scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Anthropogenic Factors on the Dissemination of Contemporary Cosmopolitan, Arctic, and Arctic-like Rabies Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Andrei A. Deviatkin ◽  
Yulia A. Vakulenko ◽  
Mariia A. Dashian ◽  
Alexander N. Lukashev
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Phylogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Impact

Rabies is a globally prevalent viral zoonosis that causes 59,000 deaths per year and has important economic consequences. Most virus spread is associated with the migration of its primary hosts. Anthropogenic dissemination, mainly via the transportation of rabid dogs, shaped virus ecology a few hundred years ago and is responsible for several current outbreaks. A systematic analysis of aberrant long-distance events in the steppe and Arctic-like groups of rabies virus was performed using statistical (Bayesian) phylogeography and plots of genetic vs. geographic distances. The two approaches produced similar results but had some significant differences and complemented each other. No phylogeographic analysis could be performed for the Arctic group because polar foxes transfer the virus across the whole circumpolar region at high velocity, and there was no correlation between genetic and geographic distances in this virus group. In the Arctic-like group and the steppe subgroup of the cosmopolitan group, a significant number of known sequences (15%–20%) was associated with rapid long-distance transfers, which mainly occurred within Eurasia. Some of these events have been described previously, while others have not been documented. Most of the recent long-distance transfers apparently did not result in establishing the introduced virus, but a few had important implications for the phylogeographic history of rabies. Thus, human-mediated long-distance transmission of the rabies virus remains a significant threat that needs to be addressed.

Ethics of Primate Fieldwork: Toward an Ethically Engaged Primatology

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 493-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin P. Riley ◽  
Michelle Bezanson
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Ethical Practice ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Term Field

Field primatologists have ethical responsibilities that extend beyond study subjects to the local human communities living near primate populations and their surrounding ecosystems. In this review, we explore the history of ethical discussions within anthropological primatology and examine the best practices for an ethically engaged primatology that should be followed and role-modeled by primatologists. An increasing number of primates are showing reduced population sizes and are in imminent danger of extinction; thus, we need to carefully consider the ethics of intervening to ensure the survival of remaining populations, the impact of anthropogenic factors (e.g., climate change), and whether long-term field research results in conservation outcomes that consider local human communities. Because best practices change over time as theoretical frameworks and methodological tools advance and scientific goals change, field primatologists must continually reflect on what constitutes ethical practice and consider how research influences the overlapping dimensions of fieldwork: primates, people, and ecosystems.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF COMPARATIVE DIALECT STUDIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (06) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Madina Nosirovna Musurmankulova ◽  
◽  
Djamshid Berdimurotovich Boymirzayev ◽  
Djahongir Musulmonovich Norbadalov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
National Group ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Semantic Aspect ◽  
The Russian Language

This article discusses the dialect system of the Russian and Uzbek languages in a comparative aspect. Studying the dialect system of the Russian and Uzbek languages in a comparative aspect makes it possible to create a comparative dialectological competence. This article is devoted to the creation of dialectological competence at the comparative level of different languages. In long-distance areas dialects, dialect systems and folklore still exist. Improving the system of comparative dialect competence of the Russian and Uzbek languages at present can give a methodical direction to students of the national group. A competent approach to the study of the dialect system develops the knowledge of future Russian language teachers in national schools. Dialect words in both the Uzbek language and the Russian language are considered in a semantic aspect.

