
Mariana BALAUREA ◽  
Corneliu-Dan BLENDEA
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Ancient Chinese ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Google Search

Background. The average adult human body of 70 kilograms consists in about 67.85% water distributed evenly to an average of 70 % in all major organs of the body: skin, muscles, brain, spinal cord, liver, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, pancreas and gastro-intestinal tract. A smaller percentage is found in the bones (30%), teeth (5%) and fat tissue (50%). Objective. This review article attempts to present different perspectives on the physiological properties of water in the human body. We describe from the ancient Chinese medicine theory about water being one of the 5 elements of nature and its harmonious interrelation with the other elements in order to balance the human body, to the successful experiments of researchers which demonstrated waters’ capability to change its molecular structure based on feelings, intentions and energy it was exposed to. We briefly describe the role of water for the human body and what effects can the lack of it have, especially dehydration with all the phases of severity. Also, we present the health benefits of drinking water and which type of water is best to consume. We shorty review the different types of natural mineral waters in Romania and the importance of the Romanian researches for balneology and how the waters cand be administrated in crenotherapy for different types of pathologies. Methods. To elaborate our systematic review, we have searched for relevant open access articles and review articles in ISI Web of Science, published from January 2017 until August 2021. The terms used were water AND health in the title. Articles were excluded in the second phase if they did not reach the relevance citation criterion. The eligible articles were analyzed in detail regarding water importance for human health. Results. Our search identified, first, 548 articles. After applying a PEDro like selection filter and, we selected 93 articles with a minimum of 8 points on our PEDro like filtering scale (good, very good, and excellent articles with a minimum of 5 citations per year). Detailed analysis of the 93 selected articles has conducted us to the elimination of 33 of them as being on a different subject than that of our article. To the 60 full articles retained for this systematic and synthetic article, we have added 10 articles found through a separate Google search, as being considered of high relevance for our subject and necessary to be included. Conclusions. Water is essential for the entire planet and also indispensable for the survival of the human body. Keywords: water intake, water balance, body water, water molecular structure, dehydration, crenotherapy

7. Defence

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-114
Author(s):  
Jamie A. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Complement System ◽  
First Line ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune Systems ◽  
The Complement System ◽  
Mechanical Barrier

This chapter describes how the human body protects its internal conditions against micro-organisms and the environment. The body’s first line of defence is the mechanical barrier provided by the skin, a part of the integumentary system. When the integument is breached, the body’s immediate priority is to seal the hole by coagulation of the leaking blood. The next line of defence is chemical: the secretions that cover the surfaces of eyes and the inside of the nose contain a variety of proteins that attack bacteria. Within the blood and fluids that bathe internal tissues are proteins of the complement system. The chapter then considers the innate and the adaptive immune systems.

scholarly journals Mutualistic presence of normal Flora in Human Intestine: A review

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Karishma Kabir Nipa
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Human Intestine ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Relationship Of

Human body contains a huge number of micro-organisms in its intestine. It is ten times more in number compared to the number of human body cells. These micro-organisms are mainly anaerobic bacteria and perform useful functions in relation to development of gut, and production of vitamins and hormones. These bacteria also perform a wide range of metabolic functions. The present article reviews briefly the mutualistic relationship of intestinal flora with human intestine along with their pathogenic behaviour to some extent. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v21i0.22515 J. bio-sci. 21: 21-25, 2013

scholarly journals The Human Microbiome and Its Impacts on Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace A. Ogunrinola ◽  
John O. Oyewale ◽  
Oyewumi O. Oshamika ◽  
Grace I. Olasehinde
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Micro Organisms

The human microbiome comprises bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes which reside within and outside our bodies. These organisms impact human physiology, both in health and in disease, contributing to the enhancement or impairment of metabolic and immune functions. Micro-organisms colonise various sites on and in the human body, where they adapt to specific features of each niche. Facultative anaerobes are more dominant in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas strict aerobes inhabit the respiratory tract, nasal cavity, and skin surface. The indigenous organisms in the human body are well adapted to the immune system, due to the biological interaction of the organisms with the immune system over time. An alteration in the intestinal microbial community plays a major role in human health and disease pathogenesis. These alterations result from lifestyle and the presence of an underlying disease. Dysbiosis increases host susceptibility to infection, and the nature of which depends on the anatomical site involved. The unique diversity of the human microbiota accounts for the specific metabolic activities and functions of these micro-organisms within each body site. It is therefore important to understand the microbial composition and activities of the human microbiome as they contribute to health and disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document