Protective effects of the roots of Angelica sinensis on strenuous exercise-induced sports anemia in rats

The present study examined the effects of derivatives of galactosides and glucosides in a polysaccharide extract from Euphorbia kansui (Euphorbiaceae) on exercise-induced oxidative stress in mice. Exhaustive swimming exercise significantly increases the degree of lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde content and reduces the antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Our findings revealed that chronic oral treatment with the extract elevates enzymatic activities of SOD and GPx accompanied by a corresponding decrease in malondialdehyde. The antioxidative activities of these compounds against exercise-induced oxidative stress are correlated with various activities such as reducing the production of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, enhancing antioxidative defenses, and increasing the production of SOD and GPx activity and expression in different tissues. These compounds may be involved in glycogen metabolism to meet the requirement of working skeletal muscles and act as antioxidants by terminating the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation to maintain the morphological stability of mitochondria in spinal motor neurons. These observations suggest that E. kansui has antioxidative and antifatigue properties and can be given as prophylactic and (or) therapeutic supplements for increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and preventing lipid peroxidation during strenuous exercise.

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Polysaccharides from ophiopogon japonicus protect against oxidative damage induced by strenuous exercise

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202014501023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 145 ◽

pp. 01023

Author(s):

Dahu Sun ◽

Jinyang Lin

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Damage ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Pharmacological Action ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

High Dose ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Ophiopogon Japonicus ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

And Control

Dry tuberous roots of ophiopogon japonicus are famous Chinese herbal medicines. Several studies have been shown that polysaccharide is one of the main active ingredients of ophiopogon japonicus and plays an important role in pharmacological action. In the study, the effects of polysaccharides from ophiopogon japonicus (POJ) on the oxidative damage induced by strenuous exercise were investigated. Male mice were randomly divided into four groups and designated as high-dose POJ-treated, medium-dose POJ-treated, low-dose POJ-treated and control groups, which received 80, 40, and 20 mg/kg POJ and physiological saline, respectively, by gavage once a day for 28 days. This was followed by an exhaustive running exercise and measurements of various biochemical parameters from blood and muscles tissue. The results showed that POJ could significantly prolong the exhaustive running time of mice, decrease the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in blood, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in muscle, which were accompanied by corresponding increased levels of superoxide disproportionation enzyme (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) in muscle. The data suggest that POJ have protective effects on strenuous exercise-induced oxidative damage.

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Exercise-Induced Fibrinolysis – Fact or Fiction?

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1657256 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 48 (02) ◽

pp. 201-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

N A Marsh ◽

P J Gaffney

Keyword(s):

Plasminogen Activator ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Coagulation Factors ◽

Vascular Wall ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Fibrin Degradation Products ◽

Real Increase ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Male Subjects

SummaryThe effect of strenuous exercise on the fibrinolytic and coagulation mechanisms was examined in six healthy male subjects. Five min bicycle exercise at a work-rate of 800 to 1200 kpm. min−1 produced an abrupt increase in plasma plasminogen activator levels which disappeared after 90 min. However, there was no change in early or late fibrin degradation products nor was there a change in fibrinopeptide A levels or βthromboglobulin levels after exercise although activated partial thromboplastin times were significantly shortened. It is concluded that strenuous exercise does not produce any real increase in fibrinogen-fibrin conversion nor any real increase in the breakdown of these proteins. The role of exercise-induced release of plasminogen activator remains unclear, but probably helps to maintain plasma levels in a discontinuous manner concurrently with the continuous low-level secretion from the vascular wall. The shortening of partial thromboplastin time may be due to the raised levels of plasminogen activator changing the activation state of other coagulation factors.