scholarly journals Outline of the development of research on the impact of Neolithic settlements on the transformation on loess landscapes in southern Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Ryzner ◽  
Piotr Owczarek
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
River Terraces ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Landscape Transformations ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDuring the last few decades, many case studies have focused on landscape transformations in response to water erosion, human impact, and climate changes. This article presents a review and comparison of the current state of knowledge on conducted research on the impact of the activities of early humans on the relief and forms of loess areas in Poland based on the results of a variety of dating methods (OSL, TL, C14, 137Cs, palynology, dendrochronology etc.). The influence of land-use activity since the first permanent settlements (8,000–5,200 BP) played a major role in the development of certain sand sediment terrain forms: gullies, river terraces, the filling of isolated depressions and alluvial fans in the loess areas. As a result, a simplified scheme of landscape evolution was created along with a map of the most investigated areas by authors. The main problem was to differentiate the influence of anthropogenic factors from natural ones occurring either simultaneously or alternatively. The developed deposits form a geo-archive which has recorded the history of environmental changes. A detailed analysis of the sedimentary structures provides the possibility to reconstruct and understand past functional responses in natural systems. It is important to consider the impact of climate change and human influence over the course of history on a specific geomorphological system. This can help to predict future land changes and likely hazards.

Personifying Prehistory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Brück
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is frequently framed in social evolutionary terms. Viewed as the period which saw the emergence of social differentiation, the development of long-distance trade, and the intensification of agricultural production, it is seen as the precursor and origin-point for significant aspects of the modern world. This book presents a very different image of Bronze Age Britain and Ireland. Drawing on the wealth of material from recent excavations, as well as a long history of research, it explores the impact of the post-Enlightenment 'othering' of the non-human on our understanding of Bronze Age society. There is much to suggest that the conceptual boundary between the active human subject and the passive world of objects, so familiar from our own cultural context, was not drawn in this categorical way in the Bronze Age; the self was constructed in relational rather than individualistic terms, and aspects of the non-human world such as pots, houses, and mountains were considered animate entities with their own spirit or soul. In a series of thematic chapters on the human body, artefacts, settlements, and landscapes, this book considers the character of Bronze Age personhood, the relationship between individual and society, and ideas around agency and social power. The treatment and deposition of things such as querns, axes, and human remains provides insights into the meanings and values ascribed to objects and places, and the ways in which such items acted as social agents in the Bronze Age world.

scholarly journals The impact of technogenesis and economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the North Russia on the environmental status of the Yamal region

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 06012
Author(s):  
Sergei Petrov ◽  
Natali Mamaeva ◽  
Maksim Narushko
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The North ◽  
Environmental Status ◽  
Original Habitat ◽  
The Impact

The article studies the issue of the protection of the land and the coastal part of the Kara Sea and the role of specially protected natural territories, trading posts of small indigenous peoples of the North (SIPN) located within the boundaries of the state biological reserve of regional importance Yamalskiy. It is shown that the consolidation of administrative and production resources and academic science in order to study the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the biogeocenosis of the Arctic and the sociogenesis of the peoples of the North will allow solving specific tasks of developing and using the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and preserving the ethnic and cultural development of the SIPN, protecting their original habitat and traditional lifestyle.

scholarly journals The history of the world's first icebreaker “Yermak” and the significance of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-350
Author(s):  
Halyna Davydovska ◽  
Oleksiy Petruchenko ◽  
Volodymyr Yanin
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Further Development

In this article, the authors tried to consider and structure the stages of development and creation of the “Yermak”, the world's first Arctic icebreaker, and analyzed the stages of preparation and the results of its first expeditions to explore the Arctic. Systematic analysis of historical sources and biographical material allowed to separate and comprehensively consider the conditions and prehistory for the development and creation of “Yermak” icebreaker. Also, the authors gave an assessment to the role of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov in those events, and analyzed the role of Sergei Yulyevich Witte, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky in the preparation and implementation of the first Arctic expeditions of the “Yermak”icebreaker. In addition, the authors considered and analyzed the assessment of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov and his personal contribution to the results of the first Arctic expeditions of the “Yermak”icebreaker made by Baron Ferdinand von Wrangel. The first polar expeditions showed that the idea of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov about the icebreaker fleet was viable and required further development. It is shown that the results of the first Arctic expeditions made by “Yermak” allowed to significantly develop knowledge in various scientific fields of Arctic and Earth research, namely, topography, astronomy, meteorology, hydrology, geology, magnetism, zoology, and botany. The use of these methods and approaches to scientific research allowed to retrace the way of life and professional activity of Vice Admiral Stepan Osypovych Makarov’s systematically and critically evaluate the sources used, highlight the main points in the current state of studying the subject and the results of predecessors, specify the most promising directions of research, give a description of the previous works on this issue and clearly distinguish issues that have not yet been resolved.

