Parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment of gifted and normal adolescents

Recent emergent research is seriously questioning whether parental strictness contributes to children’s psychosocial adjustment in all cultural contexts. We examined cross-generational differences in parental practices characterized by warmth and practices characterized by strictness, as well as the relationship between parenting styles (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) and psychosocial adjustment in adulthood. Parenting practices characterized by warmth (affection, reasoning, indifference, and detachment) and strictness (revoking privileges, verbal scolding, and physical punishment) were examined. Psychosocial adjustment was captured with multidimensional self-concept and well-being (life satisfaction and happiness). Participants were 871 individuals who were members of three generations of Spanish families: College students (G3), their parents (G2), and their grandparents (G1). Results showed two different cross-generational patterns in parenting practices, with an increased tendency toward parental warmth (parents use more affection and reasoning but less indifference across generations) and a decreased tendency toward parental strictness (parents use revoking privileges, verbal scolding, and physical punishment less across generations). Interestingly, despite cross-generational differences in parenting practices, a common pattern between parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment was found: indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better self-concept and well-being than authoritative parenting, whereas parenting characterized by non-warmth (authoritarian and neglectful) was related to poor scores.

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Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/s0104-11692008000100022 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 142-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Kathy Newman ◽

Lynda Harrison ◽

Carol Dashiff ◽

Susan Davies

Keyword(s):

Risk Behaviors ◽

Adolescent Health ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Psychosocial Adjustment ◽

Unintentional Injury ◽

Careful Examination ◽

Adolescent Risk ◽

Health Promotion Interventions ◽

Adolescent Relationship

Research over the past 20 years suggests that the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship significantly affects the development of risk behaviors in adolescent health. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of studies published between 1996-2007 that address specific relationships between parenting styles and six priority adolescent risk behaviors. The review supports the substantial influence of parenting style on adolescent development. Adolescents raised in authoritative households consistently demonstrate higher protective and fewer risk behaviors than adolescents from non-authoritative families. There is also considerable evidence to show that parenting styles and behaviors related to warmth, communication and disciplinary practices predict important mediators, including academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. Careful examination of parenting style patterns in diverse populations, particularly with respect to physical activity and unintentional injury, will be a critical next step in the development of efficacious, culturally tailored adolescent health promotion interventions.

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Effects of Parenting Styles on Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Stress in Spanish Adolescents

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16152778 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (15) ◽

pp. 2778 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

María C. Fuentes ◽

Rafael García-Ros ◽

Francisco Pérez-González ◽

Dolores Sancerni

Keyword(s):

Parenting Styles ◽

Psychosocial Adjustment ◽

Educational Level ◽

Parenting Practices ◽

School Adjustment ◽

Academic Stress ◽

Parental Socialization ◽

Self Regulated Learning ◽

Regulated Learning ◽

Study Participants

Research has repeatedly highlighted the important influence of parental socialization styles on children’s psychosocial adjustment. However, previous studies about their effects on school adjustment have traditionally addressed a limited set of indicators, such as academic achievement or self-concept, which should be broadened in order to increase our level of knowledge about this topic. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the relationships between parenting styles and other relevant school adjustment criteria (self-regulated learning and academic stress) in adolescence. The study participants were 437 Spanish adolescents (44.7% men) from 12 to 18 years old (M = 14.55, SD = 1.80) who were enrolled in high school. A multivariate factorial design (parenting × sex × educational level) was used for each set of criteria. The results are consistent with previous research, showing that the indulgent style was related to better school adjustment during adolescence, evaluated through self-regulated learning and academic stress, thus increasing the available evidence about the influence of parenting styles in this setting. Additionally, this relationship remains invariant with regard to sex and the educational level of the participants in the study. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of parenting practices related to high acceptance/involvement for the adequate school adjustment of Spanish adolescents.

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Parenting Styles, Coparenting, and Early Child Adjustment in Separated Families with Child Physical Custody Processes Ongoing in Family Court

Children ◽

10.3390/children8080629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 629

Author(s):

Mónica Pires ◽

Mariana Martins

Keyword(s):

Path Analysis ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Psychosocial Adjustment ◽

Interparental Conflict ◽

Child Adjustment ◽

Family Court ◽

Best Interest ◽

Early Child ◽

Healthy Development ◽

Physical Custody

Coparenting conflict and triangulation after separation or divorce are associated with poorer child adjustment when parenting gatekeeping and conflict occur. Fewer studies reported psychosocial adjustment of children under three. We explored the effects of authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and negative coparenting on child adjustment in a purpose sample of 207 Portuguese newly separated/divorced parents (50.2% mothers/49.8% fathers) with sole or joint (49.8%/50.2%) physical custody processes ongoing in court. Parents filled out the Parenting Styles Questionnaire—Parents’ report, the Coparenting Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Parenting and coparenting moderations path analysis to predict child adjustment were tested for two groups (2/3-year-old child/>3-year-old-child) and showed a good fit, followed by multigroup path analysis with similarities. Findings suggest harsh parenting and interparental conflict and triangulation as predictors for poor early child adjustment. The ongoing custody process could contribute to increased interparental conflict. The families’ unique functioning, parenting, and conflict should be considered in young children custody decisions made in a particularly stressful period when the parental responsibilities’ process is still ongoing and conflict may increase to serve the best interest of the child and promote healthy development. Future directions and practical implications are discussed.

