Identifying recommendation domains for targeting dual-purpose maize-based interventions in crop-livestock systems in East Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 834-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
An Notenbaert ◽  
Mario Herrero ◽  
Hugo De Groote ◽  
Liang You ◽  
Ernesto Gonzalez-Estrada ◽  
...  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Sprague ◽  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
J. M. Graham ◽  
S. E. McDonald ◽  
...  

The development of guidelines for successful dual-purpose (graze and grain) use of wheat and canola in Australia’s high-rainfall zones (HRZ) has mostly emerged from separate wheat- and canola-focused research. Less attention has been placed on the benefits of integrating dual-purpose wheat and canola into pasture-based grazing enterprises. We conducted a farming systems experiment during 2010–11 to evaluate the benefits of integrating wheat and canola as dual-purpose crops into a pasture-based grazing system in Australia’s south-eastern tablelands. We compared forage production and grain yield in three separate crop–livestock systems in which the sheep grazed long-season wheat, winter canola or a combination of these. Initial growth rates were higher in early-autumn-sown canola than wheat in 2010, but were much lower although similar in both crops in 2011. Significant forage was available from both canola (3.1–3.4 t ha–1) and wheat (2.3–2.4 t ha–1) at the onset of grazing, but winter growth rates of wheat were higher than those of canola, leading to increased sheep grazing days (SGD). In the favourable 2010 season, dual-purpose wheat and canola separately provided 2393 and 2095 SGD ha–1, and yielded 5.0 and 1.9 t ha–1 grain, respectively, with an apparent nitrogen limitation in canola. In the drier season of 2011, grazing was reduced to 1455 and 735 SGD ha–1 in wheat and canola, respectively. Wheat yield was reduced from 5.9 to 5.4 t ha–1 grain by grazing, whereas canola yield was unaffected (3.6 t ha–1). In both years, grazing did not affect harvest index or oil content of canola, but harvest index was higher in grazed wheat crops. The yield of wheat and canola crops grazed in sequence did not differ from yield in treatments where animals grazed only a single crop, but the total overall grazing window when crops were grazed sequentially increased by 1054 and 618 SGD ha–1 in wheat, and by 1352 and 1338 SGD ha–1 in canola in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The major benefits of including crops that can be grazed sequentially were the widening of the grazing window and other operational windows (sowing, harvest), along with the rotational benefits for wheat by including canola in the system. Additional benefits to pastures may include eliminating the need to re-sow, because a more productive pasture composition is maintained under lower grazing pressure while stock are on crops, and reduced weed invasion. The commercial availability of new, herbicide-tolerant winter canola varieties provides significant opportunities to underpin the performance of dual-purpose crop sequences on mixed farms in the high-rainfall zone.


2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dove ◽  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
W. M. Kelman ◽  
S. J. Sprague ◽  
S. E. McDonald ◽  
...  

In south-eastern Australia, low winter temperatures often reduce pasture growth and thus winter herbage supply relative to livestock requirements. Grazing of vegetative grain crops in winter is one strategy that might overcome this feed gap. In a study with young sheep over two seasons near Canberra, ACT, we compared pasture-only grazing with three separate crop–livestock systems in which the sheep grazed long-season wheat, winter canola or a combination of these, for intervals over the period May–August. We measured forage biomass, sheep grazing days (SGD) and liveweight accumulated per ha. Crop-grazing treatments resulted in much more winter forage for grazing sheep (t DM ha–1): in 2010, one crop 2.5–3.0, two crops 3.5 v. pasture only 1; in 2011, one crop 2, two crops 3 v. pasture only 1.4. In the first season, grazing one crop resulted in ~2000 extra SGD ha–1 and the accumulation of more liveweight per ha than in the pasture-only treatment; grazing of two crops resulted in >3500 extra SGD ha–1. Equivalent values in the second, drier season were: one crop, ~1000 extra SGD ha–1; two crops, 2600 extra SGD ha–1. Spelling of pastures during crop grazing led to extra pasture growth, such that in each of the two seasons, 40% of the total benefit in extra SGD per ha came from the extra pasture. The results indicate that, like grazed wheat, grazed canola can provide valuable winter forage, especially when used together with wheat. The data also provide the first quantification of the effect of crop grazing on pasture spelling and subsequent pasture supply, and suggest value in the incorporation of grazing wheat and canola into grazing systems in the high-rainfall zone.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5678
Author(s):  
Mequanint B. Melesse ◽  
Amos Nyangira Tirra ◽  
Chris O. Ojiewo ◽  
Michael Hauser

