Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in healthy dogs: First report of canine ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clonal complex 17

We (i) determined the prevalence ofClostridium difficileand their antimicrobial resistance to six antimicrobial classes, in a variety of fresh vegetables sold in retail in Ohio, USA, and (ii) conducted cumulative meta-analysis of reported prevalence in vegetables since the 1990s. Six antimicrobial classes were tested for their relevance as risk factors forC. difficileinfections (CDIs) (clindamycin, moxifloxacin) or their clinical priority as exhaustive therapeutic options (metronidazole, vancomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline). By using an enrichment protocol we isolatedC. difficilefrom three of 125 vegetable products (2.4%). All isolates were toxigenic, and originated from 4.6% of 65 vegetables cultivated above the ground (n=3; outer leaves of iceberg lettuce, green pepper, and eggplant). Root vegetables yielded noC. difficile. TheC. difficileisolates belonged to two PCR ribotypes, one with an unusual antimicrobial resistance for moxifloxacin and clindamycin (lettuce and pepper; 027-like, A+B+CDT+;tcdC18 bp deletion); the other PCR ribotype (eggplant, A+B+CDT−; classictcdC) was susceptible to all antimicrobials. Results of the cumulative weighted meta-analysis (6 studies) indicate that the prevalence ofC. difficilein vegetables is 2.1% and homogeneous(P<0.001)since the first report in 1996 (2.4%). The present study is the first report of the isolation ofC. difficilefrom retail vegetables in the USA. Of public health relevance, antimicrobial resistance to moxifloxacin/clindamycin (a bacterial-associated risk factor for severe CDIs) was identified on the surface of vegetables that are consumed raw.

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First report of antimicrobial resistance pre-dates penicillin

Nature ◽

10.1038/d41586-018-06983-0 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 562 (7726) ◽

pp. 192-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dov Stekel

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

First Report

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Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacterales and Enterococcus faecium: a time series analysis

Journal of Hospital Infection ◽

10.1016/j.jhin.2021.11.003 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

F. O’Riordan ◽

F. Shiely ◽

S. Byrne ◽

D. O’Brien ◽

A. Ronayne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Time Series Analysis ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Series Analysis

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Retrospective Analysis on Antimicrobial Resistance Trends and Prevalence of β-lactamases in Escherichia coli and ESKAPE Pathogens Isolated from Arabian Patients during 2000–2020

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8101626 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1626

Author(s):

Mahfouz Nasser ◽

Snehal Palwe ◽

Ram Naresh Bhargava ◽

Marc G. J. Feuilloley ◽

Arun S. Kharat

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Arab Countries ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Arab Region ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Eskape Pathogens

The production of diverse and extended spectrum β-lactamases among Escherichia coli and ESKAPE pathogens is a growing threat to clinicians and public health. We aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of evolving trends of antimicrobial resistance and β-lactamases among E. coli and ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acine to bacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) in the Arabian region. A systematic review was conducted in Medline PubMed on papers published between January 2000 and February 2020 on countries in the Arab region showing different antibiotic resistance among E. coli and ESKAPE pathogens. A total of n = 119,144 clinical isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial resistance in 19 Arab countries. Among these clinical isolates, 74,039 belonged to E. coli and ESKAPE pathogen. Distribution of antibiotic resistance among E. coli and ESKAPE pathogens indicated that E. coli (n = 32,038) was the predominant pathogen followed by K. pneumoniae (n = 17,128), P. aeruginosa (n = 11,074), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA, n = 4370), A. baumannii (n = 3485) and Enterobacter spp. (n = 1574). There were no reports demonstrating Enterococcus faecium producing β-lactamase. Analyses revealed 19 out of 22 countries reported occurrence of ESBL (Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase) producing E. coli and ESKAPE pathogens. The present study showed significantly increased resistance rates to various antimicrobial agents over the last 20 years; for instance, cephalosporin resistance increased from 37 to 89.5%, fluoroquinolones from 46.8 to 70.3%, aminoglycosides from 40.2 to 64.4%, mono-bactams from 30.6 to 73.6% and carbapenems from 30.5 to 64.4%. An average of 36.9% of the total isolates were reported to have ESBL phenotype during 2000 to 2020. Molecular analyses showed that among ESBLs and Class A and Class D β-lactamases, blaCTX-M and blaOXA have higher prevalence rates of 57% and 52.7%, respectively. Among Class B β-lactamases, few incidences of blaVIM 27.7% and blaNDM 26.3% were encountered in the Arab region. Conclusion: This review highlights a significant increase in resistance to various classes of antibiotics, including cephalosporins, β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, carbapenems, aminoglycosides and quinolones among E. coli and ESKAPE pathogens in the Arab region.