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Parenting Styles and Adjustment in Gifted Children

Gifted Child Quarterly ◽

10.1177/0016986216675351 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 87-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vassiliki Pilarinos ◽

C. R. Solomon

Keyword(s):

Parenting Styles ◽

Psychosocial Adjustment ◽

Social Problems ◽

Child Outcomes ◽

Self Report ◽

Gifted Children ◽

Intelligence Scale ◽

Child Conduct Problems ◽

Child Conduct ◽

The Relationship

The present study examined the relationship between parenting styles and the psychosocial adjustment of 48 children aged 7 to 11 years, each of whom had been identified as gifted on the basis of a score of 130 or above on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition. Parenting styles and child psychosocial adjustment were measured using self-report questionnaires. Nineteen of the 48 gifted children in the sample (39.6%) were described by their parents as having peer social problems, descriptions that were not consistent with results obtained from the children and their teachers. Mothers also reported more child conduct problems than did the teachers. No associations were found between parenting styles and social problems with peers. Although the findings supported existing research on fathers’ parenting styles, some of the relationships between mothers’ parenting style and gifted child outcomes were not consistent with previous studies on parenting styles.

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Family Resilience, Parenting Styles and Psychosocial Adjustment of Children With Chronic Illness: A Cross-Sectional Study

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.646421 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yuan Qiu ◽

Liuqing Xu ◽

Yinzhu Pan ◽

Chunlei He ◽

Yingying Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Illness ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Psychosocial Adjustment ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Family Resilience ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Authoritative Parenting ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Objectives: To evaluate the level of parent-reported family resilience, parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment of children with chronic illness and to identify the relationships between family resilience, parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment in families with children with chronic illness.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2019 and August 2019. A total of 236 parents of children with chronic illness and 98 parents with healthy children were recruited from general hospitals by convenience sampling. A parent completed the Chinese Family Resilience Assessment Scale, the Parenting Rearing Patterns Questionnaire and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Family resilience, parenting styles, and psychosocial adjustment of children with chronic illness were compared with those of healthy children. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was performed to explore the mediation effect of parenting styles between family resilience and psychosocial adjustment among children with chronic illness.Results: Parents of children with chronic illness reported lower level of family resilience and authoritative parenting, but more peer relationship problems compared to parents of healthy children. SEM showed that authoritative parenting fully mediated the relationship between family resilience and psychosocial adjustment of children with chronic illness.Conclusion: Childhood chronic illness reduces family resilience, authoritative parenting and children's psychosocial adjustment, but authoritative parenting mediated these effects, so authoritative parenting may be important for family resilience in families of children with chronic illness. Pediatric clinicians and nurses should provide family-centered interventions, as well as parenting training, to improve children's psychosocial outcomes.

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Parenting Styles, Identity Development, and Adjustment in Career Transitions

Journal of Career Development ◽

10.1177/0894845316672742 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 83-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Pedro Miguel Gomes Cordeiro ◽

Maria Paula Paixão ◽

Willy Lens ◽

Marlies Lacante ◽

Koen Luyckx

Keyword(s):

Identity Development ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Psychosocial Adjustment ◽

Parental Support ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Well Being ◽

Psychological Needs ◽

Need Satisfaction ◽

Path Model ◽

Transition To Higher Education

Drawing from self-determination theory, this study examines how does perceived parenting and psychological needs relate to identity development and psychosocial adjustment in Portuguese 12th-grade students ( N = 462) who prepare the transition to higher education or to the job market. Path model results revealed two distinct pathways: a “growth-oriented pathway” from need-supporting parenting to integrated career exploration, commitment-making and well-being via need satisfaction and a “vulnerability” pathway from need-thwarting parenting to both diminished well-being and ill-being through need frustration. Findings suggest that perceived parental support is a protective factor, and parental thwarting a risk factor for career decision-making, but this relation is mediated by the adolescents’ subjective feelings of psychological need satisfaction and frustration. Altogether, they suggest the need to customize interventions with adolescents to address “bright” and “dark” trajectories of identity development and establish a supportive counseling climate that facilitates the exploration of different aspects of self-environment in career transition periods.

