Nomads in the Middle East

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Forbes Manz
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Pastoral Nomads ◽  
Eurasian Steppe ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

A history of pastoral nomads in the Islamic Middle East from the rise of Islam, through the middle periods when Mongols and Turks ruled most of the region, to the decline of nomadism in the twentieth century. Offering a vivid insight into the impact of nomads on the politics, culture, and ideology of the region, Beatrice Forbes Manz examines and challenges existing perceptions of these nomads, including the popular cyclical model of nomad-settled interaction developed by Ibn Khaldun. Looking at both the Arab Bedouin and the nomads from the Eurasian steppe, Manz demonstrates the significance of Bedouin and Turco-Mongolian contributions to cultural production and political ideology in the Middle East, and shows the central role played by pastoral nomads in war, trade, and state-building throughout history. Nomads provided horses and soldiers for war, the livestock and guidance which made long-distance trade possible, and animal products to provision the region's growing cities.

scholarly journals ABOUT MEDIEVAL EGYPTIAN HISTORIANS

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
ZUKHRA ARIPOVA
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Mamluk Period ◽  
Historical Methods

This article is dedicated to the life and work of historians of the Mamluk period (1250-1517) in Egypt and the rich heritage left by them. In the XIII-XV centuries, Egypt had a special place among the countries of the Middle East due to the activities of the Mamluks. The prestige of the Mamluk sultans increased due to their victories in the fght against the Crusaders and the Mongols in the Middle East. The establishment of Mamluk rule in the history of Egypt, the growth of the superiority of military Mamluks in the country, the rise of the Bakhrit Mamluk sultans (1250-1382) and the political processes of the Burjit (Circassian) Mamluk period (1282-1517) are of particular interest for s this study. This article provides extensive information on the activities and works of medieval historians such as Abu alMahasin, Ibn Daud Al-Sayraf, Abd Ar-Rahman As-Sahawi, Jalal ad-Din As-Suyuti, Ibn Iyas Muhammad ibn Ahmad and Ibn Zanbal Ar-Rummal, Ali ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Asir, Abd Ar-Rahman Ibn Khaldun, al-Umari, Shahab ad-din alKalkashandi, Taki ad-din Al-Makrizi, Az-Zahiri, Khalil ibn Shahin. Relevance: After Uzbekistan gained independence, orientalists have new opportunities to search, study and disseminate information about Islam and the history of Islam among the general public. When studying the period of the history of the Mamluks in Egypt, many aspects of the history of Mavaraunnahr of that time are also revealed. Studying the primary sources containing information on this topic makes it possible to objectively evaluate the political, social and economic processes of this period. Methods. The article uses generally accepted historical methods based on the principles of historicity, structurality and objectivity. Conclusions: Also, it must be pointed out that objective coverage of the history of this period, in addition to the historical works of the above authors of the 13th-15th centuries, is facilitated by the study of various scientifc treatises, commentaries, shortened versions of works (almukhtasar), dictionaries, prose and poetic works.

Governing Art Districts: State Control and Cultural Production in Contemporary China

2014 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 827-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Production ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Art Community ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractContemporary Chinese artists have long been marginalized in China as their ideas conflict with the mainstream political ideology. In Beijing, artists often live on the fringe of society in “artist villages,” where they almost always face the threat of being displaced owing to political decisions or urban renewal. However, in the past decade, the Chinese government began to foster the growth of contemporary Chinese arts and designated underground artist villages as art districts. This article explores the profound change in the political decisions about the art community. It argues that, despite the pluralization of Chinese society and the inroads of globalization, the government maintains control over the art community through a series of innovative mechanisms. These mechanisms create a globalization firewall, which facilitates the Chinese state in global image-building and simultaneously mitigates the impact of global forces on domestic governance. The article illuminates how the authoritarian state has adopted more sophisticated methods of governance in response to the challenges of a more sophisticated society.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Anthropogenic Factors on the Dissemination of Contemporary Cosmopolitan, Arctic, and Arctic-like Rabies Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Andrei A. Deviatkin ◽  
Yulia A. Vakulenko ◽  
Mariia A. Dashian ◽  
Alexander N. Lukashev
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Phylogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Impact

