Changes in pyrolysis characteristics of agricultural residues before and after water washing

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1249
Author(s):  
Rui HU ◽  
Shi-qi WAN ◽  
Feng MAO ◽  
Jie WANG
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Pyrolysis Characteristics ◽  
Water Washing ◽  
Before And After

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Different Gas Turbine Axial Compressor Water Washing Systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Dominizi ◽  
Serena Gabriele ◽  
Angela Serra ◽  
Domenico Borello
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Axial Compressor ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Water Washing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Global Threat

Abstract Nowadays the climate change is widely recognized as a global threat by both public opinion and industries. Actions to mitigate its causes are gaining momentum within all industries. In the energy field, there is the necessity to reduce emissions and to improve technologies to preserve the environment. LCA analyses of products are fundamental in this context. In the present work, a life cycle assessment has been carried out to calculate the carbon footprint of different water washing processes, as well as their effectiveness in recovering Gas Turbine efficiency losses. Field data have been collected and analyzed to make a comparison of the GT operating conditions before and after the introduction of an innovative high flow online water washing technique. The assessments have been performed using SimaPro software and cover the entire Gas Turbine and Water Washing skids operations, including the airborne emissions, skid pump, the water treatment and the heaters.

Effectiveness of Alcohol-Based Hand Rubs for Removal ofClostridium difficileSpores from Hands

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umair Jabbar ◽  
Julie Leischner ◽  
Douglas Kasper ◽  
Robert Gerber ◽  
Susan P. Sambol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Water Washing ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Before And After

Background.Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) are an effective means of decreasing the transmission of bacterial pathogens. Alcohol is not effective againstClostridium difficilespores. We examined the retention ofC. difficilespores on the hands of volunteers after ABHR use and the subsequent transfer of these spores through physical contact.Methods.NontoxigenicC. difficilespores were spread on the bare palms of 10 volunteers. Use of 3 ABHRs and chlorhexidine soap-and-water washing were compared with plain water rubbing alone for removal ofC. difficilespores. Palmar cultures were performed before and after hand decontamination by means of a plate stamping method. Transferability ofC. difficileafter application of ABHR was tested by having each volunteer shake hands with an uninoculated volunteer.Results.Plain water rubbing reduced palmar culture counts by a mean (± standard deviation [SD]) of 1.57 ± 0.11 log10colony-forming units (CFU) per cm2, and this value was set as the zero point for the other products. Compared with water washing, chlorhexidine soap washing reduced spore counts by a mean ( ± SD) of 0.89 ± 0.34 log10CFU per cm2; among the ABHRs, Isagel accounted for a reduction of 0.11 ± 0.20 log10CFU per cm2(P= .005), Endure for a reduction of 0.37 ± 0.42 log10CFU per cm2(P= .010), and Purell for a reduction of 0.14 ± 0.33 log10CFU per cm2(P= .005). There were no statistically significant differences between the reductions achieved by the ABHRs; only Endure had a reduction statistically different from that for water control rubbing (P= .040). After ABHR use, handshaking transferred a mean of 30% of the residualC. difficilespores to the hands of recipients.Conclusions.Hand washing with soap and water is significantly more effective at removingC. difficilespores from the hands of volunteers than are ABHRs. Residual spores are readily transferred by a handshake after use of ABHR.

scholarly journals Evaluation of filtration effectiveness of various types of facemasks following with different sterilization methods

2021 ◽  
pp. 152808372110287
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Basundhara Bhattacharjee ◽  
DN Sangeetha ◽  
V Subramanian ◽  
B Venkatraman
Keyword(s):  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Particle Size Range ◽  
Common People ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Water Washing ◽  
Breathing Resistance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Filtering Efficiency

Due to the ongoing pandemic, various types of facemasks such as certified N-95, non-woven fiber and fabric/textile masks are being used as an essential protective measure to reduce the risk of spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus. The aerosols size-dependent filtration efficiency and breathing resistance of these masks were tested before and after sterilization by five different methods for two flow rates (20 and 90 L/min) conditions corresponding to regular breathing rate and moderate/strenuous exertion, in the particle size range 0.3–10 µm. Sterilization techniques used here are autoclaving (30 and 60 minutes), dry air oven heating (30 and 60 minutes), ionizing irradiation (15 and 25 kGy), hot water washing with and without detergent and immersing in a 10% concentration of liquid hydrogen peroxide for 30 minutes. Further, the filtration efficiency of each type of masks is also studied with laboratory generated two-order higher aerosol concertation. The certified mask has the most outstanding filtering efficiency among all the other type of facemasks. The ionizing radiation causes a significant reduction in filtration efficacy, so that it is not recommended for sterilization purpose. The best method to sterilize certified N-95 masks without affecting their performance is by using dry air heating with temperature ranging from 70–80 °C. The performance of the cloth and surgical masks is found to be comparable for both flow conditions. As an affordable sterilization method, hot water washing is recommended, which does not deteriorate the fabric masks efficiency and can be used by the common people. The recommended masks for the general people are textile/fabric masks which serves fit for the purpose than non-woven masks because it can help to reduce non-biodegradable waste (facemask) and prevent respiratory droplet transmission. The non-woven mask can be sterilized with dry heat, hot water wash and autoclave.

scholarly journals Evaluation of filtration efficacy of various types of facemasks using ambient and PAO aerosols following with different sterilization methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Basundhara Bhattacharjee ◽  
D.N Sangeetha ◽  
V Subramanian ◽  
B Venkatraman
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Protective Measure ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Water Washing ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Filtering Efficiency

