CAEP/9-agreed certification requirement for the Aeroplane CO2Emissions Standard: a comment on ICAO Cir 337

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (1226) ◽  
pp. 693-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Green ◽  
J.A. Jupp
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Aircraft Emissions ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Range Equation ◽  
Main Criticism

ABSTRACTThe International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Circular Cir 337 is the first step towards ICAO establishing an Aeroplane CO2Emissions Standard to form part of Annex 16, Volume III to the Chicago Convention. It describes itself as ‘a work in progress’. This paper reviews Cir 337 against the background of flight physics, the published literature on aircraft fuel burn and CO2emissions and the current practices of the aircraft and engine manufacturers and the airline operators. We have taken, as our starting point, the aim of ICAO to reduce the fuel used per revenue tonne-kilometre performed and argue that the Breguet range equation, which captures all the relevant flight physics, should be the basis of the metric system underpinning the standard. Our overall conclusion is that Cir 337 provides an excellent basis for the initial regulation of aviation's CO2emissions and, further in the future, for developing measures to increase the fuel efficiency of the operational side of civil aviation. Our main criticism of the circular in its current form is that it does not address the ICAO goal of reducingfuel used per revenue tonne-kilometre performedand makes no reference to payload. This defect could be eliminated simply by omission of the exponent 0.24 of the Reference Geometric Factor (RGF) in the formula for the metric given in Chapter 2 (paragraph 2.2) of the circular. Retaining theRGFto the power unity in the metric and multiplying it by an appropriate value of the effective floor loading would convert it to what the 37thAssembly of ICAO called for – a statement of fuel used per revenue tonne-kilometre performed. Finally, correlating the amended metric against design range, as determined from the measured specific air range and the key certificated masses, provides a sound scientific basis for an initial regulation to cap passenger aircraft emissions.

Empirical Method for Estimating Aircraft Fuel Consumption in Ground Operations

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (12) ◽  
pp. 385-394
Author(s):  
Han-Joong Kim ◽  
Hojong Baik
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Method ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
System A ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
Aircraft Trajectory

This study proposes a novel procedure for estimating aircraft fuel burn during ground operations using aircraft trajectory data acquired from an airport surface surveillance system. A fundamental assumption employed throughout the study is that aircraft fuel burn on the ground depends on taxi phases and corresponding thrust settings. The computational process is split into three steps: (1) define a taxi phase for each data point by analyzing the trajectory data; (2) find the fuel flow index appropriate for each taxi phase of each engine type from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Engine Emissions Databank which contains fuel flow indices for four flight status of every commercial engine; and (3) estimate the total fuel burn on the ground for each flight by multiplying the time duration at each taxi phase by the corresponding fuel flow rate. Using 24-hour surface trajectory data collected from the Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) system at Seoul/Incheon International Airport, all flights operated on the day were analyzed applying this procedure. The results indicate that suggested taxi fuel burn rates are estimated to be about 17% lower than the ICAO values. The proposed procedure is expected to be used as an alternative method for ground fuel burn estimation.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING BOX WING AIRCRAFT: ESSENTIAL TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE SUSTAINABILITY IN THE AVIATION INDUSTRY

Aviation ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Alexander SOMERVILLE ◽  
Matthew MARINO ◽  
Glenn BAXTER ◽  
Graham WILD
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Aircraft Emissions ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
The Face ◽  
Aircraft Configurations

This paper presents an introduction to box wing aircraft technology, and an overview of current research efforts in this important area. Box wing technology offers a means of significantly reducing aircraft fuel consumption and hence improving economic sustainability. The result of this reduced fuel burn is a reduction in aircraft emissions, which will improve the environmental sustainability of the global aviation industry. This is important, because the industry has set an ambitious goal of reducing the current carbon emissions by 50% before 2050, in the face of continued exponential growth in demand. The motivation of this work is to ensure that sufficient education is provided at all levels of the aviation industry, to keep people informed, and to help them make decisions. That is, there is confusion about the fundamental principles involved in the aerodynamic improvements associated with these innovative aircraft configurations. As such, this work presents box wing technology in the context of the fundamental operational aerodynamics associated with their implementation, giving an understanding of the performance benefits associated with them, in addition to the other practical benefits associated with box wing configurations.

