Body image and gender role perceived in gender dysphoria: Cross-sex hormone therapy effects

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S589-S589 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Corda ◽  
C. Bandecchi ◽  
V. Deiana ◽  
S. Pintore ◽  
F. Pinna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
The Body ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Biological Sex

The gender dysphoria (GD) refers to the distress caused by the incongruence between gender identity and biological sex. This occurs, especially in pre-treatment cross-sex hormone therapy (CHT), with a marked dissatisfaction with their body image.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of perceived gender in a total of 20 subjects (9 MtFs and 11 FtMs), presented for initiation of CHT at the Psychiatric Clinic or Department of Endocrinology of University Hospital of Cagliari and deemed appropriate to take the transition path aimed at sex reassignment. On a subsample of 7 patients (2 MtFs and 5 FtMs) were then evaluated changes, in terms of improving the acceptance of body image, at 2 months after initiation of CHT, using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) (focusing on MF, Gm and Gf scale), the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), and the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT).The MF scale shows a moderate elevation, which is reduced significantly as a result of correction for perceived gender rather than biological sex. MtFs get higher scores on the Gf scale and lower scores on the Gm scale than FtMs. This trend is confirmed by the average scores of BSRI: MtFs are more “feminine”; while the FtMs are less “masculine”. This denotes an excessive identification by MtFs with the female gender role. Before initiating the CHT, the BUT score was indicative of clinically significant distress, which decreased during the CHT.In conclusion, CHT reduces evidently body discomfort, due to the progressive reduction of the discrepancy between biological and desired gender.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The Ethical Impermissibility of Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy in Gender-Dysphoric Minors

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 321-332
Author(s):  
Phillip Berns ◽  
Keyword(s):  
American Academy ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics

Gender dysphoria in children has become a hot-button topic; however, clinical data still remain sparse on the effects of hormone therapy and transitional surgery on the physical and psychological well-being of those children. The American College of Pediatricians (as opposed to the American Academy of Pediatrics) cites studies indicating that anywhere from 77 to 94 percent of boys and 73 to 88 percent of girls desist in GD; that is, following puberty the majority of children who experience GD will identify with their assigned biological sex. After reviewing the clinical studies, this paper addresses the notion of gender from a Thomistic perspective, locating gender as a differentiation in the matter of the person flowing from the essence of the soul, resulting from the power of generation as opposed to other differences such as sight, which functions the same regardless of material differences. As a result, the paper concludes that hormone therapy cannot be morally licit for children.

Congenital Heart Disease and Childhood Adjustment

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward T. Auer ◽  
Audrey G. Senturia ◽  
Moisy Shopper ◽  
Ralph L. Biddy
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Intellectual Functioning ◽  
Emotional Disturbances ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
Childhood Adjustment

This report deals with the findings from a study of twenty-eight children, all of whom had ventricular septal defects and were studied by the same cardiovascular team. One-half of the group had a surgical procedure for correction of the defect. The study investigated three problems in children with ventricular septal defect ( VSD). (1) Do children with surgical intervention for VSD show greater impairment of intellectual functioning than non-operated children? (2) Do children with surgical intervention show greater emotional disturbance than non-operated children? (3) Do children with surgical intervention show greater alteration of body image than do non-operated children? Data were collected using questionnaires, family interviews, subject interviews, medical records, school reports, physicians' reports and Human Figure Drawings, both inside and outside the body. The findings conclude that ( a) operated children do demonstrate significantly more impairment of intellectual functioning; ( b) there was no significant difference in the incidence of emotional disturbances between the two groups but that these twenty-eight children with VSD were more similar emotionally to children in a psychiatric clinic group than in a control group; and ( c) the only indication of altered body image was found in the greater frequency with which bones were drawn by the operated group.

scholarly journals Visual self-motion feedback affects the sense of self in virtual reality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrieann Schettler ◽  
Ian Holstead ◽  
John Turri ◽  
Michael Barnett-Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Self Motion