Competition over land between food and fodder production, along with recurrent droughts and increasing population, has put mixed crop–livestock farming systems in the drylands of sub-Saharan Africa under pressure. Dual-purpose crops hold huge potential to ease this pressure and simultaneously improve food and fodder availability in these systems. We investigated farmers’ preferences for dual-purpose maize, sorghum, and groundnut traits, and analyzed linkages of stated trait preferences with production of dual-purpose crops and adoption of improved varieties involving 645 households from two districts in Zimbabwe. The three target crops cover more than 75% of households’ cropping lands. Highly preferred stated traits of dual-purpose crops include yield, disease resistance, and drought tolerance. Highly appreciated feed attributes encompass stover yield and digestibility. The adoption of improved varieties is high for maize but low for sorghum and groundnut. Trait preferences are correlated with the production of dual-purpose crops and the adoption of improved varieties of the crops. However, the strengths of these correlations differ for maize, sorghum, and groundnuts. We discuss these linkages and suggest why crop improvement programs should reconcile trade-offs between grain and feed attributes to support mixed crop–livestock systems in Zimbabwe successfully.


Author(s):  
Cecilio Barba Capote ◽  
Antón Rafael García Martínez ◽  
Jaime Rangel ◽  
Oriana Villarroel-Molina

During the last decade, the interest in social network analysis (SNA) has grown considerably. Although the utilization of social network analysis to study smallholder innovation systems is still very limited, the aim of this paper is to review research themes concerning the application of SNA in livestock systems and related areas, from the focus of the dissemination of innovation and knowledge, to build a conceptual framework and benchmark to study livestock systems in tropical areas. The findings of this review suggesting that the methodology of social networks is an important tool to know the patterns of adoption and dissemination of technological innovation in the smallholders of dual-purpose cattle (DP). The importance of developing technological adoption patterns of each farmer through two-mode matrix is highlighted.


2004 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 167-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Romney ◽  
C. Utiger ◽  
R. Kaitho ◽  
P. Thorne ◽  
A. Wokabi ◽  
...  

In sub-Saharan Africa mixed crop-livestock systems predominate in the semi-arid, sub-humid and cool highland zones. In these areas, systems intensify and crops and livestock become increasingly integrated as the human population increases and land becomes a more important constraint than labour (Boserup, 1965; McIntireet al., 1992). As intensification progresses, use of crop residues moves from open access to crop fields, following harvest, to labour intensive management of cereals as dual-purpose crops.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7757
Author(s):  
Laura Patricia Valdez-Arjona ◽  
María Esther Ortega-Cerrilla ◽  
Silvia Fraire-Cordero ◽  
Jesús Arreola-Enríquez ◽  
María Magdalena Crosby-Galván ◽  
...  

Livestock systems can contribute to food security by making use of available resources not suitable for human consumption such as Cucurbita argyrosperma Huber residue (CR). The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate preference and physicochemical characteristics of CR silages and their effect on milk production and milk composition from cows in a dual-purpose system in Campeche, Mexico. Three completely randomized experiments were performed. In experiment 1, physicochemical characteristics of four CR plus hay grass silages were evaluated: CR-77, CR-71, CR-65 and CR-59, containing 77%, 71%, 65% and 59% of CR, with 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% of estimated dry matter (DM), respectively. In experiment 2, silages intake preferences were determined in cattle. In experiment 3, the effect of CR silage or corn silage on milk production and milk composition of grazing cows in a dual-purpose system was evaluated. The results in experiment 1 showed that DM content differed between treatments (p < 0.05), ranging from 27.35% (CR-77) to 41.81% (CR-59) and estimated DM was similar to the actual values. pH and temperature were also different (p < 0.05). pH was different between CR-71 (4.01) and CR-59 (4.43), and temperature between CR-77 (28.87 °C) and CR-65 (29.5 °C). Crude protein (CP) was very low in all silages (<4%), particularly in CR-59 (2.8%) (p < 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher with CR-65 and CR-59 (average: 79.6%) than CR-77 and CR-71 (average 75.1%). There were no differences in intake preference (experiment 2), milk production (average 3.7 L) or milk composition (average protein: 3.27%, fat: 2.26%, lactose: 5.23%, solids non-fat: 9.17%) (experiment 3) (p > 0.05), but differences in DM intake of silages in experiment 3 were observed (p < 0.05). Even with the limitations of this pilot study, it is feasible to produce silages with CR with a good fermentation process as a feeding alternative for cows in a dual-purpose system in Campeche, Mexico.


2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belisario Roncallo F. ◽  
Andrea Milena Sierra A. ◽  
Edwin Castro R.

