High Prevalence and Diversity of Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Including Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli CC648 Lineage in Rural and Urban Dogs in Northwest Spain

The aim of this work was to assess the prevalence of extended spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in fecal samples recovered from rural and urban healthy dogs in Northwest Spain (Galicia) to identify potential high-risk clones and to molecularly characterize positive isolates regarding the genes coding for ESBL/pAmpC resistance and virulence. Thirty-five (19.6%) out of 179 dogs were positive for cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including Escherichiacoli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (39 and three isolates, respectively). All the isolates were multidrug resistant, with high rates of resistance to different drugs, including ciprofloxacin (71.4%). A wide diversity of ESBL/pAmpC enzymes, as well as E. coli phylogroups (A, B1, C, D, E, F and clade I) were found. The eight isolates (20.5%) found to conform to the ExPEC status, belonged to clones O1:H45-clade I-ST770 (CH11-552), O18:H11-A-ST93-CC168 (CH11-neg), O23:H16-B1-ST453-CC86 (CH6-31), and O83:H42-F-ST1485-CC648 (CH231-58), with the latter also complying the uropathogenic (UPEC) status. The three K. pneumoniae recovered produced CTX-M-15 and belonged to the ST307, a clone previously reported in human clinical isolates. Our study highlights the potential role of both rural and urban dogs as a reservoir of high-risk Enterobacteriaceae clones, such as the CC648 of E. coli and antimicrobial resistance traits. Within a One-Health approach, their surveillance should be a priority in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

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Mutation frequency of Escherichia coli isolated from river water: potential role in the development of antimicrobial resistance

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/cjm-2020-0547 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tomohiro Yamazaki ◽

Junji Matsuo

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

River Water ◽

Mutation Frequency ◽

Potential Role ◽

Relative Increase ◽

Natural Environments ◽

E Coli ◽

Stressful Environment ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity

Bacteria acquire genetic variations to adapt to stressful environmental conditions, which may be associated with the development of antimicrobial resistance. Here we investigated the mutation frequencies of 270 E. coli isolates from river water, representing a relatively less stressful environment. As we predicted, mutation frequencies of such E. coli isolates ranged from < 1 ×10-11 to 6.3 ×10-8 (median, 1.7 × 10-9), and a strong mutator (4×10-7 ≤) was not detected. To better understand the role of mutation frequency in the development of antimicrobial resistance, we assessed antimicrobial sensitivity after exposure of the E. coli isolates to subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin as a surrogate for stress. We found that antimicrobial resistance increased in bacteria with a low mutation frequency after exposure, and the relative increase in antimicrobial resistance generally increased depending on the mutation frequency. Thus, mutation frequency may contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in natural environments.

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Molecular Characteristics of Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and Multidrug Resistant E. coli Isolated from Healthy Dogs in Spain. Whole Genome Sequencing of Canine ST372 Isolates and Comparison with Human Isolates Causing Extraintestinal Infections

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8111712 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 1712

Author(s):

Saskia-Camille Flament-Simon ◽

María de Toro ◽

Vanesa García ◽

Jesús E. Blanco ◽

Miguel Blanco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Whole Genome Sequencing ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

One Health ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Whole Genome ◽

E Coli ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

The One

Under a one health perspective and the worldwide antimicrobial resistance concern, we investigated extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli from 197 isolates recovered from healthy dogs in Spain between 2013 and 2017. A total of 91 (46.2%) isolates were molecularly classified as ExPEC and/or UPEC, including 50 clones, among which (i) four clones were dominant (B2-CH14-180-ST127, B2-CH52-14-ST141, B2-CH103-9-ST372 and F-CH4-58-ST648) and (ii) 15 had been identified among isolates causing extraintestinal infections in Spanish and French humans in 2015 and 2016. A total of 28 (14.2%) isolates were classified as MDR, associated with B1, D, and E phylogroups, and included 24 clones, of which eight had also been identified among the human clinical isolates. We selected 23 ST372 strains, 21 from healthy dogs, and two from human clinical isolates for whole genome sequencing and built an SNP-tree with these 23 genomes and 174 genomes (128 from canine strains and 46 from human strains) obtained from public databases. These 197 genomes were segregated into six clusters. Cluster 1 comprised 74.6% of the strain genomes, mostly composed of canine strain genomes (p < 0.00001). Clusters 4 and 6 also included canine strain genomes, while clusters 2, 3, and 5 were significantly associated with human strain genomes. Finding several common clones and clone-related serotypes in dogs and humans suggests a potentially bidirectional clone transfer that argues for the one health perspective.