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Regular consumption of cod liver oil is associated with reduced basal and exercise-induced C-reactive protein levels; a prospective observational trial

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s12970-021-00437-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mette Wærstad Hansen ◽

Stein Ørn ◽

Christine B. Erevik ◽

Magnus Friestad Bjørkavoll-Bergseth ◽

Øyvind Skadberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Cod Liver Oil ◽

Omega 3 ◽

C Reactive Protein ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽

Recreational Athletes ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Supplement Use ◽

Exercise Induced

Abstract Background Dietary supplement use among recreational athletes is common, with the intention of reducing inflammation and improving recovery. We aimed to describe the relationship between omega-3 fatty acid supplement use and inflammation induced by strenuous exercise. Methods C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were measured in 1002 healthy recreational athletes before and 24 h after a 91-km bicycle race. The use of omega-3 fatty acid supplements was reported in 856 out of 1002 recreational athletes, and the association between supplement use and the exercise-induced CRP response was assessed. Results Two hundred seventy-four subjects reported regular use of omega-3 fatty acid supplements. One hundred seventy-three of these used cod liver oil (CLO). Regular users of omega-3 fatty acid supplements had significantly lower basal and exercise-induced CRP levels as compared to non-users (n = 348, p < 0.001). Compared to non-users, regular users had a 27% (95% confidence interval (CI): 14–40) reduction in Ln CRP response (unadjusted model, p < 0.001) and 16% (95% CI: 5–28, p = 0.006) reduction after adjusting for age, sex, race duration, body mass index, delta creatine kinase, MET hours per week, resting heart rate and higher education. CLO was the primary driver of this response with a 34% (95% CI: 19–49) reduction (unadjusted model, p < 0.001) compared to non-users. Corresponding numbers in the adjusted model were 24% (95% CI: 11–38, p < 0.001). Conclusion Basal CRP levels were reduced, and the exercise-induced CRP response was attenuated in healthy recreational cyclists who used omega-3 fatty acid supplements regularly. This effect was only present in regular users of CLO. Trial registration NCT02166216, registered June 18, 2014 – Retrospectively registered.

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Does Hepatic Hepcidin Play an Important Role in Exercise-Associated Anemia in Rats?

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.21.1.19 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 19-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Yu-Qian Liu ◽

Yan-Zhong Chang ◽

Bin Zhao ◽

Hai-Tao Wang ◽

Xiang-Lin Duan

Keyword(s):

Regulatory Mechanism ◽

Iron Absorption ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Transcriptional Level ◽

Divalent Metal Transporter 1 ◽

Divalent Metal Transporter ◽

Sports Anemia

Some athletes are diagnosed as suffering from sports anemia because of iron deficiency, but the regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood. It is reported that hepcidin may provide a way to illuminate the regulatory mechanism of exercise-associated anemia. Here the authors investigate the hepcidin-involved iron absorption in exercise-associated anemia. Twelve male Wistar rats (300 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into 2 groups, 6 in a control group (CG) and 6 in an exercise group (EG, 5 wk treadmill exercise of different intensities with progressive loading). Serum samples were analyzed for circulating levels of IL-6 by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of hepatic hepcidin mRNA was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The protein levels of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ferroportin1 (FPN1), and heme-carrier protein 1 (HCP1) of duodenum epithelium were examined by Western blot. The results showed that the amount of iron and ferritin in serum were lower in EG than in CG (p < .05). The levels of IL-6 and white blood cells were greater in EG than in CG (p < .01). The expression of DMT1, HCP1, and FPN1 was significantly lower in EG than in CG (p < .01). The mRNA expressions of hepatic hepcidin and hemojuvelin in skeletal muscle were remarkably higher in EG than in CG. The data indicated that inflammation was induced by strenuous exercise, and as a result, the transcriptional level of the hepatic hepcidin gene was increased, which further inhibited the expression of iron-absorption proteins and led to exercise-associated anemia.

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Is there an exercise duration threshold for exercise-induced troponin elevation in healthy recreational athletes? The NEEDED 2014 advanced heart rate monitor substudy

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.3124 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

M Bjorkavoll-Bergseth ◽

B Auestad ◽

O Kleiven ◽

O Skadberg ◽

T Eftestol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Clinical Status ◽

Exercise Duration ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Clinical Consequence ◽

Funding Source ◽

Recreational Athletes ◽

National Budget ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Public Grant