<p>La estacionalidad climática afecta la oferta de nutrientes en los sistemas ganaderos. En la búsqueda de diferentes estrategias para la alimentación del ganado, se evaluó el efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada de cuatro gramíneas de corte sobre el rendimiento, la calidad del forraje en vacas doble propósito en el Valle del Cesar. Se desarrollaron dos fases, la primera, consistió en la evaluación del rendimiento y calidad del forraje, dónde los datos se analizaron por un diseño en bloques al azar, con un arreglo factorial de cuatro forrajes y cinco fuentes nitrogenadas; la segunda fase consistió en la evaluación de la respuesta animal; se suministró forraje conservado basados en los resultados de la primera fase; se aplicó un diseño experimental de sobrecambio. Se utilizaron 8 vacas doble propósito en el segundo tercio de lactancia con un peso (PV) de 395 kg aproximadamente. El estudio se realizó en la Estación Experimental Motilonia, Corpoica. El tipo de pastura afecto significativamente el valor de la materia seca, siendo mayor en el pasto Elefante (17,9%) y menor en el King-grass morado (13,3%); el rendimiento de forraje fue afectado tanto por la fertilización, como por la pastura, siendo mayor en la aplicación de urea y en asociación con <em>Leucaena </em>sp. (12,9 y 12,7 t ha-1, respectivamente). La fertilización no tuvo efecto sobre la composición química de las gramíneas. Se obtuvo una mayor producción de leche, cuando se suministró ensilaje de pasto Elefante + <em>Leucaena </em>sp. y de Elefante solo (3,98 ± 0,18 y 3,81 ± 0,18 L/vaca/día), en comparación con la alimentación sin suministro de ensilaje. La calidad composicional de la leche se vio afectada positivamente por el suministro de ensilaje. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Forage yield of cutting grass and effect on compositional quality and yield of milk in a dry Caribbean</strong></p><p>Seasonal climates affect the supply of nutrients in livestock systems. In search of different strategies for feeding livestock, we evaluated the effect of nitrogen fertilization of four cut grasses on yield and feed quality in dual purpose cows in Valle del Cesar. Two phases were developed, the first was the assessment of the performance and quality of feed, where the data were analyzed by a randomized block design with a factorial arrangement of four grasses and five nitrogen sources, the second phase evaluated the animal response, supplying feed based on results in the first phase, using a change-over experimental design. Eight dual purpose cows in the second third of lactation with a weight (W) of 395 kg about were used. The study was conducted at the Motilonia Experimental Station. The type of pasture significantly affected the value for dry matter, being highest in Elefante grass (17.9%) and lowest in morado King-grass (13.3%); feed yield was affected by both fertilization and pasture, being highest in the application of urea and in partnership with <em>Leucaena </em>sp. (12.9 and 12.7 t ha-1, respectively). Fertilization had no effect on the chemical composition of the grasses. We obtained a higher milk production when silage of Elefante grass + <em>Leucaena </em>sp. and Elefante alone (3.98 ± 0.18 and 3.81 ± 0.18 L/cow/day) were supplied, compared to feed without silage. The compositional quality of the milk was positively affected by the silage. </p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Catley

Across East Africa’s vast rangelands, pastoralist livestock systems have been commercialising since the early 1900s. Commercialisation has varied widely within and between areas, but now includes substantial livestock exports, regional and cross-border trade, and supply to domestic markets. This policy brief examines some of the key features of pastoralism that affect how commercialisation evolves in pastoralist societies, and why poorer producers often benefit least from new market access. The policy brief draws on a substantial body of research and programme evaluations, and two new APRA research reports on pastoral livestock commercialisation in south-east Ethiopia (Gebresenbet, 2020) and northern Kenya (Roba, 2020).


2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dove ◽  
W. M. Kelman ◽  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
S. J. Sprague

Previous experiments have shown that liveweight gains of livestock grazing dual-purpose wheats were increased by 15–60%, by supplementing animals with a 1 : 1 mixture of Causmag (MgO) : salt (NaCl). The supplement appears to overcome both an Na deficiency in wheat forage, plus a reduced rumen Mg absorption due to a high forage (and thus rumen) K : Na ratio. In crop–livestock systems, there is also renewed interest in grazing forage oats and, more recently, barley and dual-purpose canola. The possible need for Mg–Na supplements for sheep grazing these last three crops was investigated in two experiments near Canberra, ACT. In Experiment 1, sheep grazing wheat, oats, barley and canola were either unsupplemented or received a Mg–Na supplement. There was no significant response to the supplement in sheep grazing oats. After adjustment by covariance for differences in sheep numbers per plot, the difference in weight gain/ha of supplemented and unsupplemented sheep grazing barley approached significance (P = 0.068). For the first time in our experience, in this experiment there was also no significant response in sheep grazing wheat. There was a significant interaction between crop type and supplement, because of a 20% depression in liveweight gain in supplemented sheep grazing canola. This negative effect of supplementation on canola was further investigated in Experiment 2, in which sheep grazing only canola were either supplemented or not supplemented. Supplementation in this case had no significant effect on liveweight gain. Our results suggest that there is no need to provide mineral supplements for sheep grazing dual-purpose oats; they also suggest supplementation may be contraindicated for sheep grazing canola. Further work is needed to confirm this and to clarify supplement responses in sheep grazing barley.


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