The relationship between body mass index with nausea and vomiting in the first trimester

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1107-1107
Author(s):  
F. Ranjbar ◽  
S. Abbasalizadeh ◽  
H. Islamifard ◽  
A. Alizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

IntroductionNausea and vomiting in the first trimester is a common complaint of about 70% of pregnant women and it has a major effect on their quality of life. Its etiology is unknown but there are some risk factors for it.AimsThe purpose of this study was to obtain the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.MethodsThis case-control study was performed on 300 pregnant women who had referred to outpatient clinics. 150 of these women were suffering from nausea and vomiting while the other 150 didn’t have this problem. We determined BMI in two groups. Then the results were analyzed statistically.ResultsThe age average was 24.9 and 26.2 in case and control groups respectively. The BMI average was 26.01 kg/m2 and 26.02 kg/m2 in case and control groups respectively. No significant relationship was observed between two groups regarding the presence of nausea but in case group, women with vomiting had lower BMI (p = 0.026).ConclusionsIt was concluded that BMI is not a risk factor for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Mual dan Muntah Ibu Hamil Trimester I yang Diberikan Ekstrak Jahe dan Ekstrak Daun Mint

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Anita Anita ◽  
Aprina Aprina ◽  
Ratna Aryani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
And Control

<p>Study of literature with meta-analysis was obtained 7 out of 10 women around the world to experience nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, with an average incidence of 69.4% (66.5-72.3%, CI 95%). The purpose of research to find out the difference of nausea and vomiting of pregnant women through assessment scale Rhodes after administration of ginger extract and mint leaf extract in Inpatient Health Center Bandar Lampung in 2016. The target of research is the discovery of alternative therapy/food in the community to reduce nausea and vomiting of pregnant women. Type of research is quantitative research, design experimental research. The study population is the entire first-trimester pregnant women who visit health centers Inpatient Bandar Lampung, with 10 (ten) PHC hospitalization. The total sample was 102, the group treated with the extract of ginger were 34 respondents, a group treated extract of mint leaves were 34 respondents, and the group without treatment who received standard procedures health centers (Vitamin B6) were 34 respondents, with the criteria of pregnant women the first trimester without GI disease. The results of the study there were significant differences between the measurement value of nausea and vomiting before and after administration of ginger extract, extract of mint and a control group with p = 0.001 in the extract of ginger, p=0.000 in the extract mint, and p=0.001 in the control group with (standard treatment of health centers with vitamin B6). There were no differences between mean nausea and vomiting in the first trimester pregnant women who received ginger extract and mint with a p=0.548, ginger extract and control groups with p=0.807, mint extract and control groups with p=0,407 ginger and mint can be an alternative therapy to reduce vomiting and nausea of pregnant woman in trimester I. Advanced research about the composition, dosage and side effects of ginger and mint benefit to the problem of gastrointestinal disorders who experience nausea and vomiting.</p>

The role of the platelet profile in the prediction of gestational diabetes

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-54
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: In our study, the results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and other hemogram parameters of pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were compared. The aim of our study is to investigate the benefit of these parameters in predicting GDM risk. Material and Method: The study was planned as a descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study. It was included 218 pregnant women who applied to the Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic of Amasya Sabuncuoğlu Şerefeddin Training and Research Hospital between January 01, 2019 and January 31, 2020. It was examined complete blood count parameters, ultrasound findings, complete urinalysis, first trimester blood glucose, body mass index, age, and gravide parameters the patients we included in the study. The results were analyzed retrospectively and was evaluated the statistical significance relationship with gestational diabetes. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in age, body mass index (BMI), obesity status and number of gravida between the pregnant women who were examined and those without GDM (p> 0.05). The hemoglobin, platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobine (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values, and neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte and basophil counts, urine density and femur length were statistically significant. There was no difference (p> 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in terms of neutrophile lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophile monocyte ratio (NMR), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte eosinophil ratio (MER), platelet MPV ratio (PMPVR), and platelet neutrophile ratio (PNR) values (p> 0.05) Conclusion: HbA1c, hematocrit and blood glucose in the first trimester may be predictors of GDM. In addition, we think that further studies are needed in a prospective design in more patients in terms of others parameters.

