scholarly journals Effect of fuels, aromatics and preparation methods on seal swell

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
A. Anuar ◽  
V.K. Undavalli ◽  
B. Khandelwal ◽  
S. Blakey
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Swelling Rate ◽  
Aromatic Species ◽  
Propyl Benzene ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract New alternative jet fuels have provided many advantages in the aviation industry, especially in terms of economics and environment. However, fuel–seal compatibility is one of the major issues that restricts alternative fuel advancement into the market. Thus, to help understand and solve the problem, this study examines the swelling effect of prepared and non-prepared O-rings in different fuels and aromatic species. Stress relaxation experiments were carried out to evaluate seal compatibility under compression, which mimics engine operation conditions. Seals were compressed and immersed in a variety of fuels and their blends for about 90h while maintaining a constant temperature 30°C and constant compression force of 25% seal thickness. The two types of elastomers investigated were fluorosilicone and nitrile O-rings, which are predominantly used in the aviation industry. Meanwhile, three different fuels and aromatic species were utilised as the variables in the experiments. The fuels used were Jet-A1, SPK and SHJFCS, while the aromatic species added were propyl benzene, tetralin and p-xylene. The swelling effects were determined from the P/Po value. Results indicate that Jet-A1 has the highest swelling effect, followed by SHJFCS and SPK. It was observed that the higher the percentage of aromatics in fuel, the higher the rate of swelling. Furthermore, prepared seals had a lower swelling rate than did non-prepared seals. Meanwhile, the intensity of the swelling effect in the Jet-A1-SHJFCS blends was in the order of 60/40, 85/15 and 50/50 blend. The work done in this study will aid in the selection of suitable aromatic species in future fuels. The novelty of this research lies in the determination of the appropriate amount of aromatic content as well as the selection of type of aromatic and its mixture fuel. Moreover, the various proportions of fuel blends with aromatic are investigated. The primary aim of this study is to understand the behaviour of prepared and non-prepared seals, and their compatibility with alternative fuels.

Biomass to Bio Jet Fuels: A Take Off to the Aviation Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-213
Author(s):  
Anjani R K Gollakota ◽  
Anil Kumar Thandlam ◽  
Chi‐Min Shu
Keyword(s):  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Jet Fuels

Selection of the optimal hydraulic drive for the press

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
A.A. Antsifirov ◽  
V.A. Krivoshein
Keyword(s):  
Technological Process ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Hydraulic Drive ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Topological Model ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
The Press ◽  
Selection Of

The research presented in the article is devoted to the selection of the electric motor of the hydraulic press drive with a nominal force of 5MN. The article presents the main characteristics and the description of the press operation using the means of mechanization of the technological process of pressure treatment. Using the Deform-3D software package, the process of stamping the crosspiece of the ZIL-130 cardan shaft was simulated. Based on the presented hydraulic scheme of the press, its topological model was formed in the PA-9 software package. The deformation force obtained in the course of modeling the technological process of stamping was used in the topological model of the press. Using a tabular cyclogram, the sequence of actuation of the end switches and hydraulic distributors during the stamping process is shown. In the article, two variants of engine operation were analyzed. Based on the results of the conducted research, it is necessary to focus on the second version of the 55 kW engine, the operation of which will provide the required characteristics of the hydraulic drive of the press, which in turn will allow for technological stamping operations. The simulation tools allow providing estimated information when selecting the necessary tools to ensure the optimal characteristics of hydraulic press drives. The article considered the variation of electric motors that differ from each other in nominal characteristics, with constant characteristics of the pump. For more accurate estimates of energy savings during the operation of the hydraulic drive, it is necessary to vary the characteristics of the pump in the simulation, and the best option is to form an experiment planning matrix when combining the characteristics of the electric motor and the hydraulic pump. This approach ultimately allows forming a function for which one can select a hydraulic drive from existing brands of electric motors and hydraulic pumps for presses of the corresponding range of nominal force.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine fuelled with Uppage Oil Methyl Ester (UOME)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.N. Basavarajappa ◽  
N. R. Banapurmath ◽  
S.V. Khandal ◽  
G. Manavendra
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Performance And Emission

