Evaluation of Alternative Mosquito Control Measures on Malaria in Southern Ghana

A geographically stratified cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2002 to investigate household-level factors associated with use of mosquito control measures and self-reported malaria in Malindi, Kenya. A total of 629 households were surveyed. Logistic regressions were used to analyse the data. Half of all households (51%) reported all occupants using an insecticide-treated bed net and at least one additional mosquito control measure such as insecticides or removal of standing water. Forty-nine per cent reported a history of malaria in the household. Of the thirteen household factors analysed, low (OR=0·23, CI 0·11, 0·48) and medium (OR=0·50, CI 0·29, 0·86) education, mud–wood–coral (OR=0·0·39, CI 0·24, 0·66) and mud block–plaster (OR=0·47, CI 0·25, 0·87) wall types, farming (OR=1·38, CI 1·01, 1·90) and travel to rural areas (OR=0·48, CI 0·26, 0·91) were significantly associated with the use of mosquito control, while controlling for other covariates in the model. History of reported malaria was not associated with the use of mosquito control (OR=1·22, CI 0·79, 1·88). Of the thirteen covariates analysed in the second model, only two household factors were associated with history of malaria: being located in the well-drained stratum (OR=0·49, CI 0·26, 0·96) and being bitten while in the house (OR=1·22, CI 0·19, 0·49). These results suggest that high socioeconomic status is associated with increased household-level mosquito control use, although household-level control may not be enough, as many people are exposed to biting mosquitoes while away from the house and in areas that are more likely to harbour mosquitoes.

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Emergence of West Nile virus infections in humans in Turkey, 2010 to 2011

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.17.21.20182-en ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (21) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H Kalaycioglu ◽

G Korukluoglu ◽

A Ozkul ◽

O Oncul ◽

S Tosun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

West Nile Virus ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Control Measures ◽

Lower Activity ◽

Virus Infections ◽

West Nile ◽

Notifiable Diseases ◽

Routine Surveillance

In 2010, 47 human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) infection, including 12 laboratory-confirmed and 35 probable cases, were identified in Turkey. These were the first cases detected during routine surveillance. The patients were from 15 provinces, mainly located in the western part of the country. Incidence was 0.19/100,000 with a maximum of 1.39 in Sakarya province. Forty of the total 47 cases showed neuroinvasive manifestation. Median age was 58 years with a range of four to 86. Ten of the patients died. Enhanced surveillance in humans and animals and mosquito control measures were implemented. The WNV infections were included in the national notifiable diseases list as of April 2011. In 2011, three probable and two confirmed cases of WNV infection were diagnosed in provinces where infections had been detected in the previous year, supporting a lower activity than 2010. However, detection of WNV infections in humans in 2010 and 2011 consecutively, may indicate that WNV has become endemic in the western part of Turkey. Field epidemiological studies were undertaken to understand more about the nature of infection in Turkey.

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Genetic Control of Mosquitoes: population suppression strategies

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652012000500009 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 287-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

André Barretto Bruno Wilke ◽

Mauro Toledo Marrelli

Keyword(s):

Genetic Control ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Mass Rearing ◽

Control Measures ◽

Reproductive Capacity ◽

Lethal Gene ◽

Control Methods ◽

Species Specific ◽

Population Suppression

Over the last two decades, morbidity and mortality from malaria and dengue fever among other pathogens are an increasing Public Health problem. The increase in the geographic distribution of vectors is accompanied by the emergence of viruses and diseases in new areas. There are insufficient specific therapeutic drugs available and there are no reliable vaccines for malaria or dengue, although some progress has been achieved, there is still a long way between its development and actual field use. Most mosquito control measures have failed to achieve their goals, mostly because of the mosquito's great reproductive capacity and genomic flexibility. Chemical control is increasingly restricted due to potential human toxicity, mortality in no target organisms, insecticide resistance, and other environmental impacts. Other strategies for mosquito control are desperately needed. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is a species-specific and environmentally benign method for insect population suppression, it is based on mass rearing, radiation mediated sterilization, and release of a large number of male insects. Releasing of Insects carrying a dominant lethal gene (RIDL) offers a solution to many of the drawbacks of traditional SIT that have limited its application in mosquitoes while maintaining its environmentally friendly and species-specific utility. The self-limiting nature of sterile mosquitoes tends to make the issues related to field use of these somewhat less challenging than for self-spreading systems characteristic of population replacement strategies. They also are closer to field use, so might be appropriate to consider first. The prospect of genetic control methods against mosquito vectored human diseases is rapidly becoming a reality, many decisions will need to be made on a national, regional and international level regarding the biosafety, social, cultural and ethical aspects of the use and deployment of these vector control methods.