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Multiple and High-Risk Clones of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant and blaNDM-5-Harbouring Uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Cats and Dogs in Thailand

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10111374 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1374

Author(s):

Naiyaphat Nittayasut ◽

Jitrapa Yindee ◽

Pongthai Boonkham ◽

Teerapong Yata ◽

Nipattra Suanpairintr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

High Risk ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Integrase Gene ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Tract Infections

Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) and carbapenems in Escherichia coli (E. coli), increasingly identified in small animals, indicates a crisis of an antimicrobial resistance situation in veterinary medicine and public health. This study aimed to characterise the genetic features of ESC-resistant E. coli isolated from cats and dogs with urinary tract infections in Thailand. Of 72 ESC-resistant E. coli isolated from diagnostic samples (2016–2018), blaCTX-M including group 1 (CTX-M-55, -15 and -173) and group 9 (CTX-M-14, -27, -65 and -90) variants were detected in 47 isolates (65.28%) using PCR and DNA sequencing. Additional antimicrobial resistance genes, including plasmid-mediated AmpC (CIT and DHA), blaNDM-5, mcr-3, mph(A) and aac(6′)-Ib-cr, were detected in these isolates. Using a broth microdilution assay, all the strains exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotypes. The phylogroups were F (36.11%), A (20.83%), B1 (19.44%), B2 (19.44%) and D (4.17%), with several virulence genes, plasmid replicons and an integrase gene. The DNA fingerprinting using a repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-PCR presented clonal relationships within phylogroups. Multiple human-associated, high-risk ExPEC clones associated with multidrug resistance, including sequence type (ST) 38, ST131, ST224, ST167, ST354, ST410, ST617 and ST648, were identified, suggesting clonal dissemination. Dogs and cats are a potential reservoir of ESC-resistant E. coli and significant antimicrobial resistance genes.

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Molecular Characteristics of Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and Multidrug Resistant E. coli Isolated from Healthy Dogs in Spain. Whole Genome Sequencing of Canine ST372 Isolates and Comparison with Human Isolates

10.20944/preprints202009.0269.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Saskia-Camille Flament-Simon ◽

María de Toro ◽

Vanesa García ◽

Jesús Eulogio Blanco ◽

Miguel Blanco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Whole Genome Sequencing ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

One Health ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

Whole Genome ◽

E Coli ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Healthy Dogs

Under one-health perspective and the worldwide antimicrobial resistance concern, we investigate extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli from 197 isolates recovered from healthy dogs in Spain between 2013 and 2017. Ninety-one (46.2%) isolates were classified as ExPEC and/or UPEC including 50 clones, among which (i) four clones were dominant (B2-CH14-180-ST127, B2-CH52-14-ST141, B2-CH103-9-ST372 and F-CH4-58-ST64815) and (ii) 15 had been shown to be displayed by previously published isolates causing extraintestinal infections in humans. Twenty-eight (14.2%) isolates were classified as MDR, associated with B1, D and E phylogroups and included 24 clones, of which eight had also been identified among human isolates causing infections. We selected 23 ST372 strains, 21 healthy dogs faecal isolates and two human clinical isolates for whole genome sequencing and built a SNP-tree with these 23 genomes and 174 genomes (128 from canine strains and 46 from human strains) obtained from public databases. The analysis of these 197 genomes allowed to identify six clusters. Cluster 1 comprised 74.6% of the strain genomes that were mostly composed of canine strain genomes (P &lt; 0.00001). Clusters 4 and 6 also included canine strain genomes, while clusters 2, 3 and 5 were significantly associated with human strain genomes. All these findings suggest that dogs are reservoirs of ExPEC, UPEC and MDR E. coli isolates with zoonotic potential.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling and Molecular Epidemiological Analysis of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases Produced by Extraintestinal Invasive Escherichia coli Isolates From Ethiopia: The Presence of International High-Risk Clones ST131 and ST410 Revealed

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.706846 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Abebe Aseffa Negeri ◽

Hassen Mamo ◽

Jyoti M. Gurung ◽

A. K. M. Firoj Mahmud ◽

Maria Fällman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

High Risk ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Bacterial Typing ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Genes Encoding