scholarly journals The possibility of modifications methods of determine volume of amniotic fluid

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Viktor A Mudrov
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Fetal Weight ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Maternity Hospitals

Selection of the optimal tactics of pregnancy and childbirth significantly depends on the expected volume of amniotic fluid. The amount of amniotic fluid reflects a condition of a fetus and changes at pathological conditions of both a fetus, and an uteroplacental complex. The aim of the study was a modification of methods for determining the expected volume of amniotic fluid. On the basis of maternity hospitals Trans-Baikal Region in the years 2013-2015 was held retrospective and prospective analysis of 300 labor histories, which were divided into 3 equal groups: 1 group - pregnant women with a body mass index (BMI) for Quetelet less than 24, Group 2 - with a BMI from 24 to 30, group 3 - with a BMI more than 30. In order to determine the expected volume of amniotic fluid were used the subjective method, the Chamberlain’s and Phelan’s methods. The error in determining volume of amniotic fluid by the existing methods exceeds 10 %, that defined need of creation of a quantitative method. On the basis of mathematical and 3d-modeling of the volume of amniotic fluid and fetal weight determined pattern change, which is expressed by the formula: VAF = IAF × М × π / GA2, where IAF - index of amniotic fluid (mm), M - fetal weight (g), GA - gestational age (weeks). Through a comprehensive analysis of anthropometric research of the pregnant women defined formula’s volume of amniotic fluid: V = 0,017 × HUF × (AC - 25 × BMI / GA)2 - М, where GA - gestational age (weeks), AC - abdominal circumference of the pregnant women (cm), BMI - body mass index for Quetelet in the first trimester of pregnancy (kg/m2), HUF - height of an uterine fundus (cm), M - the estimated fetal weight (g). In calculating volume of amniotic fluid according to the proposed ultrasonic formula error does not exceed 5,3 %, anthropometric formula error does not exceed 10,2 %. Thus, the method has a smaller error compared to the standard, and can be used to reliably determine volume of amniotic fluid in II and III trimester of pregnancy.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic factors and cervical length in pregnancy

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djordje Petrovic ◽  
Aleksandra Novakov-Mikic ◽  
Vesna Mandic
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Cervical Length ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Moment

The cervical length is an important factor in the risk evaluation of preterm delivery. The aim of this work was to determine the correlation between the cervical length and the demographic characteristics. A transversal type prospective study was done on a sample of 579 pregnant women at various gestational age of low risk mono-fetal pregnancy. The cervical length was measured by trans-vaginal ultrasound procedure within the regular pregnancy monitoring process. The following data were taken into consideration: the woman's age, her body mass at the beginning of the pregnancy and her height in order to calculate the body mass index as well as her smoking habit at the moment of conception. The mean cervical length was 34.3 mm and 35 mm in the group of women aged 30 and less and 31 and over, respectively. The cervix was insignificantly shorter in younger women (being 34.9 mm/35.9 mm in the 1st trimester, 34.5 mm/35.1 mm in the 2nd one and 33.9 mm/34.7 mm in the 3rd trimester). The sample of 579 pregnant women consisted of 448 non-smokers and 131 smokers. The difference in the length of the cervix in smokers and non-smokers was not significant (being 32.2 mm/35.9 mm; 35 mm/34 mm and 34.4 mm/33.5 mm in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester, respectively). The correlation between the body mass index and the cervical length was analyzed by trimesters. In the first trimester the increase in the body mass index was followed by the shortening of the cervix; the cervical length was not affected by the BMI in the second trimester, whereas the higher the body mass index the longer the cervix in the third trimester. Our study has shown that the cervical length is affected neither by the age of the woman nor her smoking habit but it is affected by the body mass index at the moment of conception, that linear trend being negative in the 1st trimester but positive in the 3rd one. Since the cervical length may be affected not only by the socio-demographic characteristics but the gynecologic obstetric history of the woman as well, we strongly suggest further investigations in this field.

