Variability of antioxidant properties, catechins, caffeine, L-theanine and other amino acids in different plant parts of Azorean Camellia sinensis

The edible parts of the plants Camellia sinensis, Vitis vinifera and Withania somnifera were extensively used in ancient practices such as Ayurveda, owing to their potent biomedical significance. They are very rich in secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, which are very good antioxidants and exhibit anti-carcinogenic properties. This study aims to evaluate the anti-cancerous properties of these plant crude extracts on human liver cancer HepG2 cells. The leaves of Camellia sinensis, Withania somnifera and the seeds of Vitis vinifera were collected and methanolic extracts were prepared. Then, these extracts were subjected to DPPH, α- amylase assays to determine the antioxidant properties. A MTT assay was performed to investigate the viability of the extracts of HepG2 cells, and the mode of cell death was detected by Ao/EtBr staining and flow cytometry with PI Annexin- V FITC dual staining. Then, the protein expression of BAX and BCl2 was studied using fluorescent dye to determine the regulation of the BAX and BCl2 genes. We observed that all the three extracts showed the presence of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols or phytochemicals. The W. somnifera bioactive compounds were found to have the highest anti-proliferative activity on human liver cancer cells.

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Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids from Red Macroalgae: UV-Photoprotectors with Potential Cosmeceutical Applications

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11115112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 5112

Author(s):

Julia Vega ◽

Geniane Schneider ◽

Bruna R. Moreira ◽

Carolina Herrera ◽

José Bonomi-Barufi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Amino Acids ◽

High Performance ◽

Nitrogen Availability ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Published Data ◽

Diverse Group ◽

Red Macroalgae ◽

Thermo Stability ◽

The Impact

Macroalgae belong to a diverse group of organisms that could be exploited for biomolecule application. Among the biocompounds found in this group, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are highlighted mainly due to their photoprotection, antioxidant properties, and high photo and thermo-stability, which are attractive characteristics for the development of cosmeceutical products. Therefore, here we revise published data about MAAs, including their biosynthesis, biomass production, extraction, characterization, identification, purification, and bioactivities. MAAs can be found in many algae species, but the highest concentrations are found in red macroalgae, mainly in the order Bangiales, as Porphyra spp. In addition to the species, the content of MAAs can vary depending on environmental factors, of which solar radiation and nitrogen availability are the most influential. MAAs can confer photoprotection due to their capacity to absorb ultraviolet radiation or reduce the impact of free radicals on cells, among other properties. To extract these compounds, different approaches can be used. The efficiency of these methods can be evaluated with characterization and identification using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), associated with other apparatus such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Therefore, the data presented in this review allow a broad comprehension of MAAs and show perspectives for their inclusion in cosmeceutical products.

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Nitrogen metabolism of Picea glauca. II. Diurnal changes of free amino acids, amides, and guanidino compounds in roots, buds, and leaves during the onset of dormancy of white spruce saplings

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b68-120 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (7) ◽

pp. 921-928 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

D. J. Durzan

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Picea Glauca ◽

Weight Basis ◽

Aminobutyric Acid ◽

Soluble Nitrogen ◽

Diurnal Changes ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Fresh Weight Basis ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Guanidino Compounds

In late August during the onset of dormancy in spruce, seasonal levels of soluble nitrogen, rich in arginine, were high. On a fresh weight basis, diurnal levels of total soluble nitrogen and most component amino acids in roots, buds, and leaves showed maxima, one at sunrise and another in the afternoon or near sunset.Arginine and glutamine in the different plant parts contributed 44 to 83% to the alcohol-soluble nitrogen. In buds and leaves, percentage of arginine remained high and decreased slightly at midday, whereas in roots a continual drop occurred. In all organs examined, changes in glutamine reflected the double maxima of total soluble nitrogen and were greatest in roots.On a fresh weight basis, most amino acids accumulated at sunrise and near sunset; however a few especially in leaves, increased at midday, e.g. glutamic and aspartic acid, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and serine.Comparison of levels of free guanidino compounds in different organs showed remarkable out-of-phase patterns. Levels of these compounds are known from 14C-arginine studies to be closely related to the metabolism of arginine.