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Comparison of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from humans in the community, broilers, and pigs in Denmark

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease ◽

10.1016/s0732-8893(00)00130-9 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 127-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 286

Author(s):

F.M. Aarestrup ◽

Y. Agerso ◽

P. Gerner–Smidt ◽

M. Madsen ◽

L.B. Jensen

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Enterococcus Faecium

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Five Genes Encoding Surface-Exposed LPXTG Proteins Are Enriched in Hospital-Adapted Enterococcus faecium Clonal Complex 17 Isolates

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.00664-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 189 (22) ◽

pp. 8321-8332 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Antoni P. A. Hendrickx ◽

Willem J. B. van Wamel ◽

George Posthuma ◽

Marc J. M. Bonten ◽

Rob J. L. Willems

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Clonal Complex ◽

Mrna Level ◽

Surface Protein ◽

Surface Proteins ◽

Dot Blot ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Invasive Infections

ABSTRACT Most Enterococcus faecium isolates associated with hospital outbreaks and invasive infections belong to a distinct genetic subpopulation called clonal complex 17 (CC17). It has been postulated that the genetic evolution of CC17 involves the acquisition of various genes involved in antibiotic resistance, metabolic pathways, and virulence. To gain insight into additional genes that may have favored the rapid emergence of this nosocomial pathogen, we aimed to identify surface-exposed LPXTG cell wall-anchored proteins (CWAPs) specifically enriched in CC17 E. faecium. Using PCR and Southern and dot blot hybridizations, 131 E. faecium isolates (40 CC17 and 91 non-CC17) were screened for the presence of 22 putative CWAP genes identified from the E. faecium TX0016 genome. Five genes encoding LPXTG surface proteins were specifically enriched in E. faecium CC17 isolates. These five LPXTG surface protein genes were found in 28 to 40 (70 to 100%) of CC17 and in only 7 to 24 (8 to 26%) of non-CC17 isolates (P < 0.05). Three of these CWAP genes clustered together on the E. faecium TX0016 genome, which may comprise a novel enterococcal pathogenicity island covering E. faecium contig 609. Expression at the mRNA level was demonstrated, and immunotransmission electron microscopy revealed an association of the five LPXTG surface proteins with the cell wall. Minimal spanning tree analysis based on the presence and absence of 22 CWAP genes revealed grouping of all 40 CC17 strains together with 18 hospital-derived but evolutionary unrelated non-CC17 isolates in a distinct CWAP-enriched cluster, suggesting horizontal transfer of CWAP genes and a role of these CWAPs in hospital adaptation.

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High Prevalence and Diversity of Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Including Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli CC648 Lineage in Rural and Urban Dogs in Northwest Spain

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9080468 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 468 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fátima Abreu-Salinas ◽

Dafne Díaz-Jiménez ◽

Isidro García-Meniño ◽

Pilar Lumbreras ◽

Ana María López-Beceiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

One Health ◽

Potential Role ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Healthy Dogs

The aim of this work was to assess the prevalence of extended spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in fecal samples recovered from rural and urban healthy dogs in Northwest Spain (Galicia) to identify potential high-risk clones and to molecularly characterize positive isolates regarding the genes coding for ESBL/pAmpC resistance and virulence. Thirty-five (19.6%) out of 179 dogs were positive for cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichiacoli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (39 and three isolates, respectively). All the isolates were multidrug resistant, with high rates of resistance to different drugs, including ciprofloxacin (71.4%). A wide diversity of ESBL/pAmpC enzymes, as well as E. coli phylogroups (A, B1, C, D, E, F and clade I) were found. The eight isolates (20.5%) found to conform to the ExPEC status, belonged to clones O1:H45-clade I-ST770 (CH11-552), O18:H11-A-ST93-CC168 (CH11-neg), O23:H16-B1-ST453-CC86 (CH6-31), and O83:H42-F-ST1485-CC648 (CH231-58), with the latter also complying the uropathogenic (UPEC) status. The three K. pneumoniae recovered produced CTX-M-15 and belonged to the ST307, a clone previously reported in human clinical isolates. Our study highlights the potential role of both rural and urban dogs as a reservoir of high-risk Enterobacteriaceae clones, such as the CC648 of E. coli and antimicrobial resistance traits. Within a One-Health approach, their surveillance should be a priority in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