scholarly journals The relationship between body mass index before pregnancy and the amount of weight that should be gained during pregnancy: A cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Resmiye Özdilek ◽  
Yılda Arzu Aba ◽  
Sena Dilek Aksoy ◽  
Bulat Aytek Şık ◽  
Yaşam Kemal Akpak
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: To investigate the adaptation of pregnant women to the recommended weight gain range according to body mass index (BMI) and to determine the factors affecting them. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in a university hospital’s obstetrics and gynecology unit (tertiary center) in Turkey. This study was conducted between March 2018 and August 2018 (6 months) in pregnant women. Pregnant women with chronic disease and receiving treatment during antenatal follow-up, with twin pregnancy, with a fetus with a congenital abnormality, and nutritional disturbance were excluded from the study. Eight hundred twelve pregnant women with normal antenatal follow-up and who volunteered to participate were included in the study. Results: The mean age of the participants was 27.66±5.05 years. The mean weight and BMI before pregnancy were near standard in all participants. The group with the highest rate of recommended weight gain according to BMI before pregnancy was the group with low weight pregnant women. The ideal weight gain rate in all groups was 32%. Conclusions: The groups with overweight and obese pregnant women according to BMI before pregnancy had the highest rates of weight gain, above the recommended limits. BMI before pregnancy directly affects weight gain during pregnancy and the importance of pre-pregnancy counseling and weight loss is emphasized once again. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.133 How to cite this:Ozdilek R, Aba YA, Aksoy SD, Sik BA, Akpak YK. The relationship between body mass index before pregnancy and the amount of weight that should be gained during pregnancy: A cross-sectional study. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(5):---------.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.5.133 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

scholarly journals KORELASI ASUPAN ZAT BESI, PROTEIN, VITAMIN C DAN MUAL MUNTAH TERHADAP KEJADIAN ANEMIA PADA IBU HAMIL TRIMESTER I (PERTAMA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Karwati Karwati ◽  
Damay Yanti
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iron Protein ◽  
Food Records ◽  
The Relationship