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Practical mediated-assembly synthesis of silver nanowires using commercial Camellia sinensis extracts and their antibacterial properties

New Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c7nj03812g ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 2133-2139 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M. Flores-González ◽

M. Talavera-Rojas ◽

E. Soriano-Vargas ◽

V. Rodríguez-González

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compound ◽

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Silver Nanowires ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antibacterial Properties

Camellia sinensis is a well-known plant used for health purposes due to its high phenolic compound content and antioxidant properties.

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Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation and Endopeptidase Treatment Improve the Functional and Nutritional Features of Arthrospira platensis

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.744437 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Michela Verni ◽

Cinzia Dingeo ◽

Carlo Giuseppe Rizzello ◽

Erica Pontonio

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Arthrospira Platensis ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Penicillium Roqueforti ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities

This study aimed at investigating the effect of fermentation and enzymatic treatment on the degree of proteolysis of wet (WB), dried at low temperature (DB), and freeze-dried Spirulina (LB) proteins that affect the nutritional (e.g., amino acid content and profiles, and protein digestibility) and functional (e.g., antioxidant and antimicrobial activities) properties. The desiccation treatments influenced the unprocessed Spirulina characteristics because, compared with that in WB, peptides and free amino acids content was 73% lower in DB and 34% higher in LB. An integrated approach, including chromatographic and electrophoresis analyses, was used to evaluate the effect of the different bioprocessing options on protein profiles, release of peptides and amino acids, and the overall protein digestibility. Compared with the application of fermentation with the selected Lactiplantibacillus plantarum T0A10, the treatment with the endopeptidase Alcalase®, alone or combined, determined the most intense proteolysis. Moreover, the treatment with Alcalase® of LB allowed the release of potentially bioactive compounds that are able to inhibit Penicillium roqueforti growth, whereas the combination of fermentation with L. plantarum T0A10 and Alcalase® treatment increased Spirulina antioxidant properties, as determined by the scavenging activity toward ABTS radical (up to 60%) and antimicrobial activity against food pathogen Escherichia coli.

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A pharmacochemic investigation of Gomphrena celosioides (Amaranthaceae)

Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie ◽

10.4102/satnt.v5i1.975 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 40-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. Botha ◽

L. M. Van der Vijver

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Nervous System ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Autonomic Nervous System ◽

Autonomic Nervous ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Phenolic Substances ◽

Gomphrena Celosioides ◽

Weak Antibacterial Activity

A chemical and biological screen was performed on Gomphrena celosioides (Amaranthaceae) known as prostrate globe amaranth. Chemical tests showed the presence of saponins, steroids, phenolic substances, flavonoids, amino acids, sugars and betacyanins in the plant. The roots exhibited a weak antibacterial activity against three Gram positive bacteria. An action on the autonomic nervous system of rats was shown by all the plant parts, when tested by the method of Malone and Robichaud. Sympathetic and parasympathetic symptoms were observed.

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The Free Radical Scavenging and Anti-Isolated Human LDL Oxidation Activities of Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Tea Compared to Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/4183643 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Kittipot Sirichaiwetchakoon ◽

Gordon Matthew Lowe ◽

Griangsak Eumkeb

Keyword(s):

Free Radical ◽

Green Tea ◽

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Ldl Oxidation ◽

Caffeoylquinic Acid ◽

Dicaffeoylquinic Acid

Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world. Camellia sinensis tea (CST) or green tea is widely regarded as a potent antioxidant. In Thailand, Pluchea indica (L.) Less. tea (PIT) has been commercially available as a health-promoting drink. This study focused on free radical scavenging activities of PIT, and its ability to protect isolated human low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from oxidation by chemical agents. A preliminary study to investigate the antioxidant nature of PIT was undertaken. These included common antioxidant assays involving 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and its potential to scavenge peroxynitrite. In separated experiments, isolated human LDL was challenged with either 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), copper (Cu2+), or 3-Morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1) to induce LDL oxidation. PIT exhibited antioxidant activity in all test systems and performed significantly better than CST in both DPPH (P<0.05; IC50PIT=245.85±15.83 and CST=315.41±24.18 μg/ml) and peroxynitrite scavenging assays. PIT at 75 μg/ml almost fully prevented the peroxynitrite over a 5 h period. Moreover, it displayed similar properties to CST during the antioxidation of isolated human LDL using AAPH, Cu2+, SIN-1, and hypochlorous acid scavenging assays. However, it revealed a significantly lower ABTS scavenging activity than CST (P<0.05; IC50PIT=30.47±2.20 and CST=21.59±0.67 μg/ml). The main constituents of the PIT were identified using LC-MS/MS. It contained 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQ), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQ), 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-CQ), 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-CQ), and 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-CQ). In conclusion, caffeoyl derivatives in PIT could play an important role in potent antioxidant properties. So, it may be further developed to be antioxidant beverages for preventing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases associated with oxidative stress.