AbstractDue to the ongoing pandemic, various types of facemasks such as N-95, surgical mask and cloth masks are being used as an essential protective measure. The filtration efficiency of these masks were tested before and after sterilization by different methods for two flow rates conditions corresponding to normal breathe rate (20 lpm) and during sneezing (90 lpm). Sterilization techniques used here are autoclaving (30 and 60 minutes), dry oven heating (30 and 60 minutes), gamma irradiation (15 and 25 kGy), hot water washing with and without detergent and immersing in 10% concentration of liquid hydrogen peroxide for 30 minutes. As expected, the N-95 is the greatest filtering efficiency among all the other type face masks. The best method to sterilize N-95 masks without affecting its performance is by using dry heat with temperature ranging from 70-80°C. The cloth masks and surgical mask are performed more or less same for both flow conditions. As an affordable sterilization method hot water washing is highly recommended which does not deteriorate the efficiency of the masks and can be used for the general public. The use of double or triple layer cotton cloth masks in the general public serves fit for the purpose than surgical masks. The surgical mask can be sterilized only few times with the help of dry heat, hot water wash and/or autoclave.

Effects of operation conditions on pyrolysis characteristics of agricultural residues

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Kwon Park ◽  
Myung Lang Yoo ◽  
Hyung Won Lee ◽  
Sung Hoon Park ◽  
Sang-Chul Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Pyrolysis Characteristics ◽  
Operation Conditions

Deformation Replication

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Rake Face ◽  
Orthogonal Machining ◽  
Aluminum Chips ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Glass Knife ◽  
Very High

Tool materials used in ultramicrotomy are glass, developed by Latta and Hartmann (1) and diamond, introduced by Fernandez-Moran (2). While diamonds produce more good sections per knife edge than glass, they are expensive; require careful mounting and handling; and are time consuming to clean before and after usage, purchase from vendors (3-6 months waiting time), and regrind. Glass offers an easily accessible, inexpensive material ($0.04 per knife) with very high compressive strength (3) that can be employed in microtomy of metals (4) as well as biological materials. When the orthogonal machining process is being studied, glass offers additional advantages. Sections of metal or plastic can be dried down on the rake face, coated with Au-Pd, and examined directly in the SEM with no additional handling (5). Figure 1 shows aluminum chips microtomed with a 75° glass knife at a cutting speed of 1 mm/sec with a depth of cut of 1000 Å lying on the rake face of the knife.

The Clinical, Roentgenological and Morphological Effects of an Acute Exposure of Phosgene on the Lungs of Dogs

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
R. F. Bils ◽  
W. F. Diller ◽  
F. Huth
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Phosgene still plays an important role as a toxic substance in the chemical industry. Thiess (1968) recently reported observations on numerous cases of phosgene poisoning. A serious difficulty in the clinical handling of phosgene poisoning cases is a relatively long latent period, up to 12 hours, with no obvious signs of severity. At about 12 hours heavy lung edema appears suddenly, however changes can be seen in routine X-rays taken after only a few hours' exposure (Diller et al., 1969). This study was undertaken to correlate these early changes seen by the roengenologist with morphological alterations in the lungs seen in the'light and electron microscopes.Forty-two adult male and female Beagle dogs were selected for these exposure experiments. Treated animals were exposed to 94.5-107-5 ppm phosgene for 10 min. in a 15 m3 chamber. Roentgenograms were made of the thorax of each animal before and after exposure, up to 24 hrs.

Ultrastructure of Melanin Formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera Sorokiniana

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 398-399
Author(s):  
M. H. Wheeler ◽  
W. J. Tolmsoff ◽  
A. A. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Potassium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Transmission Microscopy ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Melanin Formation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Electron Transmission Microscopy

(+)-Scytalone [3,4-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-l-(2Hj-naphthalenone] and 1,8-di- hydroxynaphthalene (DHN) have been proposed as intermediates of melanin synthesis in the fungi Verticillium dahliae (1, 2, 3, 4) and Thielaviopsis basicola (4, 5). Scytalone is enzymatically dehydrated by V. dahliae to 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene which is then reduced to (-)-vermelone [(-)-3,4- dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone]. Vermelone is subsequently dehydrated to DHN which is enzymatically polymerized to melanin.Melanin formation in Curvularia sp., Alternaria sp., and Drechslera soro- kiniana was examined by light and electron-transmission microscopy. Wild-type isolates of each fungus were compared with albino mutants before and after treatment with 1 mM scytalone or 0.1 mM DHN in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Both chemicals were converted to dark pigments in the walls of hyphae and conidia of the albino mutants. The darkened cells were similar in appearance to corresponding cells of the wild types under the light microscope.

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

The Precipitation of Si in AlCuSi Thin Films

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 34-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Copper Film ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Silicon Thin Films ◽  
Before And After

Aluminum-copper-silicon thin films have been considered as an interconnection metallurgy for integrated circuit applications. Various schemes have been proposed to incorporate small percent-ages of silicon into films that typically contain two to five percent copper. We undertook a study of the total effect of silicon on the aluminum copper film as revealed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and ion microprobe techniques as a function of the various deposition methods.X-ray investigations noted a change in solid solution concentration as a function of Si content before and after heat-treatment. The amount of solid solution in the Al increased with heat-treatment for films with ≥2% silicon and decreased for films <2% silicon.

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