Anemia is one of the many problems that occur in pregnant women in developing countries. First trimester pregnant women often experience nausea and vomiting that can affect the pattern of eating that is received. The purpose of this study was to determine whether nutritional intake and nausea and vomiting disorders in first trimester pregnant women were associated with anemia. The sample of this study was all first trimester pregnant women, selected by quota sampling technique. The research design used in this study was cross sectional, which aims to examine the correlation between nutrient intake (iron, protein, and vitamin C) and nausea and vomiting disorders with anemia. The instrument used to determine the intake of iron, protein, vitamin C was food records that were filled by respondents for 3 days. To test the hypothesis of the relationship used the chi square test and Fisher's exact test. From the results of the analysis of the relationship between iron intake, Vitamin C and nausea and vomiting with anemia, p-value = 0.003, p-value = 0.001 and p-value 0.001, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between iron intake, vitamin C and vomiting nausea with the incidence of anemia in first trimester pregnant women (first). While the results of the analysis of the relationship of protein intake with anemia obtained p-value = 0.806, it can be concluded that there is no relationship between protein intake and the incidence of anemia in first trimester pregnant women (first). The mean intake of iron, protein, and vitamin C in first trimester pregnant women both in the anemic and non-anemic groups had a daily intake that was still far from the nutritional adequacy standard set by the government that the RDA of iron was 26 g / dL / day Protein was 76 mg / day and Vit C is 70-85 mg / day. Keywords: food intake; nausea and vomiting; anemia ABSTRAK Anemia merupakan salah satu masalah yang banyak terjadi pada ibu hamil di negara berkembang. Ibu hamil trimester I sering mengalami gangguan mual muntah yang dapat berpengaruh pada pola ragam makan yang diterima. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui apakah asupan nutrisi dan gangguan mual muntah pada ibu hamil trimester I berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia. Sampel penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu hamil trimester I diambil dengan teknik Non Probability sampling yaitu Sampling Kuota. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah epidemiologi analitik observasional dengan desain cross sectional, yang bertujuan menguji hipotesi dalam mencari korelasi asupan nutrisi (zat besi, protein, dan vitamin C) dan gangguan mual muntah dengan kejadian anemia. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kecukupan asupan zat besi, protein,vitamin C adalah food records yang di isi oleh responden selama 3 hari. Untuk melihat hubungan karakteristik dengan variabel dependen digunakan uji chi square dengan alternative uji exact fisher. Dari hasil analisis hubungan antara asupan zat besi, Vitamin C dan mual muntah dengan anemia didapatkan nilai p-value= 0,003, p-value = 0,001 dan p-value 0,001 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan antara asupan Zat Besi, Vitamin C dan Mual Muntah dengan kejadian Anemia pada ibu hamil trimester 1 (pertama). Sedangkan hasil analisis hubungan asupan protein dengan anemia didaparkan p-value= 0,806 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara asupan protein dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil trimester 1 (pertama). Rerata asupan zat besi, protein, dan vitamin C pada ibu hamil trimester I baik pada kelompok anemia maupun tidak anemia memiliki jumlah asupan harian yang masih jauh dari standar kecukupan gizi yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah bahwa AKG zat besi adalah 26 g/dL/hari Protein adalah 76 mg/hari dan Vit C adalah 70-85 mg/hari. Kata kunci: asupan makanan; mual dan muntah; anemia

scholarly journals The relationship between body mass index, body image, and sexual function: A survey on Iranian pregnant women

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahtab Senobari ◽  
Elham Azmoude ◽  
Marziyeh Mousavi
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Sexual Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The prevalence of sexual problems is high during pregnancy. Despite this, there are limited data about the impact of physical and psychological factors such as body weight and body image on sexual function in pregnant women. Objective: To investigate the relationship between body mass index, body image, and sexual function among pregnant women. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 206 Iranian pregnant women (106 with normal weight and 100 overweight women) in their 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy were surveyed. Survey instruments included the Female Sexual Function Index and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of female sexual disorder was 72.3% in this survey. Diminished sexual desire/appetite was the most common problem reported by the participants (37.9%). The mean score of sexual problem and body image were not significantly different among overweight and normal weight women in the 2nd (p = 0.945 and p = 0.800, respectively) and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy (p = 0.310 and p = 0.507, respectively). Further, there were no relationships between the body mass index plus body image and the total female sexual function score (p = 0.44 and p = 0.837, respectively). However, the relationship between the appearance evaluation with lubrication (p = 0.043) and subjective weight with two subscales of sexual satisfaction (p = 0.005) and orgasm (p = 0.019) were significant. Conclusion: The findings from this study revealed that there were no relationships between body mass index plus body image score and the sexual function in pregnancy. Therefore, a further research is recommended to study other potential factors affecting sexual function during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Lack of Association between Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Zika Antibodies among Pregnant Women in Thailand between 1997 and 2015

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1423
Author(s):  
Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong ◽  
Charline Leroi ◽  
Dahlene Fusco ◽  
Tim R. Cressey ◽  
Nantawan Wangsaeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
And Control

