Photoactivated disinfection (PAD) of dental root canal system – An ex-vivo study

Background: Microorganisms and their by-products are considered to be primary etiologic agents in endodontic diseases. Mechanical preparation is the principal mode of reducing the bacterial population in the root canal system, smear layer is still left on the root canal wall. Hence, irrigation of root canal allows for cleaning beyond what might be achieved by root canal instrumentation allows. Aim: To evaluate and compare antibacterial efficacy of Chloroquick- one step irrigating solution and 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate on E. faecalis in primary molars by Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) study. Methodology: 40 children between age 4-7 years were included in this ex- vivo study based on selection criteria. In Group I (n=20) irrigation was done with chloroquick and normal saline and in Group II (n=20) irrigation was done with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and normal saline. Pre- and post-irrigation samples were collected using sterile paper points and transferred into transporting medium in Eppendorf tube and sent for qRT-PCR analysis. Results: On intra-group comparison, in Group I a statistically significant reduction in E. Faecalis (colony forming units/ml) count post-irrigation was found (p=0.0130). While for Group II, there was no statistically significant reduction in E. Faecalis (colony forming units/ml) count post-irrigation (p=0.8180). On inter-group comparison between, Group I showed statistically significant reduction in E. Faecalis (colony forming units/ml) count as compared to Group II (p=0.0110) Conclusion: In the present study, continuous soft chelating irrigation protocol has shown promising results for reduction of microbial load from the root canal system of primary teeth

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An Ex Vivo Study of Root Canal System Configuration and Morphology of 115 Maxillary First Premolars

Journal of Endodontics ◽

10.1016/j.joen.2020.03.001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 794-800 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas Gerhard Wolf ◽

Christoph Kozaczek ◽

Mark Siegrist ◽

Madlena Betthäuser ◽

Frank Paqué ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

System Configuration ◽

Canal System ◽

Root Canal System ◽

Ex Vivo Study

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Root canal debridement efficacy of heated sodium hypochlorite in conjunction with passive ultrasonic agitation: An ex vivo study

Journal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects ◽

10.34172/joddd.2020.040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 235-238

Author(s):

Yogesh Damade ◽

Ramchandra Kabir ◽

Sunanda Gaddalay ◽

Sharvaree Deshpande ◽

Sonali Gite ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Root Canal ◽

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Canal System ◽

Ultrasonic Agitation ◽

Root Canal System ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Root Canal Instrumentation ◽

Ex Vivo Study

Background. This study aimed to investigate the endodontic debridement efficacy of different sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation regimens with and without ultrasonic agitation, followed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after using a rotary instrumentation system. Methods. Mandibular premolars (n=50) were randomly divided into five experimental groups (n=10) for root canal instrumentation with ProTaper Universal rotary system up to F3. The root canal system was treated with intracanal-heated NaOCl (100°C) or preheated NaOCl (55°C), followed by ultrasonic agitation and EDTA treatment. Samples irrigated with conventional needle irrigation (CNI) using normal saline solution were used as controls. Debridement efficacy was analyzed by SEM. A five-point scale was used to estimate the presence/absence of debris for each canal segment (coronal, middle, and apical). The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (P<0.05). Results. The experimental groups exhibited less debris compared to CNI with saline (P<0.05). The amount of debris decreased significantly for the group with NaOCl intracanal heating compared to extraoral heating. Ultrasonic agitation further enhanced the root canal debridement efficacy of NaOCl. Conclusion. In summary, intracanal heating of NaOCl with and without ultrasonic agitation followed by EDTA appears to be a promising method to flush debris from the root canal system.

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Efficacy of ultrasonic and Er:YAG laser activated EDTA irrigation in removing bacteria from ex vivo root canal system

Lasers in Dental Science ◽

10.1007/s41547-018-0046-z ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 265-269

Author(s):

Sharonit Sahar-Helft ◽

Ayşe Sena Kabaş Sarp ◽

Murat Gulsoy ◽

Idan Redenski ◽

Adam Stabholtz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Er:Yag Laser ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Canal System ◽

Root Canal System

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The Efficacy of Selected Sodium Hypochlorite Heating Methods for Increasing and Maintaining Its Intracanal Temperature—An Ex Vivo Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app12020891 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 891

Author(s):