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Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Profiles of Cotton Plant Biomass Products

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10010002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhongqi He ◽

Dan C. Olk ◽

Haile Tewolde ◽

Hailin Zhang ◽

Mark Shankle

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Cotton Plant ◽

Management Practices ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Cotton Leaf ◽

Essential Information ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Processing Strategies ◽

Biomass Materials

To achieve the optimal and diverse utilization of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plant residues in various agricultural, industrial, and environmental applications, the chemical composition of cotton biomass tissues across different plant parts (e.g., seed, boll, bur, leaves, stalk, stem, and root) is of essential information. Thus, in this work, we collected field-grown whole mature cotton plants and separated them into distinct biomass fractions including main stems, leaf blades, branches, petioles, roots, and reproductive parts (mid-season growth stage) or bur, peduncles/bract, and seed cotton (pre-defoliation stage). The contents of selected carbohydrates and amino acids in these cotton biomass materials were determined. Both essential and nonessential amino acids were enriched in cotton leaf blades and reproductive parts. The distribution pattern of the selected carbohydrates differed from that of amino acids—higher contents of carbohydrate were found in roots, main stems, and branches. Although glucose was the most abundant non-structural carbohydrate in cotton plant parts at mid-season, xylose was the most abundant in most plant parts at the pre-defoliation stage. Nutritional carbohydrates and amino acids were further accumulated in seeds at pre-defoliation. The information reported in this work would be helpful in exploring and optimizing management practices and processing strategies for utilizing cotton crop biomass materials as valuable and renewable natural resources.

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Modelling and prediction of antioxidant properties of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) leaf

Scientific African ◽

10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00455 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e00455

Author(s):

Solomon Akinremi Makanjuola ◽

Victor Ndigwe Enujiugha ◽

Olufunmilayo Sade Omoba ◽

David Morakinyo Sanni

Keyword(s):

Camellia Sinensis ◽

Antioxidant Properties

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The Effect of Fermentation with Kefir Grains on the Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Beverages from Blue Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) Seeds

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25245791 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (24) ◽

pp. 5791

Author(s):

Łukasz Łopusiewicz ◽

Emilia Drozłowska ◽

Paulina Trocer ◽

Paweł Kwiatkowski ◽

Artur Bartkowiak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino Acids ◽

Free Amino ◽

Microbial Population ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Lupinus Angustifolius ◽

Kefir Grains ◽

Antioxidant Properties Of Beverages ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Free Radicals Scavenging

Plant derived fermented beverages have recently gained consumers’ interest, particularly due to their intrinsic functional properties and presence of beneficial microorganisms. Three variants containing 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w) of sweet blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. “Boregine”) seeds were inoculated with kefir grains and incubated at 25 °C for 24 h. After processing, beverages were stored in refrigerated conditions (6 °C) for 21 days. Changes in microbial population, pH, bioactive compounds (polyphenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid), reducing sugars, and free amino acids were estimated. Additionally, viscosity, firmness, color, and free radicals scavenging properties were determined. Results showed that lactic acid bacteria as well as yeast were capable of growing well in the lupin matrix without any supplementation. During the process of refrigeration, the viability of the microorganisms was over the recommended minimum level for kefir products. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides as well as increase of free amino acids was observed. As a result of fermentation, the beverages showed excellent DPPH, ABTS+·, ·OH, and O2− radicals scavenging activities with a potential when considering diseases associated with oxidative stress. This beverages could be used as a new, non-dairy vehicle for beneficial microflora consumption, especially by vegans and lactose-intolerant consumers.

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