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Knowledge on exotic mosquitoes in Germany, and public acceptance and effectiveness of Bti and two self-prepared insecticides against Aedes japonicus japonicus

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-75780-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Friederike Reuss ◽

Aljoscha Kreß ◽

Markus Braun ◽

Axel Magdeburg ◽

Markus Pfenninger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosquito Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

Public Acceptance ◽

Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis ◽

Aedes Japonicus ◽

Preventive Control ◽

The Public ◽

Aedes Japonicus Japonicus ◽

Vector Management

Abstract Mosquito-borne diseases are a continuous challenge to public health. To prevent transmission, Integrated Vector Management (IVM) applies preventive, control, and communicational strategies that should be feasible, environmentally benign, and sustainable. IVM shows higher efficiency when being supported by local communities. Accordingly, we applied a social-ecological approach to identify the public acceptance of control measures and effectiveness of Eurocent coins containing copper, clove essential oil (EO) and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti). We performed field and laboratory experiments to demonstrate the toxicity of alternative substances against Aedes japonicus japonicus. In expert interviews, we asked for (1) knowledge on exotic mosquitoes in Germany, (2) potential chances of alternative substances in future mosquito control, and (3) their needs for further clarification before application. We assessed potential users’ (4) awareness of exotic mosquitoes and (5) willingness to apply the substances. Self-prepared copper coins and EO were clearly preferred by potential users over Bti. However, 100% mortality of the sensitive first stage could not be reached with the number of ten 5-Eurocent coins showing limited toxicity. Clove EO was shown to work as oviposition deterrent and larvicide with a LC50 of 17 mg l−1 (95% CI: 15–19 mg l−1). This study shows the importance of potential users’ perspectives in IVM and the need for authorised insecticides.

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A Method of transporting living Mosquito Larvae

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300026547 ◽

1942 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 227-228

Author(s):

D. J. Lewis

Keyword(s):

Yellow Fever ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

East African ◽

Simple Method ◽

North East ◽

The Common ◽

Hot Weather ◽

Ethiopian Region

Outbreaks of yellow fever in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and Uganda in 1940 emphasised the necessity for the mosquito control measures which are in force to prevent the disease from reaching Egypt or the East African ports. Edwards (1941, Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region, III, p. 3), referring to yellow fever, states that “ it would seem that most of the common biting mosquitoes of West Africa are to be regarded as potentially dangerous.” This statement applies also to north-east Africa. For the further planning of control measures, more information is required as to which mosquitos can act as vectors. Transmission experiments can usually be carried out only in a few specially equipped laboratories, so that mosquitos must sometimes be transported over great distances. A convenient method of doing this is to carry several thousands of living larvae which can provide a supply of adults for experiments. The writer has, for several years, used the simple method described below and found it effective in the hot dry climate of the northern Sudan. Recently it proved useful for sending larvae of species of Aëdes to the Yellow Fever Reseaich Institute at Entebbe.Larvae are stranded on a wet surface in a cool damp atmosphere and can be carried under these conditions for many hours or even several days. Perforated trays are made from the metal of petrol tins as shown in Fig. 1. A piece of cloth 44 cm. square is laid over each tray and tied underneath it. Water containing the larvae is poured into the tray and drains away, leaving the larvae stranded. A metal cross-piece laid on the tray serves to support another tray above it. Eight trays can be placed in a four gallon petrol tin which is then closed with a lid. In hot weather a wet towel may be wrapped round the tin.