Data about Zika virus infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Southeast Asia are scarce. We conducted an unmatched case-control study of Zika virus (ZIKV) serology in pregnant women enrolled in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) perinatal prevention trials between 1997 and 2015 in Thailand. Case and control groups included women with and without adverse pregnancy outcomes. Plasma samples collected during the last trimester of pregnancy were tested for ZIKV IgG/IgM and Dengue IgG/IgM (Euroimmun, AG, Germany). Case newborn plasma samples were tested for ZIKV IgM and ZIKV RNA (Viasure, Spain). The case group included women with stillbirth (n = 22) or whose infants had microcephaly (n = 4), a head circumference below the first percentile (n = 14), neurological disorders (n = 36), or had died within 10 days after birth (n = 11). No women in the case group were positive for ZIKV IgM, and none of their live-born neonates were positive for ZIKV IgM or ZIKV RNA. The overall ZIKV IgG prevalence was 29%, 24% in the case and 34% in the control groups (Fisher’s exact test; p = 0.13), while the dengue IgG seroprevalence was 90%. Neither neonatal ZIKV infections nor ZIKV-related adverse pregnancy outcomes were observed in these women with HIV and/or HBV during the 18-year study period.

scholarly journals Appraisal of A1c% level in healthy Sudanese pregnant women in reference to body mass index

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1835
Author(s):  
Abdelgadir Ali Elmugadam ◽  
Marwan Ismail ◽  
Abdelgadir Eltom
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Background: Pregnancy is a major endocrine event in the female lifespan, involving wide-ranged and often dramatic changes in the metabolism of various hormones. Cross sectional, case control, analytical quantitative study was conducted in Sudan, Khartoum state in Yastabsheron obstetric hospital during the period from March to August 2011. Analytical and statistical methods were applied to measure the concentration of A1c% in healthy pregnant women as well as in healthy non-pregnant women to assess the difference in the results.Methods: Blood samples were taken from a total of 90 healthy pregnant women (case group) and 30 healthy non-pregnant women (control group), then samples were analyzed for A1c% by using affinity chromatography technique, and results were recorded in addition to their age, body mass index and the number of pregnancies.Results: showed that, the mean concentration of the A1c% in cases group was (4.407±1.054%) in first trimester, (4.797±0.631) % in second trimester and (4.833±0.626) % in third trimester, and (5.670±0.471%) in control group with a P value of 0.00, indicating the highly significant difference between the two groups. Others finding showed that the mean concentration of A1c% of the first trimester is lower than that of the second and third trimesters, also there was no significant difference between the mean concentration of the second and third trimester. A significant weak positive correlation between A1c% concentration with body mass index and the age of pregnant women.Conclusions: Healthy normal pregnant women have lower A1c% concentrations than non-pregnant women which can be impute to the reduce in plasma glucose values and to the shortened erythrocyte life span that can occur during pregnancy. The body mass index and age affect the concentration of A1c% c, but it is not affected by gravida.

scholarly journals Association of Hearing Loss With Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Guifeng Zhao ◽  
Ling Jin ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Hba1c Level ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are responsible for at least 20 % of diagnosed cases of dementia. It has been established that hearing loss is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. In this study, the association between hearing impairment and AD/VaD was determined in patients, as well as the characteristics of hearing loss in the two types of dementia.Methods: 70 participants comprising 30 subjects in control group, 20 patients in AD group, and 20 patients in VaD group, were recruited and assessed with respect to pure-tone audiometric test for peripheral auditory system. On admission, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking habits, diabetes, stroke, family history, as well as levels of cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured. Hearing loss results and other clinical indexes were analyzed, and their correlations with severity of dementia were determined.Results: Degree of hearing impairment and HbA1c level differed significantly between the AD and control groups. However, only age and degree of hearing impairment were positively correlated with grades of cognitive impairment in AD and control groups. Body mass index (BMI) and smoking history; HbA1c level, grades of cognitive impairment, and degree of hearing impairment, as well as related cognitive impairment, differed significantly between VaD and control groups. Results of logistic regression analysis indicated that the degree of hearing impairment could be a predictor for grades of cognitive impairment in AD and VaD. Moreover, the degree of hearing loss in full band hearing was significantly higher in VaD group than in AD group.Conclusion: Hearing loss may be a potential risk factor for cognitive impairment in AD and VaD, two major types of dementia with different clinical characteristics. The clinical features of hearing loss in the two types dementia might be helpful in their diagnosis and treatment.

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