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CONSISTENCIA E INCONSISTENCIA EN LOS ESTILOS DE PADRES Y MADRES Y AJUSTE PSICOLÓGICO EN LOS ADOLESCENTES

International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology Revista INFAD de psicología ◽

10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v2.460 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 447

Author(s):

Mª de la Villa Carpio Fernández ◽

Mª Cruz García Linares ◽

Manuel Jesús De la Torre Cruz ◽

Mª Teresa Cerezo Rusillo ◽

Pedro F. Casanova Arias

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Secondary Schools ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Psychosocial Adjustment ◽

Externalizing Problems ◽

Adjustment Problems ◽

Mothers And Fathers ◽

Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽

Paternal Parenting ◽

Internalizing And Externalizing

Abstract:This paper analyzed the different consistent and inconsistent combination of maternal and paternal parenting styles and their relationships with psychosocial adjustment problems reported by their children. The participant were 840 Secondary schools students, aged 12 to 16. A cluster analysis was performed in order to obtain the parenting styles of both mothers and fathers. The results shown that children report lower levels of internalizing and externalizing problems when assigning a democratic style to both parents. Children who have a father or a mother with a democratic style have lower psychosocial adjustment problems than family situations where the democratic style is not present. Finally, children whose parents agree on an affective-authoritarian style have fewer externalizing problems.Keywords: parenting styles, consistency, inconsistency, psychosocial adjustment problems, adolescentResumen:Este estudio analiza las diversas combinaciones de consistencia y de inconsistencia en los estilos educativos de ambos progenitores y su relación con los problemas de ajuste psicosocial que informan sus hijos. Los participantes fueron 840 estudiantes de E.S.O. con edades entre los 12 y 16 años. Para la obtención de los estilos educativos parentales se utilizó el análisis de clúster. Los resultados muestran que los hijos informan de menor incidencia de problemas externalizantes e internalizantes cuando se atribuye un estilo democrático a ambos padres. Los hijos que tienen un solo progenitor democrático presentan menores problemas de ajuste psicosocial frente a situaciones familiares donde no está implicado el estilo democrático. Finalmente los hijos que tienen padres que coinciden en un estilo afectivo-autoritario presentan menos problemas externalizantes.Palabras clave: estilos educativos paternos, consistencia, inconsistencia, problemas de ajuste psicosocial, adolescentes.

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Los estilos educativos paternos y maternos en la adolescencia y su relación con la resiliencia, el apego y la implicación en acoso escolar

Anales de Psicología ◽

10.6018/analesps.31.3.180791 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 979 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Olga Gómez-Ortiz ◽

Rosario Del Rey ◽

Eva M. Romera ◽

Rosario Ortega-Ruiz

Keyword(s):

High School Students ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Psychosocial Adjustment ◽

Adolescent Adjustment ◽

Short Version ◽

School Students ◽

Parental Styles ◽

Resilience Scale ◽

The Relationship

The present research has two aims. The first is to create a typology of parenting style, and the second is to explore the relationship between mother´s and father´s parenting styles and the coherence between both, and adolescent adjustment, assessment with a bullying, resilience and attachment scale. It has been used an incidental sample of 626 high school students (49.7% girls) from Córdoba, that completed the Scale to assessment maternal and paternal parenting style in adolescence, the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire, the attachment scale CaMir-R and the short version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The results show four parenting styles, that is the same for mothers and fathers (“supervisor democratic”, “controlling democratic”, “democratic of little disclosure” and “moderately”) and one parenting style only for mothers (“permissive”) and other, only for fathers (“indifferent”). It was found statistically significant differences in all measures of adolescent adjustment depending on mother´s and father´s parental styles and the coherence of both. The better psychosocial adjustment was observed in adolescents whose father or mother were supervisor democratic and when both parents were democratic.

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Parental Beliefs about Childhood and Adolescence from a Longitudinal Perspective

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041760 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1760 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pilar Ridao ◽

Isabel López-Verdugo ◽

Carmen Reina-Flores

Keyword(s):

Parenting Styles ◽

Psychosocial Adjustment ◽

Recent Literature ◽

Parental Beliefs ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Entire Study Period ◽

Positive Perception ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Entire Study ◽

Account Due

Research into family context as a socializing agent points to the need to take parental beliefs into account due to the role they play in both parenting strategies and, ultimately, in the psychosocial adjustment of children and adolescents. The present study aims to explore possible relationships between parental beliefs about childhood and adolescence from a longitudinal and qualitative perspective. The beliefs held by parents of teenagers about adolescence are compared with those they hold about childhood at that same moment, and the evolution of these ideas is charted over the course of 16 years as their children grow. A total of 102 parents participated in the longitudinal study. They completed two types of semi-structured interviews: one of them throughout the entire study period and the other once their children became teenagers. The results reveal an association between the type of beliefs parents hold about childhood and their perception of adolescence, and they indicate that these ideas change over time as more adjusted and modern beliefs about child development correlate with a more positive perception of adolescence. These results are interpreted from the perspective of their influence on beliefs about parenting styles, reflecting what is reported in the recent literature regarding the most successful styles for fostering children’s and adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment.

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