The treatment of invasive Escherichia coli infections is a challenge because of the emergence and rapid spread of multidrug resistant strains. Particular problems are those strains that produce extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL’s). Although the global characterization of these enzymes is advanced, knowledge of their molecular basis among clinical E. coli isolates in Ethiopia is extremely limited. This study intends to address this knowledge gap. The study combines antimicrobial resistance profiling and molecular epidemiology of ESBL genes among 204 E. coli clinical isolates collected from patient urine, blood, and pus at four geographically distinct health facilities in Ethiopia. All isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with extensive resistance to ampicillin and first to fourth line generation cephalosporins and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin. Extended spectrum β-lactamase genes were detected in 189 strains, and all but one were positive for CTX-Ms β-lactamases. Genes encoding for the group-1 CTX-Ms enzymes were most prolific, and CTX-M-15 was the most common ESBL identified. Group-9 CTX-Ms including CTX-M-14 and CTX-27 were detected only in 12 isolates and SHV ESBL types were identified in just 8 isolates. Bacterial typing revealed a high amount of strains associated with the B2 phylogenetic group. Crucially, the international high risk clones ST131 and ST410 were among the sequence types identified. This first time study revealed a high prevalence of CTX-M type ESBL’s circulating among E. coli clinical isolates in Ethiopia. Critically, they are associated with multidrug resistance phenotypes and high-risk clones first characterized in other parts of the world.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Animals in Greece

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040389 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 389

Author(s):

Zoi Athanasakopoulou ◽

Martin Reinicke ◽

Celia Diezel ◽

Marina Sofia ◽

Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Wild Bird ◽

One Health ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistance Genes

The prevalence of multidrug resistant, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is increasing worldwide. The present study aimed to provide an overview of the multidrug resistance phenotype and genotype of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates of livestock and wild bird origin in Greece. Nineteen phenotypically confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of cattle (n = 7), pigs (n = 11) and a Eurasian magpie that presented resistance to at least one class of non β-lactam antibiotics, were selected and genotypically characterized. A DNA-microarray based assay was used, which allows the detection of various genes associated with antimicrobial resistance. All isolates harbored blaCTX-M-1/15, while blaTEM was co-detected in 13 of them. The AmpC gene blaMIR was additionally detected in one strain. Resistance genes were also reported for aminoglycosides in all 19 isolates, for quinolones in 6, for sulfonamides in 17, for trimethoprim in 14, and for macrolides in 8. The intI1 and/or tnpISEcp1 genes, associated with mobile genetic elements, were identified in all but two isolates. This report describes the first detection of multidrug resistance genes among ESBL-producing E. coli strains retrieved from feces of cattle, pigs, and a wild bird in Greece, underlining their dissemination in diverse ecosystems and emphasizing the need for a One-Health approach when addressing the issue of antimicrobial resistance.

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Using serum biomarkers for identifying unstable carotid plaque: update of current evidence

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666201112094734 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

Author(s):

Areti Sofogianni ◽

Konstantinos Tziomalos ◽

Triantafyllia Koletsa ◽

Apostolos G. Pitoulias ◽

Lemonia Skoura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Great Proportion ◽

Current Literature ◽

Early Identification ◽

Carotid Plaque ◽

Potential Role ◽

Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽

Serum Biomarkers ◽

Current Evidence

: Carotid atherosclerosis is responsible for a great proportion of ischemic strokes. Early identification of unstable or vulnerable carotid plaques and therefore of patients at high risk for stroke is of significant medical and socioeconomical value. We reviewed the current literature and discuss the potential role of the most important serum biomarkers in identifying patients with carotid atherosclerosis who are at high risk for atheroembolic stroke.

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Presence of β-Lactamase-producing Enterobacterales and Salmonella Isolates in Marine Mammals

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22115905 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 5905

Author(s):

Olivia M. Grünzweil ◽

Lauren Palmer ◽

Adriana Cabal ◽

Michael P. Szostak ◽

Werner Ruppitsch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Marine Mammals ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Healthcare Sector ◽

Whole Genome ◽

E Coli ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Lactamase Gene ◽

Sequence Types

Marine mammals have been described as sentinels of the health of marine ecosystems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate (i) the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales, which comprise several bacterial families important to the healthcare sector, as well as (ii) the presence of Salmonella in these coastal animals. The antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes, as well as biocide susceptibility of Enterobacterales isolated from stranded marine mammals, were determined prior to their rehabilitation. All E. coli isolates (n = 27) were screened for virulence genes via DNA-based microarray, and twelve selected E. coli isolates were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Seventy-one percent of the Enterobacterales isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistant (MDR) pheno- and genotype. The gene blaCMY (n = 51) was the predominant β-lactamase gene. In addition, blaTEM-1 (n = 38), blaSHV-33 (n = 8), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 7), blaOXA-1 (n = 7), blaSHV-11 (n = 3), and blaDHA-1 (n = 2) were detected. The most prevalent non-β-lactamase genes were sul2 (n = 38), strA (n = 34), strB (n = 34), and tet(A) (n = 34). Escherichia coli isolates belonging to the pandemic sequence types (STs) ST38, ST167, and ST648 were identified. Among Salmonella isolates (n = 18), S. Havana was the most prevalent serotype. The present study revealed a high prevalence of MDR bacteria and the presence of pandemic high-risk clones, both of which are indicators of anthropogenic antimicrobial pollution, in marine mammals.