scholarly journals The Effect of Donor Transportation on the Function of Donor’s Organs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianrong Liu ◽  
Zhuchun Wang ◽  
Yuling An ◽  
Xuxia Wei ◽  
Xiaomeng Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Organ Donation ◽  
Decompression Surgery ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Transport Distance ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Change Level ◽  
Deceased Organ Donation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The impact of donor transportation on the outcome of deceased organ donation remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of donor transportation on the function of the donor’s organs. Methods: From 2016 to 2018, 139 donors of successful deceased organ donation from the local (primary) hospitals transferred to our hospital were included for analysis. Blood samples were drawn immediately after the donor admitted to our hospital (pre-transport data) and before donation (post-transport data) to assess the donor’s organ functions by determining the levels of blood biochemical indexes. Results: The donor with a transport distance >200 km had higher post-transportation AST and a bigger change of TB level as compared with those with a transport distance < 200 km. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between transport distance and post-transport AST. The donors with cardiac arrest history had significantly higher pre-transport AST, pre-transport ALT, post-transport ALT, post-transport BUN, and the change level of BUN after transport as compared with those without cardiac arrest history. The donors with a history of cranial decompression surgery had significantly lower pre-transport AST, pre-transport ALT, and post-transport Cr as compared with those without a history of cranial decompression surgery. Conclusion: These results suggested that long-distance donor transportation may result in organ function deterioration, especially for donors with a cardiac arrest history. Donors with a history of intracranial decompression surgery can alleviate this problem.

Nomads in the Middle East

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Forbes Manz
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Pastoral Nomads ◽  
Eurasian Steppe ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

A history of pastoral nomads in the Islamic Middle East from the rise of Islam, through the middle periods when Mongols and Turks ruled most of the region, to the decline of nomadism in the twentieth century. Offering a vivid insight into the impact of nomads on the politics, culture, and ideology of the region, Beatrice Forbes Manz examines and challenges existing perceptions of these nomads, including the popular cyclical model of nomad-settled interaction developed by Ibn Khaldun. Looking at both the Arab Bedouin and the nomads from the Eurasian steppe, Manz demonstrates the significance of Bedouin and Turco-Mongolian contributions to cultural production and political ideology in the Middle East, and shows the central role played by pastoral nomads in war, trade, and state-building throughout history. Nomads provided horses and soldiers for war, the livestock and guidance which made long-distance trade possible, and animal products to provision the region's growing cities.

Digital Government and Criminal Justice

2011 ◽  
pp. 186-199
Author(s):  
J. William Holland
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Digital Government ◽  
New Model ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

This chapter outlines the history of digital government in criminal justice, starting with the Johnson Administration’s findings concerning automation in its report, “The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society,” the development of the national criminal justice network, and the creation of SEARCH Group, a consortium of states that led the effort to create computerized criminal histories of individual offenders. A brief discussion of the issues these efforts attempted to solve will be developed. The narrative will describe how these initial activities created the basic parameters for all subsequent developments in the area of criminal justice automation. Several major problems and controversies of criminal justice automation will be described and placed in their historical context. Examples of criminal justice initiatives will be provided and their success in solving some of the problems discussed will be described. The chapter concludes that it is time to rethink the older criminal justice digital government paradigm from the 1960s and create a new model more in tune with today’s developments in a highly mobile, digital and integrated society. Questions about the impact of this new model on traditional constitutional safeguards, including individual liberty and privacy will be raised.

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