Rabies is a globally prevalent viral zoonosis that causes 59,000 deaths per year and has important economic consequences. Most virus spread is associated with the migration of its primary hosts. Anthropogenic dissemination, mainly via the transportation of rabid dogs, shaped virus ecology a few hundred years ago and is responsible for several current outbreaks. A systematic analysis of aberrant long-distance events in the steppe and Arctic-like groups of rabies virus was performed using statistical (Bayesian) phylogeography and plots of genetic vs. geographic distances. The two approaches produced similar results but had some significant differences and complemented each other. No phylogeographic analysis could be performed for the Arctic group because polar foxes transfer the virus across the whole circumpolar region at high velocity, and there was no correlation between genetic and geographic distances in this virus group. In the Arctic-like group and the steppe subgroup of the cosmopolitan group, a significant number of known sequences (15%–20%) was associated with rapid long-distance transfers, which mainly occurred within Eurasia. Some of these events have been described previously, while others have not been documented. Most of the recent long-distance transfers apparently did not result in establishing the introduced virus, but a few had important implications for the phylogeographic history of rabies. Thus, human-mediated long-distance transmission of the rabies virus remains a significant threat that needs to be addressed.

Personifying Prehistory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Brück
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is frequently framed in social evolutionary terms. Viewed as the period which saw the emergence of social differentiation, the development of long-distance trade, and the intensification of agricultural production, it is seen as the precursor and origin-point for significant aspects of the modern world. This book presents a very different image of Bronze Age Britain and Ireland. Drawing on the wealth of material from recent excavations, as well as a long history of research, it explores the impact of the post-Enlightenment 'othering' of the non-human on our understanding of Bronze Age society. There is much to suggest that the conceptual boundary between the active human subject and the passive world of objects, so familiar from our own cultural context, was not drawn in this categorical way in the Bronze Age; the self was constructed in relational rather than individualistic terms, and aspects of the non-human world such as pots, houses, and mountains were considered animate entities with their own spirit or soul. In a series of thematic chapters on the human body, artefacts, settlements, and landscapes, this book considers the character of Bronze Age personhood, the relationship between individual and society, and ideas around agency and social power. The treatment and deposition of things such as querns, axes, and human remains provides insights into the meanings and values ascribed to objects and places, and the ways in which such items acted as social agents in the Bronze Age world.

Will New Blood in the Leadership Produce New Blood on the Battlefield? The Impact of Regime Changes on Middle East Military Rivalries

2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 612-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Tures
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

The Middle East has witnessed a recent spate of alterations in rulers and regimes. These new leaders are coming to power in countries having a history of international conflict with other states in the region. Will the change in government exacerbate interstate crises, producing disputes and wars? Or will the nascent leadership steer their countries to peace, choosing instead to focus on an internal consolidation of power? To answer this question, this article examines the theories of foreign policy behavior of new leaders. It discusses the results of a quantitative analysis of an earlier time frame: the initial years of the Cold War. The article then conducts a series of case study analyses of contemporary times to determine if the theory and prior statistical tests remain valid. The results show that new administrations are more likely to target rivals with a threat, display, or limited use of force. Such incoming leaders, however, seem reluctant to drag their countries into a full-scale war. These findings hold for a variety of countries in a number of different contexts. Such results are relevant for Middle East scholars, conflict mediators, as well as American foreign policymakers who seem to have adopted a taste for regime change in the region.

Qijia and Erlitou: The Question of Contacts with Distant Cultures

Early China ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 17-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa G. Fitzgerald-Huber
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Early History ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Eurasian Steppe ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Metal Age ◽  
Specific Metal

This paper investigates the relationships between the Early Metal Age cultures of the Inner Mongolia and Gansu-Qinghai area with the Erlitou culture of the Central Plains region, and addresses the issue whether specific metal objects characteristic of these cultures may have their source of inspiration in areas as remote as southern Siberia and present-day Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan. The proposal that China at the very beginning of its Bronze Age may have been affected by long-distance cultural transmissions depends upon recent reevaluations of the early history of the Eurasian steppe, in particular the advent of nomadic pastoralism and horse riding, and upon newly recalibrated carbon dates ascertained for specific Siberian sites and for the Bactrian-Margiana complex.

scholarly journals Perspectives of Asian Sports

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-5
Author(s):  
Frank FU
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle East ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
World War ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Natural Heritage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Asia is composed of a large number of countries spread over a long distance from east to west as well as north to south. It has been traditionally influenced by the colonial powers of Britain, France, Portugual, Spain and Holland and more recently, the U.S. After World War II，while most countries were enjoying a period of peace and prosperity, wars broke out in Korea, Vietnam, and the Middle East. The 1988 Olympics at Seoul was so successful that people again realised that Asia has many hidden resources. It is therefore fair to say that Asia is in transition with different countries responding differently to the impact of modernization and the influence of their natural heritage and past colonial power.亞洲是由一群廣佈東西南北的國家組成。它一向受著其他國家和勢力的影響。例如，較早期的英國，法國，葡萄牙，西班牙以及荷蘭等殖民勢力以致較近期的美國浪潮。第二次世界大戰後，正當大部份國家享受著和平和繁榮生活之際，戰爭卻在韓國、越南和中東相繼爆發。亞洲某些地域又吿進入烽火期。 到了一九八八年在韓國漢城舉行的奧林匹克運動會，運動員和主辦單位的成功又再顯示出亞洲擁有廣大有待發掘的資源。從這點我們可以説，亞洲各國現正處於既受殖民勢力和天然遺產的影響以及對現代化不同反應的過度期。

