scholarly journals Protein utilization, growth and survival in essential-fatty-acid-deficient rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiani Jeyakumar Henry ◽  
Amal Ghusain-Choueiri ◽  
Philip R. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Retarded Growth ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency and the utilization of dietary protein, growth rate and survival of offspring was investigated in rats during development and reproduction. EFA deficiency was induced by feeding a 200 g casein/kg-based diet containing 70 g hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO)/lkg as the only source of fat. The conversion efficiency of dietary protein was assessed as net protein utilization (NPU), using a 10 d comparative carcass technique. Consumption of the deficient diet during the 10 d assay period induced biochemical changes characteristic of mild EFA deficiency in humans (triene:tetraene 0·27 (SD 0·04) compared with 0·026 (SD 0·004) for wn-deficient controls), but there were no significant changes in growth rate or protein utilization. These variables were also unchanged when the deficient diet was fed for an additional 7 d before the assay, although triene: tetraene increased to 0.8 (SD 0·02). Feeding the deficient diet for 63 d before assay produced severe EFA deficiency (triene:tetraene 1.4 (SD 0·3) v. 0·036 (SD 0·005) for controls), a fall in growth rate (25% during assay period), and NPU (31.5 (SD 0·63) v. 39.0 (SD 0·93) for controls). These severely-EFA-deficient animals had a 30% higher fasting-resting rate of energy metabolism than that of age-matched controls. However, there was no change in the rate of endogenous N loss. Voluntary energy consumption was increased in animals fed on deficient diets, either with 200 g protein/kg, or protein free. The reduced efficiency of protein utilization could be entirely accounted for by the restricted amount of energy available for growth and protein deposition. Consumption of an EFA-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation resulted in high mortality (11% survival rate at weaning compared with 79% for controls) and retarded growth in the preweaning offspring. It is concluded that animals are particularly sensitive to EFA deficiency during reproduction and pre- and post-natal stages of development. However, after weaning only severe EFA deficiency retarded growth, primarily through changes in energy balance.

Whole wheat grain feeding of Merino ewes. 3. Influence of level of wheat and vitamin A on wool growth in pregnancy and lactation

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (78) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR McManus ◽  
JA Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Wool Yield ◽  
The Relationship

In experiment 1, ewes were fed three levels of wheat in pens, with or without vitamin A, from joining to weaning. The wheat levels ranged from 3.4 to 4.6 kg head-1 week-1. Control groups were run on native pasture. In experiment 2 three levels of wheat, which ranged from 3.9 to 7.1 kg head-1 week-1. were fed to ewes from joining to weaning. At each wheat level two groups were fed wheat in pens (wheat/ pen); another group was fed wheat in small paddocks (wheat/paddock). One of the wheat/pen groups received vitamin A. A control group was run at pasture. Vitamin A had no effect on wool traits except on wool yield in experiment 2. Clean wool weight and staple length increased linearly with increasing wheat intakes in both experiments. The relationship between fibre diameter and wheat level was linear in experiment 1 and curvilinear in experiment 2. In experiment 2 there were differences between wheat/pen and wheat/paddock groups in all the wool traits measured. In experiment 1, wool growth rate was reduced by 40 per cent in the wheat groups and by 44 per cent in the pasture groups during late pregnancy and lactation. In experiment 2, compared with early pregnancy, wool growth rate was reduced by 11 per cent and 31 per cent in the wheat groups during late pregnancy and lactation respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of genotype, age of hens and K/k allele on eggshell quality

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ledvinka ◽  
L. Zita ◽  
M. Hubený ◽  
E. Tůmová ◽  
M. Tyller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Feed Mixture ◽  
Eggshell Quality ◽  
Feather Growth ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship