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Anti-phospholipid syndrome and COVID-19 thrombosis: connecting the dots

Rheumatology Advances in Practice ◽

10.1093/rap/rkaa081 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Moon Ley Tung ◽

Bryce Tan ◽

Robin Cherian ◽

Bharatendu Chandra

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Potential Role ◽

Molecular Mimicry ◽

Thromboembolic Events ◽

The Past ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Connecting The Dots ◽

Anti Phospholipid Syndrome

Abstract As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading rapidly worldwide, it has emerged as a leading cause of mortality, resulting in >1 million deaths over the past 10 months. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 remains unclear, posing a great challenge to the medical management of patients. Recent studies have reported an unusually high prevalence of thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients, although the mechanism remains elusive. Several studies have reported the presence of aPLs in COVID-19 patients. We have noticed similarities between COVID-19 and APS, which is an autoimmune prothrombotic disease that is often associated with an infective aetiology. Molecular mimicry and endothelial dysfunction could plausibly explain the mechanism of thrombogenesis in acquired APS. In this review, we discuss the clinicopathological similarities between COVID-19 and APS, and the potential role of therapeutic targets based on the anti-phospholipid model for COVID-19 disease.

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A One Health Comparative Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Generic and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Beef Production, Sewage and Clinical Settings

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8060885 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 885 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emelia H. Adator ◽

Claudia Narvaez-Bravo ◽

Rahat Zaheer ◽

Shaun R. Cook ◽

Lisa Tymensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

One Health ◽

Hot Spot ◽

Municipal Sewage ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Beef Production ◽

E Coli ◽

Beef Processing ◽

Extended Spectrum

This study aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant and generic Escherichia coli from a One Health continuum of the beef production system in Alberta, Canada. A total of 705 extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (ESCr) were obtained from: cattle feces (CFeces, n = 382), catch basins (CBasins, n = 137), surrounding streams (SStreams, n = 59), beef processing plants (BProcessing, n = 4), municipal sewage (MSewage; n = 98) and human clinical specimens (CHumans, n = 25). Generic isolates (663) included: CFeces (n = 142), CBasins (n = 185), SStreams (n = 81), BProcessing (n = 159) and MSewage (n = 96). All isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility to 9 antimicrobials and two clavulanic acid combinations. In ESCr, oxytetracycline (87.7%), ampicillin (84.4%) and streptomycin (73.8%) resistance phenotypes were the most common, with source influencing AMR prevalence (p < 0.001). In generic E. coli, oxytetracycline (51.1%), streptomycin (22.6%), ampicillin (22.5%) and sulfisoxazole (14.3%) resistance were most common. Overall, 88.8% of ESCr, and 26.7% of generic isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR). MDR in ESCr was high from all sources: CFeces (97.1%), MSewage (96.9%), CHumans (96%), BProcessing (100%), CBasins (70.5%) and SStreams (61.4%). MDR in generic E. coli was lower with CFeces (45.1%), CBasins (34.6%), SStreams (23.5%), MSewage (13.6%) and BProcessing (10.7%). ESBL phenotypes were confirmed in 24.7% (n = 174) ESCr and 0.6% of generic E. coli. Prevalence of bla genes in ESCr were blaCTXM (30.1%), blaCTXM-1 (21.6%), blaTEM (20%), blaCTXM-9 (7.9%), blaOXA (3.0%), blaCTXM-2 (6.4%), blaSHV (1.4%) and AmpC β-lactamase blaCMY (81.3%). The lower AMR in ESCr from SStreams and BProcessing and higher AMR in CHumans and CFeces likely reflects antimicrobial use in these environments. Although MDR levels were higher in ESCr as compared to generic E. coli, AMR to the same antimicrobials ranked high in both ESCr and generic E. coli sub-populations. This suggests that both sub-populations reflect similar AMR trends and are equally useful for AMR surveillance. Considering that MDR ESCr MSewage isolates were obtained without enrichment, while those from CFeces were obtained with enrichment, MSewage may serve as a hot spot for MDR emergence and dissemination.

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