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Changes in Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Native Enterococcus faecium in Chickens Fed Virginiamycin

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.71.9.4986-4991.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 71 (9) ◽

pp. 4986-4991 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Patrick F. McDermott ◽

Patti Cullen ◽

Susannah K. Hubert ◽

Shawn D. McDermott ◽

Mary Bartholomew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Experimental Setting ◽

Genetic Determinants ◽

Fourth Trial ◽

Resistant Population ◽

Feeding Trials ◽

Time Point

ABSTRACT The extent of transfer of antimicrobial resistance from agricultural environments to humans is controversial. To assess the potential hazard posed by streptogramin use in food animals, this study evaluated the effect of virginiamycin exposure on antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus faecium recovered from treated broilers. Four consecutive broiler feeding trials were conducted using animals raised on common litter. In the first three trials, one group of birds was fed virginiamycin continuously in feed at 20 g/ton, and a second group served as the nontreated control. In the fourth trial, antimicrobial-free feed was given to both groups. Fecal samples were cultured 1 day after chickens hatched and then at 1, 3, 5, and 7 weeks of age. Isolates from each time point were tested for susceptibility to a panel of different antimicrobials. Quinupristin/dalfopristin-resistant E. faecium appeared after 5 weeks of treatment in trial 1 and within 7 days of trials 2 to 4. Following removal of virginiamycin in trial 4, no resistant isolates were detected after 5 weeks. PCR failed to detect vat, vgb, or erm(B) in any of the streptogramin-resistant E. faecium isolates, whereas the msr(C) gene was detected in 97% of resistant isolates. In an experimental setting using broiler chickens, continuous virginiamycin exposure was required to maintain a stable streptogramin-resistant population of E. faecium in the animals. The bases of resistance could not be explained by known genetic determinants.

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Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Cecal Contents in Broiler Chicken and Turkey Flocks Slaughtered in Canada and Plasmid Colocalization of tetO and ermB Genes

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-451 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 74 (10) ◽

pp. 1639-1648 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

CINDY-LOVE TREMBLAY ◽

ANN LETELLIER ◽

SYLVAIN QUESSY ◽

MARTINE BOULIANNE ◽

DANIELLE DAIGNAULT ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Enterococcus Faecium ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

High Level ◽

Level Resistance

This study was conducted to characterize the antimicrobial resistance determinants and investigate plasmid colocalization of tetracycline and macrolide genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from broiler chicken and turkey flocks in Canada. A total of 387 E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were recovered from poultry cecal contents from five processing plants. The percentages of resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively, were 88.1 and 94% to bacitracin, 0 and 0.9% to chloramphenicol, 0.7 and 14.5% to ciprofloxacin, 72.6 and 80.3% to erythromycin, 3.7 and 41% to flavomycin, 9.6 and 4.3% (high-level resistance) to gentamicin, 25.2 and 17.1% (high-level resistance) to kanamycin, 100 and 94% to lincomycin, 0 and 0% to linezolid, 2.6 and 20.5% to nitrofurantoin, 3 and 27.4% to penicillin, 98.5 and 89.7% to quinupristin-dalfopristin, 7 and 12.8% to salinomycin, 46.7 and 38.5% (high-level resistance) to streptomycin, 95.6 and 89.7% to tetracycline, 73 and 75.2% to tylosin, and 0 and 0% to vancomycin. One predominant multidrug-resistant phenotypic pattern was identified in both E. faecalis and E. faecium (bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, tetracycline, and tylosin). These isolates were further examined by PCR and sequencing for the genes encoding their antimicrobial resistance. Various combinations of vatD, vatE, bcrR, bcrA, bcrB, bcrD, ermB, msrC, linB, tetM, and tetO genes were detected, and ermB, tetM, and bcrB were the most common antimicrobial resistance genes identified. For the first time, plasmid extraction and hybridization revealed colocalization of tetO and ermB genes on a ca. 11-kb plasmid in E. faecalis isolates, and filter mating experiments demonstrated its transferability. Results indicate that the intestinal enterococci of healthy poultry, which can contaminate poultry meat at slaughter, could be a reservoir for quinupristin-dalfopristin, bacitracin, tetracycline, and macrolide resistance genes.

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