Roberto De Santis ◽

Flavia Iaculli ◽

Vincenzo Lodato ◽

Vito Gallicchio ◽

Michele Simeone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Root Canal ◽

Temperature Increase ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Canal System ◽

Heating Method ◽

In Vitro Investigation ◽

Significant Temperature ◽

Root Canal System ◽

Different Levels

Background: Enhancement of the temperature of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution would increase its cleaning potential and decontamination of the root canal system. Therefore, the aim of the present in vitro investigation was to compare the efficacy of different methods of NaOCl heating by evaluating the temperature profiles developed at different levels of the root canal system. Methods: Five thermocouples were applied at different levels of the root canal system of extracted human premolars. NaOCl solution was heated according to two methods: extraoral heating (50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C) using a magnetic hotplate heater and intracanal heating by F-06, XF-30/04, and ML-12 pluggers at 100 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C. Results: The extraoral heating method was ineffective to produce a significant temperature increase at the root apex. Comparable results were obtained using the intracanal heating method through the ML-12 plugger that showed slightly better results only when set at 180 °C. On the other hand, negligible differences were observed in terms of temperature maintenance at several levels of the root between the F-06 and XF-30/04 pluggers, even though the time intervals were higher in case of XF-30/04. Conclusions: The intracanal heating method provided a better temperature persistence in the middle third of the root canal system. Conversely, extraoral heating was ineffective to produce a significant temperature increase at the apex of the root. Comparable results were obtained even using the ML-12 plugger.

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Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation on Enterococcus faecalis from Root Canals: An Ex Vivo Study

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201300022 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 342-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Juliane Maria Guerreiro-Tanomaru ◽

Gisselle Moraima Chávez-Andrade ◽

Norberto Batista de Faria-Júnior ◽

Evandro Watanabe ◽

Mário Tanomaru-Filho

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Root Canal ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Canal System ◽

Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽

Root Canals ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ultrasonic Irrigation ◽

Root Canal System

Endodontic irrigation aims to clean and disinfect the root canal system. Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) is based on the use of an ultrasound-activated instrument into the root canal filled with irrigant. The aim of this study was to evaluate, ex vivo, the effectiveness of PUI in eliminating <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic> from root canals. Seventy-five extracted human single-root teeth were used. After root canal preparation, specimens were inoculated with <italic>E. faecalis</italic> and incubated at 37 °C for 21 days. Specimens were distributed into five groups (n=15), according to the irrigation method: PUI + saline solution (PUI/SS); PUI + 1% NaOCl (PUI/NaOCl); conventional needle irrigation (CNI) + saline solution (CNI/SS); CNI + 1% NaOCl (CNI/NaOCl); No irrigation (control). Microbiological samples were collected at three time points: initial (21 days after inoculation), post-irrigation (immediately after irrigation), and final (7 days after irrigation). Data were obtained in CFU mL-1 and subjected to analysis by ANOVA and Tukey's tests at 5% significance level. The post-irrigation samples did not demonstrate statistical difference between PUI/SS and CNI/SS nor between PUI/NaOCl and CNI/NaOCl (p>0.05), but PUI/NaOCl and CNI/NaOCl had lower CFU mL-1 number than the other groups (p>0.05). Statistically significant difference was observed between the initial and post-irrigation samples and between the post-irrigation and final samples (p<0.05) in all groups, except in the control. The final samples of all groups presented bacterial counts similar to the initial samples. PUI or CNI with 1% NaOCl contribute to disinfection, but are unable to eradicate <italic>E. faecalis</italic> from the root canal system.

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Internal morphology of 101 mandibular canines of a Swiss-German population by means of micro-CT: An ex vivo study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-00758-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Gerhard Wolf ◽