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A Survey of Program Capacity and Skills of Florida Mosquito Control Districts to Conduct Arbovirus Surveillance and Control

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association ◽

10.2987/20-6924.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 99-106

Author(s):

Imelda K. Moise ◽

Rui-De Xue ◽

Leo C. Zulu ◽

John C. Beier

Keyword(s):

Vector Control ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Fiscal Year ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Mosquito Surveillance ◽

Staffing Levels ◽

Routine Surveillance ◽

Timely Access ◽

And Control

ABSTRACT Effective and efficient surveillance systems are key for preventing arthropod-borne diseases. We examined the capacity of Florida mosquito control districts (both state-approved and open programs, n = 90; 48.9% response rate). Questions centered on budgets, staffing levels, equipment, vector control measures, and staff perceptions of own agency's capacity to implement routine surveillance and vector control activities. Bivariate analyses indicate that districts with relatively large budgets have advanced capacities regarding staffing levels, employee specialties, mosquito control equipment, conduct routine surveillance and vector control yet they serve only a small proportion of the population. Independent tax districts' average annual budgets were 9 times higher than Board of County Commissioners programs in fiscal year 2017–18. Most respondents indicated that staff is appropriately trained, and has timely access to information and needed equipment for mosquito surveillance and control. Slightly more than half of respondents feel they are understaffed. Perceived understaffing may compromise mosquito surveillance and control efforts in some districts.

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The First Steps to Develop a Monitoring-Based Method to Support the Sustainable Mosquito Control in an Urban Environment in Hungary

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12125013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 5013

Author(s):

Tibor Kiss ◽

Csaba Leitol ◽

Gergely Márovics ◽

Tímea Zentai ◽

Roland Baczur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Environment ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Lower Intensity ◽

Reduced Pressure ◽

Data Set ◽

Running Water ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

In Europe, several exotic Aedes species, such as Aedes albopictus, Aedes eagypti, Aedes japonicas and Aedes koreicus, have become established. Mosquito-borne infection has also become a rising public health issue in Europe. This study aims to present the results of the first Hungarian systematic mosquito monitoring (SMM) operating in an urban environment in the city of Pécs. It also explains the implementation of a targeted mosquito control by the development of a mosquito map with the SMM approach, thus contributing to a reduction of the risks of mosquito-borne diseases. The mosquito trapping started in 2015, and the traps were Center for Disease Control (CDC) equipment. Based on the data of the SMM, an urban mosquito data set was developed. It consisted of the data of 441 trappings, and the data were statistically analyzed. The results show that three influencing factors impacted mosquito population: distance from running water, built-up density and average temperature had a causal impact on the average number of mosquitoes of an urban area. Each of these factors showed direct impact, and the impact intensified with the combination of the three factors. On that basis, it was made clear which areas of the city mosquito control activity should be focused. Areas of the city where interventions of lower intensity may be necessary compared to the intensity of the earlier mosquito control measures could also be determined. Compared to the previous practice, in which the entire city was involved in intensive mosquito control, now the intensive larviciding is advised to be applied in 42.1% of the total residential areas of the city. Thus, mosquito control of lower intensity could also be sufficient in the remaining 57.9% of the city area. This resource reallocation based on planning can boost the efficiency of the control and lead to a positive change towards sustainability regarding reduced pressure on the environment and reduced expenses of protection.

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Efficacy of Nanoparticles as a research tool to control Mosquito vector: A review

FLORA AND FAUNA ◽

10.33451/florafauna.v27i2pp271-278 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Vareesh Baghela ◽

Neetu Kachhwaha

Keyword(s):

Control Strategy ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Green Revolution ◽