Study of Aircraft Carbon Dioxide Emission Standards

2014 ◽  
Vol 668-669 ◽  
pp. 1517-1520
Author(s):  
Guo Hua Yan ◽  
Shu Xun Ma
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Active Duty ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
International Civil Aviation Organization ◽  
Aircraft Emissions ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
Aviation Emissions

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is building a carbon dioxide standard for aircraft emissions. The CO2 standard is planning to be carried out by 2016 as the aviation emissions airworthiness standards, which will immediately influences the aircraft airworthiness certification. In this paper, the main context of the carbon dioxide standard for aircraft, basis for the establishment and metrics were studied. In addition, the metric system, the key point of CO2 emissions standards, has also been explained. Moreover, the implementation and criteria of the metric system was presented through computing and analyzing of the active-duty models. As a result, the CO2 emissions standard is aiming at improve the fuel efficiency and operational efficiency, which effectively reduce carbon emissions.

scholarly journals Optimality considerations for propulsive fuselage power savings

2020 ◽  
pp. 095441002091631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Seitz ◽  
Anaïs Luisa Habermann ◽  
Martijn van Sluis
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Power Train ◽  
Analytical Formulation ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
Range Equation

The paper discusses optimality constellations for the design of boundary layer ingesting propulsive fuselage concept aircraft under special consideration of different fuselage fan power train options. Therefore, a rigorous methodical approach for the evaluation of the power saving potentials of propulsive fuselage concept aircraft configurations is provided. Analytical formulation for the power-saving coefficient metric is introduced, and, the classic Breguet–Coffin range equation is extended for the analytical assessment of boundary layer ingesting aircraft fuel burn. The analytical formulation is applied to the identification of optimum propulsive fuselage concept power savings together with computational fluid dynamics numerical results of refined and optimised 2D aero-shapings of the bare propulsive fuselage concept configuration, i.e. fuselage body including the aft–fuselage boundary layer ingesting propulsive device, obtained during the European Union-funded DisPURSAL and CENTRELINE projects. A common heuristic for the boundary layer ingesting efficiency factor is derived from the best aero-shaping cases of both projects. Based thereon, propulsive fuselage concept aircraft design optimality is parametrically analysed against variations in fuselage fan power train efficiency, systems weight impact and fuselage-to-overall aircraft drag ratio in cruise. Optimum power split ratios between the fuselage fan and the underwing main fans are identified. The paper introduces and discusses all assumptions necessary in order to apply the presented evaluation approach. This includes an in-depth explanation of the adopted system efficiency definitions and drag/thrust bookkeeping standards.

scholarly journals Estimation of Aircraft Emissions Growth and Emission Mapping during Cruise Flights (Jakarta–Surabaya Route)

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Luay Adnani ◽  
Ratih Sekartadji ◽  
Ervina Ahyudanari
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Aircraft Emissions ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Flight Route ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Air transportation services and aviation activities have continued to increase over the past decade, thereby contributing significantly to air pollution and climate change. These effects are predicted to worsen should no initiatives be implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In consideration of this issue, this study was conducted to determine the amount of fuel consumed and the volume of emissions produced by each aircraft during cruise flight from Jakarta to Surabaya, the busiest domestic flight route in Indonesia. It examined previously projected annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and ascertained the form of emission distribution in the industry to provide an overview of the growth in Green House Gas emissions that can impact climate change. In this study, estimation of aircraft fuel consumption and emissions is calculated using International Civil Aviation Organization’s Carbon Emissions Methodology. The data used in this study are flight schedules and air transport statistics. Forecasting uses aircraft emission data which is converted to emissions per passenger. Results showed that CO2 is the gas most substantially emitted by aviation, with flights in 2019 emitting a total of 374.785.206 kg of the substance. Forecasts for 2030 yielded an emissions volume of 612.742.509 kg. Under a scenario wherein emission reduction efforts involve replacing old aircraft with a new fleet, projected emissions for 2030 amounted to 490.194.007 kg. In a situation wherein fleet replacement is combined with the use of biofuels, the estimated emissions decreased to 465.684.307 kg. This value, compared with the levels achieved through existing initiatives, reflect emissions reduction by 24%.

scholarly journals A Probabilistic Assessment of NASA Ultra-Efficient Engine Technologies for a Large Subsonic Transport