Andrea Lisa Anderegg ◽

David Haberthür ◽

Oleksiy-Zakhar Khoma ◽

Sven Schumann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

German Population ◽

Micro Ct ◽

Micro Computed Tomography ◽

Swiss German ◽

Mean Size ◽

Root Canal System ◽

Ex Vivo Study ◽

Oval Shape

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the root canal system morphology by means of a root canal configuration (RCC) classification described with a four-digit system, the physiological foramen geometry and accessory canal frequency and morphology, of 101 mandibular canines (MaCa) of a Swiss-German population by means of micro-computed tomography. Micro-CT examination of the MaCa was performed and the obtained images analyzed with a 3D imaging software. In single-rooted MaCas, the most frequently observed RCCs were 1-1-1/1 (74.5%) and 1-1-1/2 (14.3%). Seven other RCCs were less frequently observed with a frequency from 4.1 to 1.0%. One physiological foramen was observed in 80.6% of the MaCas, two in 16.3%, three in 1.0% and four in 2.0%. Accessory and connecting canals were apparent only in the middle and apical root thirds. Two-rooted MaCas occurred less frequently (n = 3). When one physiological foramen was present, the mean size of the narrow and wide diameters were 0.28 mm (± 0.07) and 0.40 mm (± 0.11), while the distance between physiological and anatomical foramen was 0.45 mm (± 0.17). MaCas are predominantly single-rooted teeth with a 1-1-1/1 or 1-1-1/2 RCC. Most MaCas had one physiological foramen with an oval shape.

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Micro-tomographic characterization of the root and canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars in a Chilean population

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80046-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alfredo Sierra-Cristancho ◽

Luis González-Osuna ◽

Daniela Poblete ◽

Emilio A. Cafferata ◽

Paola Carvajal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Multiple Root ◽

Root Anatomy ◽

Type I ◽

Micro Computed Tomography ◽

Canal System ◽

Root Canals ◽

Wide Range ◽

Root Canal System ◽

Chilean Population

AbstractThis study aimed to analyze the root anatomy and root canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars in a Chilean population. 186 teeth were scanned using micro-computed tomography and reconstructed three-dimensionally. The root canal system morphology was classified using both Vertucci’s and Ahmed’s criteria. The radicular grooves were categorized using the ASUDAS system, and the presence of Tomes’ anomalous root was associated with Ahmed’s score. A single root canal was identified in 65.05% of teeth, being configuration type I according to Vertucci’s criteria and code 1MP1 according to Ahmed’s criteria. Radicular grooves were observed in 39.25% of teeth. The ASUDAS scores for radicular grooves were 60.75%, 13.98%, 12.36%, 10.22%, 2.15%, and 0.54%, from grade 0 to grade 5, respectively. The presence of Tomes’ anomalous root was identified only in teeth with multiple root canals, and it was more frequently associated with code 1MP1–2 of Ahmed’s criteria. The root canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars showed a wide range of anatomical variations in the Chilean population. Teeth with multiple root canals had a higher incidence of radicular grooves, which were closely related to more complex internal anatomy. Only teeth with multiple root canals presented Tomes’ anomalous root.

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Analysis of the Morpho-Geometrical Changes of the Root Canal System Produced by TF Adaptive vs. BioRace: A Micro-Computed Tomography Study

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14030531 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 531

Author(s):

Loai Alsofi ◽

Muhannad Al Harbi ◽

Martin Stauber ◽

Khaled Balto

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Root Canal ◽

Type I ◽

Structure Model ◽

Canal Surface ◽

Canal System ◽

Structure Model Index ◽

Continuous Rotation ◽

Before And After ◽

Root Canal System

We aimed to analyze the morpho-geometric changes of the root canal system created by two rotary systems (TF Adaptive and BioRace) using micro-CT technology. Two concepts of rotary file system kinematics, continuous rotation and adaptive kinematics, were used in root canal preparation. Twenty mandibular molars (n = 20) were selected with the following criteria: the teeth have mesial roots with a single and continuous isthmus connecting the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals (Vertucci’s Type I configuration) and distal roots with independent canals. Teeth were scanned at a resolution of 14 μm. Canals were divided equally into two groups and then enlarged sequentially using the BioRace system and TF Adaptive system according to manufacturer protocol. Co-registered images, before and after preparation, were evaluated for morphometric measurements of canal surface area, volume, structure model index, thickness, straightening, and un-instrumented surface area. Before and after preparation, data were statistically analyzed using a paired sample t-test. After preparation, data were analyzed using an unpaired sample test. The preparation by both systems significantly changed canal surface area, volume, structure model index, and thickness in both systems. There were no significant differences between instrument types with respect to these parameters (p > 0.05). TF Adaptive was associated with less straightening (8% compared with 17% for BioRace in the mesial canal, p > 0.05). Both instrumentation systems produced canal preparations with adequate geometrical changes. BioRace straightened the mesial canals more than TF Adaptive.

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