AbstractWe assessed how self-motion affects the visual representation of the self. We constructed a novel virtual reality experiment that systematically varied an avatar’s motion and also biological sex. Participants were presented with pairs of avatars that visually represented the participant (“self avatar”), or another person (“opposite avatar”). Avatar motion either corresponded with the participant’s motion, or was decoupled from the participant’s motion. The results show that participants identified with i) “self avatars” over “opposite avatars”, ii) avatars moving congruently with self-motion over incongruent motion, and importantly iii) identification with the “opposite avatar” over the “self avatar” when the opposite avatar’s motion was congruent with self-motion. Our results suggest that both self-motion and biological sex are relevant to the body schema and body image and that congruent bottom-up visual feedback of self-motion is particularly important for the sense of self and capable of overriding top-down self-identification factors such as biological sex.

Gender Dysphoria, Eating Disorders and Body Image: An Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 518-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Milano ◽  
Paola Ambrosio ◽  
Francesa Carizzone ◽  
Valeria De Biasio ◽  
Giuseppina Foggia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
And Gender

Background:: Gender dysphoria is a clinical condition in which a state of inner suffering, stress and anxiety is detected when biological sex and a person's gender identity do not coincide. People who identify themselves as transgender people are more vulnerable and may have higher rates of dissatisfaction with their bodies which are often associated with a disorderly diet in an attempt to change the bodily characteristics of the genus of birth and, conversely, to accentuate the characteristics of the desired sexual identity. Aim:: The purpose of this work is to examine the association between dissatisfaction with one's own body and eating and weight disorders in people with gender dysphoria. Results:: Gender dysphoria and eating disorders are characterized by a serious discomfort to the body and the body suffers in both conditions. The results of our study suggest that rates of pathological eating behaviors and symptoms related to a disordered diet are high in patients with gender dysphoria and that standard screening for these symptoms must be considered in both populations at the time of evaluation and during the course of the treatment. Conclusions:: In light of this evidence, clinicians should always investigate issues related to sexuality and gender identity in patients with eating disorders, to develop more effective prevention measures and better strategies for therapeutic intervention..

scholarly journals Sudden sex hormone withdrawal and the effects on body composition in late pubertal adolescents with gender dysphoria

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Rahul Ghelani ◽  
Cheryl Lim ◽  
Caroline Brain ◽  
Mary Fewtrell ◽  
Gary Butler
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Reproductive Hormone ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Protocol ◽  
Composition Changes

AbstractBackgroundSex hormones initiate profound physical and physiological changes during the pubertal process, but to what extent are they responsible for continuing the body composition changes of late adolescence and what happens to body composition on sudden sex hormone withdrawal?MethodsThirty-six healthy, phenotypically and chromosomally normal late and post-pubertal individuals aged 15–17 years with gender dysphoria (transgirls – birth-registered males identifying as female n = 11; and transboys – birth-registered females identifying as male n = 25) underwent Tanita body composition analysis at 0, 6 and 12 months during reproductive hormone suppression with Triptorelin as part of the standard therapeutic protocol.Results and conclusionsIn the transgirl cohort, paired t-test analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in height and lean mass standard deviation scores over the 12-month period, going against an expected trajectory over that time. In contrast, oestrogen suppression appeared not to affect the body composition of transboys; their measurements were not significantly different at baseline and after 12 months of treatment. The withdrawal of sex hormone secretion does not appear to have a significant impact on female post-pubertal body composition, in contrast to that seen at the menopause. This suggests that other factors may preserve normal body balance in adolescents in the absence of sex steroids.

scholarly journals Evaluation of systemic and biochemical parameters in transgender men after hormone therapy

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Maria Isabel Morgan Martins ◽  
Jason Sant’Ana de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Maria Pujol Vieira dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Hormonal Therapy ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Testosterone Administration ◽  
The Individual

Transsexuality refers to the individual whose gender is not aligned with their biological sex, this is a condition that triggers a feeling of non-belonging, and has been increasing its incidence in recent years. It has an unknown origin, and current studies indicate that several biological factors may be linked to the occurrence of it. Trans male individuals are those who were born with the female biological sex, but do not identify with this designation. The therapy of choice is the administration of exogenous testosterone applied intramuscularly. The aim of this study was to describe the systemic and biochemical parameters of trans men after hormonal therapy, from the analysis of articles that highlight the systemic changes triggered by testosterone administration. The inversion of the reference values from female to male, in several systemic parameters, could be observed after the calculation of the means of the results reported in the literature, pointing out the mechanisms by which testosterone acts in the body.