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Tong ◽  
Scott M. Jones ◽  
Philip C. Arcara ◽  
William J. Haller
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
High Temperature Materials ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Aircraft Fuel ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
System Assessment ◽  
Passenger Aircraft ◽  
The Impact

NASA’s Ultra Efficient Engine Technology (UEET) program features advanced aeropropulsion technologies that include highly loaded turbomachinery, an advanced low-NOx combustor, high-temperature materials, intelligent propulsion controls, aspirated seal technology, and an advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) design tool to help reduce airplane drag. A probabilistic system assessment is performed to evaluate the impact of these technologies on aircraft fuel burn and NOx reductions. A 300-passenger aircraft, with two 396-kN thrust (85,000-pound) engines is chosen for the study. The results show that a large subsonic aircraft equipped with the UEET technologies has a very high probability of meeting the UEET Program goals for fuel-burn (or equivalent CO2) reduction (−15% from the baseline) and LTO (landing and takeoff) NOx reductions (−70% relative to the 1996 International Civil Aviation Organization rule). These results are used to provide guidance for developing a robust UEET technology portfolio, and to prioritize the most promising technologies required to achieve UEET program goals for the fuel-burn and NOx reductions.

The state of the art and operational scenarios for urban air mobility with unmanned aircraft

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
F. D. Maia ◽  
J. M. Lourenço da Saúde
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Management ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Aircraft Systems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Standards And Regulations

ABSTRACT A state-of-the-art review of all the developments, standards and regulations associated with the use of major unmanned aircraft systems under development is presented. Requirements and constraints are identified by evaluating technologies specific to urban air mobility, considering equivalent levels of safety required by current and future civil aviation standards. Strategies, technologies and lessons learnt from remotely piloted aviation and novel unmanned traffic management systems are taken as the starting point to assess operational scenarios for autonomous urban air mobility.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Climate Impact Reduction Potential of the Water-Enhanced Turbofan (WET) Concept

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Regina Pouzolz ◽  
Oliver Schmitz ◽  
Hermann Klingels
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Impact Reduction ◽  
Fuel Burn ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

Aviation faces increasing pressure not only to reduce fuel burn, and; therefore, CO2 emissions, but also to provide technical solutions for an overall climate impact minimization. To combine both, a concept for the enhancement of an aircraft engine by steam injection with inflight water recovery is being developed. The so-called Water-Enhanced Turbofan (WET) concept promises a significant reduction of CO2 emissions, NOx emissions, and contrail formation. Representative missions for an A320-type aircraft using the proposed new engine were calculated. Applying a first-order one-dimensional climate assessment prospects the reduction of more than half of the Global Warming Potential over one hundred years, compared to an evolutionarily improved aero-engine. If CO2-neutrally produced sustainable aviation fuels are used, climate impact could be reduced by 93% compared to today’s aircraft. The evaluation is a first estimate of effects based on preliminary design studies and should provide a starting point for discussion in the scientific community, implying the need for research, especially on the formation mechanisms and radiation properties of potential contrails from the comparatively cold exhaust gases of the WET engine.

Passenger aircraft emissions analysis at Ordu-Giresun International Airport, Turkey in 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkay Orhan
Keyword(s):  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Aircraft Emissions ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Airport ◽  
Engine Emission ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to present the pollutant gas produced by hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and the quantity of fuel burned from commercial aircraft at Ordu-Giresun International Airport, Turkey during the landing and take-off (LTO) cycles in 2017. Design/methodology/approach The flight data recorded by the General Directorate of State Airports Authority and the aircraft engine emission data from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Engine Exhaust Emission Databank were used for calculation. The aircraft and engine types used by the airlines for flight at Ordu-Giresun International Airport were determined. To evaluate the effect of taxi time on emission amounts, analysis and evaluations were made by taking different taxi times into consideration. Findings As a result of the emission analysis, the amount of fuel consumed by the aircraft were calculated as 6,551.52 t/y, and the emission amounts for CO, HC and NOx were estimated as 66.81, 4.20 and 79.97 t/y, respectively. Practical implications This study is aimed to reveal the effect and contribution of taxi time on the emitted emission at the airport during the LTO phase of the aircraft. Originality/value This study helps aviation authorities explain the importance of developing procedures that ensure the delivery of aircraft to flights in minimum time by raising awareness of the impact of taxi time on emitted emissions, and contributes to the determination of an aircraft emission inventory at Ordu-Giresun International Airport.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document