scholarly journals The Effect of Donor Transportation on the Function of Donor’s Organs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianrong Liu ◽  
Zhuchun Wang ◽  
Yuling An ◽  
Xuxia Wei ◽  
Xiaomeng Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Decompression Surgery ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Transport Distance ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Change Level ◽  
Deceased Organ Donation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The impact of donor transportation on the outcome of deceased organ donation remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of donor transportation on the function of the donor’s organs. Methods: From 2016 to 2018, 139 donors of successful deceased organ donation from the local (primary) hospitals transferred to our hospital were included for analysis. Blood samples were drawn immediately after the donor admitted to our hospital (pre-transport data) and before donation (post-transport data) to assess the donor’s organ functions by determining the levels of blood biochemical indexes. Results: The donor with a transport distance >200 km had higher post-transportation AST and a bigger change of TB level as compared with those with a transport distance < 200 km. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between transport distance and post-transport AST. The donors with cardiac arrest history had significantly higher pre-transport AST, pre-transport ALT, post-transport ALT, post-transport BUN, and the change level of BUN after transport as compared with those without cardiac arrest history. The donors with a history of cranial decompression surgery had significantly lower pre-transport AST, pre-transport ALT, and post-transport Cr as compared with those without a history of cranial decompression surgery. Conclusion: These results suggested that long-distance donor transportation may result in organ function deterioration, especially for donors with a cardiac arrest history. Donors with a history of intracranial decompression surgery can alleviate this problem.

The Economic History of the Medieval Middle East: Strengths, Weaknesses, and the Challenges Ahead

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-531
Author(s):  
Maya Shatzmiller
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Good Coverage

One may say that our field has had a respectable crop of scholars engaged in research and numerous important publications to its credit. Past investigations of the agricultural sector have included excellent coverage of taxation systems and tax rates, good coverage of cultivation methods and crops, not very thorough coverage of landholding patterns, and almost no studies of productivity rates. For the manufacturing sector we have very good coverage of manufacturing techniques and good coverage of labor organization and division of labor but little on the productivity rates of individual sectors such as textiles, on apprenticeship and wages for either skilled or unskilled labor, or on the relationship of wages to prices. We have important studies on both regional and long-distance trade and commerce, including on routes and trade-related institutions and on tools of trade such as credit and investment partnerships (qirād/commenda), and related studies regarding urbanization, exchange, and markets. The auxiliary fields of numismatics and archeology have yielded important studies on coinage and minting and on settlement patterns that are likely to improve our grasp of the economic history of the medieval Middle East. We also have at our disposal volumes of statistical data, collected from literary and documentary sources, on prices, wages, commodities, weights, measures, and coins. Several online projects scrutinizing data from primary sources, mainly papyri and Geniza documents, yield more figures, though mostly on the economic history of early Islamic societies. Among the lacunae are studies related to topics such as economic institutions, property rights, standards of living and inequality, GDP estimations, sector productivity, market integration, exogenous shocks, and economic growth.

scholarly journals History and Geography of Neotropical Tree Diversity

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Dick ◽  
R. Toby Pennington
Keyword(s):  
Community Assembly ◽  
Tree Diversity ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Neotropical Forests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Neotropical Tree ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Early botanical explorers invoked biogeographic history to explain the remarkable tree diversity of Neotropical forests. In this context, we review the history of Neotropical tree diversity over the past 100 million years, focusing on biomes with significant tree diversity. We evaluate hypotheses for rain forest origins, intercontinental disjunctions, and models of Neotropical tree diversification. To assess the impact of biotic interchange on the Amazon tree flora, we examined biogeographic histories of trees in Ecuador's Yasuní Forest, which suggest that nearly 50% of its species descend from immigrant lineages that colonized South America during the Cenozoic. Long-distance and intercontinental dispersal, combined with trait filtering and niche evolution, are important factors in the community assembly of Neotropical forests. We evaluate the role of pre-Columbian people on Neotropical tree diversity and discuss the future of Neotropical forests in the Anthropocene.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document