Abstract Background/Introduction Following prolonged strenuous exercise there is an exercise-induced troponin (cTn) elevation in healthy individuals. The precise mechanisms and clinical consequence of this cTn elevation remain to be determined. It has recently been demonstrated that exercise intensity, exceeding a heart rate (HR) of 150 bpm, is correlated with exercise-induced cTn elevation. Purpose The present work aims to determine if there is a threshold for exercise duration with a HR exceeding 150 bpm associated with an excessive exercise-induced cTn elevation. Methods A total of 177 healthy subjects were included in the present analysis of HR data obtained from sport watches used during a 91-km recreational mountain bike cycle race. Clinical status, cTnI, ECGs, blood pressure and demographics were obtained 24 h prior to- and at 3 h and 24 h after the race. Results are reported as median and 25th and 75th percentile. We used Tree regression to determine the association between elevated cTnI and exercise duration exceeding a HR of 150 bpm. Results Subjects were 82% (n=146) males, 44 (39–51) years, with a race time of 3.5 (3.1–3.9) h. Baseline cTnI was 1.9 (1.6–3.3) ng/L. There was a cTnI elevation in all study participants at 3 h, cTnI: 60.0 (36.0–99.3) ng/L, with a significant (p<0.001) reduction at 24 hours following exercise, cTnI: 10.9 (6.1–22.4) ng/L. Tree regression identified 168 min of exercise, with a HR exceeding 150 bpm, to be associated with an excessive increase in cTnI both at 3 h, and at 24 h following the race (figure). The median cTn values above and below the threshold are presented in the Table. Conclusion The present analysis suggests that exceeding a specific duration of high intensity exercise may be associated with excessive cTn elevation in susceptible individuals. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Western Norway Health authoritites.

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Grading, Time Course, and Incidence of Exercise-Induced nduced Airway Obstruction and Hyperinflation in Asthmatic Children

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.56.5s.868 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 56 (5s) ◽

pp. 868-879

Author(s):

Gerd J. A. Cropp ◽

I. J. Schmultzler

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Function ◽

Airway Obstruction ◽

Clinical Status ◽

Small Airway ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Normal Children ◽

Asthmatic Children ◽

Ergometer Exercise ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Small Airway Obstruction

We evaluated clinical status and pulmonary function in 60 perennially asthmatic and 11 normal children before and repeatedly after incrementally increasing bicycle ergometer exercise. The changes in clinical status and pulmonary function which were elicited by strenuous exercise were graded by an air exchange and a physiological grading system respectively. Normal children showed no significant clinical or physiological changes after exercise. Strenuous exercise elicited significant deteriorations in clinical and physiological measurements in 36% to 77% of asthmatic girls and 46% to 90% of asthmatic boys, the frequency depending on the test used to determine exercise-induced abnormalities. The incidence of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) was statistically significantly higher in asthmatic boys than girls. The higher incidence of EIA in boys was primarily due to a larger number of very severe attacks in boys than girls; mild and moderate EIA was about equally common in the two sexes. Most patients with EIA developed large and small airway obstruction, although large airway obstruction tended to be the predominant and the more severe abnormality. Clinical and physiological abnormalities, regardless of severity, were usually most marked during the first ten minutes after exercise and lessened thereafter. Mild EIA usually lasted for only 15 minutes or less; severe EIA improved, but usually did not resolve within 35 minutes of exercise. There were three patients in whom the severity of EIA got worse after exercise and an additional seven in whom the improvement was minimal. In these ten patients isoproterenol aerosol terminated EIA, indicating that exercise-induced large and small airway obstruction in asthmatic children is primarily. if not solely. due to bronchospasm.

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Relationship between exercise-induced systemic inflammatory like reaction and racing performance in endurance horses

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep12026 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (3-4) ◽

pp. 213-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Serteyn ◽

I. Caudron ◽

J.-P. Lejeune ◽

D. Votion ◽

J. Ceusters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Related Factors ◽

Mean Values ◽

Racing Performance ◽

Intrinsic Capacity ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Race Performance ◽

Voluntary Basis

Endurance race induces a rise of serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and a systemic inflammatory like response characterised by an increase of neutrophil counts, plasma and muscle myeloperoxidase (MPO) and elastase (ELT) concentrations in horses. Horses performing the same standardised exercise test do not respond with the same magnitude of inflammatory reaction. The aim of the present study was to measure the total neutrophil count, the ratio neutrophil:lymphocyte, the MPO and ELT plasma concentrations and concomitant increases of serum CK activities in competing endurance horse and to relate these results to their race performance. Twenty one horses participating in a 120 km 4 star endurance race recruited on a voluntary basis finished the race with a mean speed ranging from 13.1 to 19.8 km/h. Blood was taken the day before the race and two hours after the race. Mean values of neutrophil counts, ratio neutrophil:lymphocyte, plasma MPO and ELT concentrations and serum CK activities after the race were significantly higher than the pre-race values. There was no correlation between neutrophil counts, MPO, ELT or CK and the mean speed of the horses during the race except for the ratio neutrophil:lymphocyte where a significant negative correlation was observed. These results showed that systemic responses induced by strenuous exercise such as an endurance race is not clearly related to performance but also to horse-related factors, such as intrinsic capacity or training.