Social and Medical Gender Transition and Acceptance of Biological Sex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Watt
Keyword(s):  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gender Transition ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Cross Dressing ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Biological sex should be “acknowledged” and “accepted”—but which responses to gender dysphoria might this preclude? Trans-identified people may factually acknowledge their biological sex and regard transition as purely palliative. While generally some level of self-deception and even a high level of nonlying deception of others are sometimes justified, biological sex is important, and there is a nontrivial onus against even palliative, nonsexually motivated cross-dressing. The onus is higher against co-opting the body, even in a minor and/or reversible way, to make a false communication concerning one’s sex. Hardest to defend is the destruction of sexual–reproductive functions and causally downstream functions such as lactation: due to the transcendent nature of sexual–reproductive functions, an appeal to the “principle of totality” here is misplaced. This is not to say that social, and milder medical, transition is absolutely excluded even for severe unmanageable dysphoria, nor that subsequent to any transition, detransition is necessarily required.

scholarly journals An Increased Presence of Male Personalities in Dissociative Identity Disorder after Initiating Testosterone Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Monique Mun ◽  
Mohan Gautam ◽  
Renee Maan ◽  
Bassem Krayem
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Dissociative Identity Disorder ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Dissociative Disorder ◽  
Testosterone Therapy ◽  
Dissociative Symptoms ◽  
High Prevalence

Patients with gender dysphoria (GD) report significant dissociative symptoms and are found to have a high prevalence of a dissociative disorder of any kind. When GD patients elect to undergo cross-sex hormone therapy, there is a significant reduction in dissociative symptoms. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no known case reports that describe an alteration of personalities in dissociative identity disorder after initiating cross-sex hormone therapy. Thus, we present a case of a 20-year-old transgender male with GD, whom after initiating cross-sex hormone therapy with testosterone experienced an increased presence of his existing male personalities.

scholarly journals Body image in children with gender incongruence

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910452110007
Author(s):  
Anouk Verveen ◽  
Baudewijntje PC Kreukels ◽  
Nastasja M de Graaf ◽  
Thomas D Steensma
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
General Description ◽  
Gender Specific

Background: In the DSM-5 diagnosis of childhood Gender Dysphoria, two of the eight criteria focus on body satisfaction of the child. Nevertheless, this subject is understudied. This study aims to describe the body image of children with gender incongruence (GI) in relation to birth assigned sex and the intensity of GI. Method: Self-report and parent-report measures on body satisfaction and gender incongruence were obtained from 207 children (<12 years) who were referred to the Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria at the Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, between 2010 and 2016. First, a general description of body satisfaction in children who took part in this study is provided. Secondly, body image of birth assigned boys and girls are compared using chi-square tests and univariate ANCOVA’s. Thirdly, the association between intensity of GI and body image is examined using multiple linear regression analyses. Results: Of the 207 children with GI, 50% reported dissatisfaction with their gender-specific characteristics. Overall, children were less dissatisfied with their neutral body characteristics. Birth assigned girls report greater dissatisfaction with their body characteristics than birth assigned boys. Intensity of GI was significantly related to satisfaction with gender specific body characteristics where a greater intensity of GI relates to more body dissatisfaction. Conclusion: Mental health practitioners should be aware of the diversity in body dissatisfaction in this group. Furthermore, evaluation of body image should be an important topic in the counseling of these children. Future research should focus on the relation of body dissatisfaction and the development of gender incongruent feelings in children with GI.

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