We assessed the influence of the particular genotype, age of layers, feather growth-rate gene, and their mutual interactions on selected indicators of eggshell quality in six groups of hens of the laying type Dominant. The following genotypes were examined in the experiment: Barred Plymouth Rock, Dominant BPR 951 (K) strain, slow-feathering; Barred Plymouth Rock, Dominant BPR 901 (k) strain, fast-feathering; Blue Plymouth Rock, Dominant BLPR 954 (K) strain, slow-feathering; Blue Plymouth Rock, Dominant BLPR 894 (k) strain, fast-feathering; crossbreds of the above strains in the F<sub>1</sub> generation Dominant D 107 blue (K), slow-feathering and Dominant D 107 blue (k), fast-feathering. The layers were fed a feed mixture NP1 (16.64 % CP) from the 20<sup>th</sup> week of age and a feed mixture NP2 (15.02% CP) from the 42<sup>nd</sup> week. Husbandry conditions met the regular requirements of laying hens. Egg production and live weight of hens were monitored for the duration of the experiment (12 months). Eggshell quality was examined at the layers' age of 27, 35 and 56 weeks. The average hen-day egg production for the duration of the experiment (12 months) was not significantly influenced by the particular genotype or the feather growth-rate gene. The varying representation of the feather growth-rate gene significantly (P &le; 0.001) influenced the live weight; similarly, the relationship between the genotype and the representation of K/k alleles was significant. The average egg weight was influenced statistically significantly (P &le; 0.001) by the age of hens, their genotype (P &le; 0.05), feather growth-rate gene (P &le; 0.001), and the relationship between the age and genotype (P &le; 0.001). The age of hens, genotype, and the interaction of these two factors affected the egg shape index, as did the incidence of the feather growth-rate gene within the population (with a statistical significance of P &le; 0.001). The age, genotype and the feather growth-rate gene incidence within the population also significantly affected the eggshell quality indicators. In the eggshell to egg ratio, eggshell thickness and strength, an interaction was determined between the age of hens and their particular genotype. The eggshell colour was also significantly (P &le; 0.001) affected by hens' age, genotype (P &le; 0.001), as well as by the feather growth-rate gene (P &le; 0.001). No significant interaction between the age and the genotype was found for this indicator.

A NOTE ON INFLATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND INCOME INEQUALITY

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Jin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Money Growth ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Endogenous Growth Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Growth

This paper develops a monetary endogenous growth model with capital and skill heterogeneity to analyze the relationship among inflation, growth, and income inequality. In the model inflation, growth, and inequality are jointly determined. We show that an increase in the long-run money growth rate raises inflation and reduces growth, but its effect on income inequality depends on the relative importance of the two types of heterogeneity. Inequality shrinks with the rise of inflation when capital heterogeneity dominates and enlarges when skill heterogeneity dominates. Therefore, our model supports a negative (positive) inflation–inequality relationship and a positive (negative) growth–inequality relationship when capital (skill) heterogeneity dominates. In any event, inflation and growth are negatively related.

scholarly journals Erratum

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. i-i
Keyword(s):  
Communication Studies ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Phosphorus Intake ◽  
In Pregnancy

In the communication: ‘Studies of the skeleton of the sheep. III. The relationship between phosphorus intake and resorption and repair of the skeleton in pregnancy and lactation’, D. Benzie, A. W. Boyne, A. C. Dalgarno, J. Duckworth & R. Hill, J. Agric. Sci. (1959), 52, 1–12, Plates 3 a and 3 b have been interchanged.

scholarly journals The relationship between dietary protein intake and blood pressure: results from the PREMIER study

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 745-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y F Wang ◽  
WS Yancy Jr ◽  
D Yu ◽  
C Champagne ◽  
L J Appel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals The effect of feeding high levels of low-quality proteins to growing chickens