Control Measures ◽

Mosquito Vector ◽

The Novel ◽

Control Methods ◽

West Nile Fever ◽

Worldwide Population ◽

Copper Zinc

Nanotechnology has revolutionized a wide array of disciplines with its explicit applications in various important fields related to human health and environment. Utilization of nanoparticles to control mosquito menace is one of the most important output of nano research. Mosquitoes are a threat to the worldwide population as they serve as vectors for a variety of diseasecausing organisms. They are responsible for numerous diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis, etc. Conventional control methods use various chemicals and physical agents which are unable to fulfill the current demand of mosquito control strategy. From the decades, the application of these chemicals are causing a continuous harm to biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Therefore, recent studies are focusing on the novel and safe nanotool that are proving a boon to control measures against mosquito population.Plant mediated nanoparticles approach has shown impressive results in the field of mosquito control biology.Green synthesis of copper, zinc and silver nanoparticles have shown their toxic effects against mosquito.The review provides an insight of green revolution of rapidly growing nano research as a green nanotool control tactics to minimize the damage caused due to mosquito borne diseases.

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Biological Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases: The Potential ofWolbachia-Based Interventions in an IVM Framework

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/1470459 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

El Hadji Amadou Niang ◽

Hubert Bassene ◽

Florence Fenollar ◽

Oleg Mediannikov

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Control Measures ◽

Mosquito Vectors ◽

Control Approach ◽

Commensal Microbiota ◽

Current State ◽

The World

People living in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world face an enormous health burden due to mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis. Historically and today, targeting mosquito vectors with, primarily, insecticide-based control strategies have been a key control strategy against major mosquito-borne diseases. However, the success to date of such approaches is under threat from multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms while vector control (VC) options are still limited. The situation therefore requires the development of innovative control measures against major mosquito-borne diseases. Transinfecting mosquitos with symbiotic bacteria that can compete with targeted pathogens or manipulate host biology to reduce their vectorial capacity are a promising and innovative biological control approach. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge about the association between mosquitoes andWolbachia, emphasizing the limitations of different mosquito control strategies and the use of mosquitoes’ commensal microbiota as innovative approaches to control mosquito-borne diseases.

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Seasonal dynamics and molecular differentiation of three natural Anopheles species (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Maculatus group (Neocellia series) in malaria hotspot villages of Thailand

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-020-04452-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Suchada Sumruayphol ◽

Tanawat Chaiphongpachara ◽

Yudthana Samung ◽

Jiraporn Ruangsittichai ◽

Liwang Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Dynamics ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Indian Subcontinent ◽

Control Measures ◽

Malaria Vectors ◽

Its2 Region ◽

Wet Season ◽

Endemic Region ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Tak Province

Abstract Background Anopheles sawadwongporni Rattanarithikul & Green, Anopheles maculatus Theobald and Anopheles pseudowillmori (Theobald) of the Anopheles maculatus group (Diptera: Culicidae) are recognized as potential malaria vectors in many countries from the Indian subcontinent through Southeast Asia to Taiwan. A number of malaria vectors in malaria hotspot areas along the Thai-Myanmar border belong to this complex. However, the species distribution and dynamic trends remain understudied in this malaria endemic region. Methods Mosquitoes of the Maculatus group were collected using CDC light traps every other week from four villages in Tha Song Yang District, Tak Province, Thailand from January to December 2015. Adult female mosquitoes were morphologically identified on site using taxonomic keys. Molecular species identification was performed by multiplex PCR based on the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and sequencing of the cox1 gene at a DNA barcoding region in a subset of 29 specimens. Results A total of 1328 An. maculatus (sensu lato) female mosquitoes were captured with An. maculatus, An. sawadwongporni and An. pseudowilmori accounting for 75.2, 22.1 and 2.7% respectively. The field captured mosquitoes of the Maculatus group were most abundant in the wet season and had a preferred distribution in villages at higher elevations. The phylogenetic relationships of 29 cox1 sequences showed a clear-cut separation of the three member species of the Maculatus group, with the An. pseudowillmori cluster being separated from An. sawadwongporni and An. maculatus. Conclusions This study provides updated information for the species composition, seasonal dynamics and microgeographical distribution of the Maculatus group in malaria-endemic areas of western Thailand. This information can be used to guide the planning and implementation of mosquito control measures in the pursuance of malaria transmission.

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