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Marked differences in functioning of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis between groups of men

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1997.82.6.1979 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 82 (6) ◽

pp. 1979-1988 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

John S. Petrides ◽

Philip W. Gold ◽

Gregory P. Mueller ◽

Anita Singh ◽

Costas Stratakis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Plasma Cortisol ◽

Hormone Secretion ◽

Growth Hormone Secretion ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Plasma Acth ◽

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽

Adrenal Axis ◽

Low Responders ◽

Exercise Induced

Petrides, John S., Philip W. Gold, Gregory P. Mueller, Anita Singh, Costas Stratakis, George P. Chrousos, and Patricia A. Deuster.Marked differences in functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis between groups of men. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6): 1979–1988, 1997.—To compare profiles of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responsiveness, healthy, moderately trained men ( n = 15) were classified as high ( n = 7) or low responders ( n = 8) on the basis of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responses to strenuous treadmill exercise 4 h after 4 mg of dexamethasone (Dex). These groups were then evaluated to compare 1) HPA and growth hormone responses to exercise at 90% maximal oxygen uptake 4 h after placebo, Dex (4 mg), and hydrocortisone (100 mg); 2) pituitary-adrenal responses to infusion of arginine vasopressin (AVP); 3) plasma cortisol after a Dex suppression test (1 mg); and 4) behavioral characteristics. In comparison to low responders, high responders exhibited significantly 1) higher plasma ACTH responses to exercise after placebo and Dex; 2) higher plasma AVP secretion with exercise after placebo and marked Dex- and hydrocortisone-induced enhancement of exercise-induced AVP secretion; 3) lower Dex-induced increases in basal and stimulated growth hormone secretion; 4) higher plasma ACTH responses to infusion of AVP; and 5) a trend ( P = 0.09) for higher trait anxiety ratings. Similar suppression of plasma cortisol was noted after 1 mg Dex. We conclude that subgroups of healthy male volunteers exhibit unique profiles of HPA responsiveness. We also believe that glucocorticoid pretreatment combined with strenuous exercise allows functional HPA responsiveness to be distinguished between subgroups of healthy controls and may be useful in the determination of susceptibility to disorders characterized by hyper- and hypo-HPA activation.

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Effects of the oral hypoglycemic agent methyl palmoxirate on exercise capacity of rats

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y84-134 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 815-818 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. C. Young ◽

J. E. Bryan ◽

S. H. Constable ◽

G. F. Tutwiler ◽

J. O. Holloszy

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽

Exercise Capacity ◽

Liver Glycogen ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Agent ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Hypoglycemic Agent ◽

Minimal Treatment ◽

Exercise Induced

The effect of the oral hypoglycemic agent methyl palmoxirate (methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate, McN-3716), a selective inhibitor of long chain fatty acid oxidation, on the exercise capacity of normal rats was evaluated. Daily administration of 2.5 mg/kg for 7 days, or of a single dose of 10 mg/kg, of methyl palmoxirate did not affect the ability of rats to perform strenuous exercise of an intensity that caused exhaustion in less than 30 min. The ability to perform prolonged, moderately strenuous exercise of an intensity that could be maintained for more than 60 min was decreased slightly (17%) in the methyl palmoxirate treated rats. This effect appeared to be mediated by a significant reduction in initial liver glycogen content in the methyl palmoxirate treated rats. As a consequence, the methyl palmoxirate treated rats became hypoglycemic during prolonged exercise. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle was minimal. Treatment with methyl palmoxirate protected against the development of exercise-induced ketosis. It appears that the liver is the major site of action of methyl palmoxirate when given in low dosage.

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