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Wetnli ◽  
T. R. Morris ◽  
T. P. Shresta
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Three growth trials were done using male broiler chicks. In the first two trials, groundnut meal was used, with and without supplementary methionine and lysine. In the third trial, soya-bean meal was used with and without supplementary methionine. Protein levels ranged in the first trial from 120 to 420 g/kg diet and in the third trial from 120 to 300 g/kg diet. Thus the assumed minimal amino acid requirements of the chick were supplied by high levels of low-quality dietary protein.2. Diets based on cereals and groundnut meal did not support maximum live-weight gain or maximum efficiency of food utilization at any level of dietary protein. When the principal deficiencies of lysine and methionine were corrected, this protein mixture was capable of supporting the same growth rate as a control diet of cereals and herring meal.3. Diets based on maize and soya-bean meal did not support quite the same growth rate as similar diets supplemented with methionine, even though the protein level in the unsupplemented diets was sufficient to meet the assumed methionine requirements.4. These results are interpreted as examples of amino acid imbalance in diets composed of familiar feeding-stuffs. It is concluded that one cannot assume that the poor quality of a protein source can always be offset by increasing the concentration of dietary protein.

Effects of variations in dietary protein levels on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Mustela vison)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palle V. Rasmussen ◽  
Christian F. Børsting
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Hair Fibre

The effect of different and shifting dietary protein levels on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Two groups of pastel female mink were fed either 59% (high protein, HP) or 40% (low protein, LP) of metabolisable energy (ME) from protein during pregnancy and lactation. Shortly after weaning, kits from females fed the LP diet were put on a new LP diet (21% protein of ME). Kits from females fed HP were randomly distributed to four experimental groups fed a new HP diet (34% protein of ME) and three of these groups were shifted to diets with 21% protein at different times during June until September. Skin biopsies were taken at 4, 6, 23 and, 29 wk of age. Histological techniques and computer-assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of underfur and guard hairs, respectively, defined as the number of growing hairs as a percentage of the total number of hairs. The hair fibre length and thickness were determined by morphometric methods and correlated with fur properties of dried pelts judged by sensory methods. It was documented that 40% of ME from protein during pregnancy and lactation was sufficient for mink kits to express their genetic capacity to produce hair follicles. In males, a reduced protein level from the age of 15 wk or 22 wk until pelting disturbed moulting, indicated by a low ROA of underfur hairs at 23 wk, and consequently reduced the growth and development of the winter coat. A constantly low protein level from conception until the age of 29 wk did not disturb moulting, but led to a reduction of primeness and especially of the underfur length and fibre thickness of the winter coat. A low protein level from the age of 9 wk only reduced the thickness of the underfur fibres. Hair growth, final fur volume, and general quality of the winter coat of males were influenced negatively and to the same degree in all groups fed the LP diet in part of the growth period. The number of underfur hairs per area (hair density) of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary treatment meaning that the protein content of 21% of ME in the LP diet was high enough for the mink to express its genetic capacity to develop hair follicles. However, this low protein content led to a reduction of hair fibre length and hair fibre thickness of the underfur. Overall, this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein supply in the period from 22 wk of age until pelting, irrespective of the supply in the preceding periods. Key words: Fur properties, hair fibres, nutrition, pelage, protein requirement

Prospects for Cooperation Between Russia and Syria in Various Scenarios of Military Conflict Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Alheder Haled
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

The paper is devoted to determining the prospects for cooperation between Russia and the Syrian Arab Republic in various scenarios of military conflicts. In order to identify the relationship between the success of the country's foreign economic policy and the military conflicts waged on its territory, a study was conducted of such indicators of Syria as: the growth rate of the peace index and the GDP growth rate. A strong inverse correlation is revealed, which means that the level of political situation and peace in the state determines the efficiency of the economy. In view of this, various scenarios of the development of the military conflict in Syria have been studied: at the initial stage, at the stage of active hostilities, at the present stage of overcoming the crisis. The last stage involves four different scenarios for the development of a military conflict, including a local nature and a protracted nature with the involvement of other countries of the world. Options for developing cooperation between Russia and Syria have been identified for each scenario. Taking into account the assessment of the international political situation, the two most likely scenarios for further military events in Syria are identified, and the prospects for cooperation between Russia and Syria in these conditions are outlined.

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