For economic and social development of any country energy is one of the most essential requirements. Continuously increasing price of crude petroleum fuels in the present days coupled with alarming emissions and stringent emission regulations has led to growing attention towards use of alternative fuels like vegetable oils, alcoholic and gaseous fuels for diesel engine applications. Use of such fuels can ease the burden on the economy by curtailing the fuel imports. Diesel engines are highly efficient and the main problems associated with them is their high smoke and NOx emissions.  Hence there is an urgent need to promote the use of alternative fuels in place of high speed diesel (HSD) as substitute. India has a large agriculture base that can be used as a feed stock to obtain newer fuel which is renewable and sustainable. Accordingly Uppage oil methyl ester (UOME) biodiesel was selected as an alternative fuel. Use of biodiesels in diesel engines fitted with mechanical fuel injection systems has limitation on the injector opening pressure (300 bar). CRDI system can overcome this drawback by injecting fuel at very high pressures (1500-2500 bar) and is most suitable for biodiesel fuels which are high viscous. This paper presents the performance and emission characteristics of a CRDI diesel engine fuelled with UOME biodiesel at different injection timings and injection pressures. From the experimental evidence it was revealed that UOME biodiesel yielded overall better performance with reduced emissions at retarded injection timing of -10° BTDC in CRDI mode of engine operation.

scholarly journals Preparation methods for Graphene, Metal and Polymer-based Composites for EMI Shielding Materials: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Ayub ◽  
Beh Hoe Guan ◽  
Faiz Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Faisal Javed ◽  
Amir Mosavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposition Method ◽  
Deposition Method ◽  
Shielding Effectiveness ◽  
Emi Shielding ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Shielding Material ◽  
Selection Of

The electromagnetic inference is an issue from decades, where working for a better shielding material is still on-going. The purpose of this study is to review the existing methods in the formation of graphene, metal and polymer-based composites. Study indicates that in graphene and metal-based composites, the utilization of alternating deposition method showed the highest shielding effectiveness, whereas, in polymer-based composite, the utilization of chemical vapor deposition method showed highest shielding effectiveness. However, this review reveals that still there is a gap in the literature in terms of the selection of the method. Although there are various available methods which researchers adopt as per their convenience, none of the studies makes a comparison of the methods to form a similar composite. Therefore, as a future gap researcher needs to adopt various methods to form a single composite and then make a comparison of shielding effectiveness. This act will be useful for future researchers to select the appropriate method.

Estimation of the Occurrence of Micro-Explosion for the Diesel-Biofuel Multi-Components Droplets

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cai Shen ◽  
Chia-fon F. Lee ◽  
Way L. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Minimal Surface ◽  
Weber Number ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Fuel Droplets ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Breakup Model

A numerical study of micro-explosion in multi-component bio-fuel droplets is presented. The onset of micro-explosion is characterized by the normalized onset radius (NOR). Bubble expansion is described by a modified Rayleigh equation. The final breakup is modeled from a surface energy approach by determining the minimal surface energy (MSE). After the breakup, the Sauter mean radius (SMR) for initially small size droplets can be estimated from a look-up table generated from the current breakup model. There exists an optimal droplet size for the onset of micro-explosion. The MSE approach reaches the same conclusion as previous model determining atomization by aerodynamic disturbances. The SMR of secondary droplets can be estimated by the possible void fraction, ε, at breakup and the corresponding surface Weber number, Wes, at the minimal surface energy ratio (MSER). Biodiesel can enhance micro-explosion in the fuel blends of ethanol and diesel (which is represented by a single composition tetradecane). The simulation results show that the secondary atomization of bio-fuel and diesel blends can be achieved by micro-explosion under typical diesel engine operation conditions.

Study on the Effects of Hydrogen Addition on Ignition Delay of Surrogate Fuel for RP-3 Kerosene

2014 ◽  
Vol 1070-1072 ◽  
pp. 549-552
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Wen Zeng ◽  
Hong An Ma ◽  
Kang Yao Deng
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Hydrogen Addition ◽  
Ignition Delay Times ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Surrogate Fuel

In order to reduce the emission and realize the sustainable development in aviation industry, looking for alternative fuel as kerosene has become more and more important. Hydrogen is regarded as one of the most promising alternative fuels. In our study RP-3 kerosene with hydrogen addition is used as the alternative kerosene. A RP-3 kerosene surrogate includes n-decane, toluene and propyl cyclohexane (volume fraction is 0.65/0.1/0.25) was chosen and the ignition delay times are calculated in CHEMKIN-PRO, it is found that hydrogen addition can shorten ignition delay.

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