scholarly journals Alterations in energy balance from an exercise intervention with ad libitum food intake

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Melzer ◽  
Anne Renaud ◽  
Stefanie Zurbuchen ◽  
Céline Tschopp ◽  
Jan Lehmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBetter understanding is needed regarding the effects of exercise alone, without any imposed dietary regimens, as a single tool for body-weight regulation. Thus, we evaluated the effects of an 8-week increase in activity energy expenditure (AEE) on ad libitum energy intake (EI), body mass and composition in healthy participants with baseline physical activity levels (PAL) in line with international recommendations. Forty-six male adults (BMI = 19·7–29·3 kg/m2) participated in an intervention group, and ten (BMI = 21·0–28·4 kg/m2) in a control group. Anthropometric measures, cardiorespiratory fitness, EI, AEE and exercise intensity were recorded at baseline and during the 1st, 5th and 8th intervention weeks, and movement was recorded throughout. Body composition was measured at the beginning and at the end of the study, and resting energy expenditure was measured after the study. The intervention group increased PAL from 1·74 (se 0·03) to 1·93 (se 0·03) (P < 0·0001) and cardiorespiratory fitness from 41·4 (se 0·9) to 45·7 (se 1·1) ml O2/kg per min (P = 0·001) while decreasing body mass (−1·36 (se 0·2) kg; P = 0·001) through adipose tissue mass loss (ATM) (−1·61 (se 0·2) kg; P = 0·0001) compared with baseline. The control group did not show any significant changes in activity, body mass or ATM. EI was unchanged in both groups. The results indicate that in normal-weight and overweight men, increasing PAL from 1·7 to 1·9 while keeping EI ad libitum over an 8-week period produces a prolonged negative energy balance. Replication using a longer period (and/or more intense increase in PAL) is needed to investigate if and at what body composition the increase in AEE is met by an equivalent increase in EI.

scholarly journals Low Carbohydrate and Low Fat Diets with Equal Protein Content Lead to Similar Improvements in Body Composition and Glucose Tolerance in Obese Mice subjected to Caloric Restriction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petras Minderis ◽  
Andrej Fokin ◽  
Mantas Dirmontas ◽  
Aivaras Ratkevicius
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBackgroundReported differences in effects of low and high carbohydrate diets on weight control and metabolic health are controversial. We aimed to examine if such diets induce different improvements in body composition and glucose tolerance under conditions of caloric restriction (CR) in obese mice.MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice (n = 20) were fed obesogenic diet (45 and 17.5% kcal from fat and sugar) ad libitum for 18 weeks and then subjected to 6-week CR which progressively increased up to 40% using either Low Fat diet (20, 60, 20% kcal from fat, carbohydrate, protein, n = 10) or Low Carb diet (20, 60, 20% kcal from carbohydrate, fat, protein, n = 10). Mice fed regular chow diet ad libitum served as controls (n = 10). Body mass, hind limb muscle mass, fat mass, energy expenditure and glucose tolerance were compared between the groups.ResultsLow Fat and Low Carb groups had similar body mass (p > 0.05) prior to CR which was 30% greater compared to control group (p < 0.001). CR resulted in weight loss with no differences between Low Fat and Low Carb groups (30.0 ± 5.6 and 23.8 ± 7.5%, p > 0.05). Weight loss was mainly due to fat loss in both groups. Energy expenditure of freely moving mice did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05). Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test improved compared to control group (p < 0.05) and values before CR (p < 0.01) but without differences between Low Fat and Low Carb groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionsDietary carbohydrate or fat content when protein is equated does not play a significant role for body composition and metabolic health benefits of caloric restriction in obese mice.

Prevention of genetic fa/fa obesity with an ephedrine-methylxanthines thermogenic mixture

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (3) ◽  
pp. R507-R513
Author(s):  
A. G. Dulloo ◽  
D. S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Body Energy

A thermogenic mixture containing ephedrine and methylxanthines was administered to 8-wk-old genetically obese fa/fa rats (O-E/Mx group) for a period of 15 wk. Their energy balance and the final body composition were compared with an untreated ad libitum-fed (O-AL) group, as well as to other fa/fa obese animals that were either pair fed to lean controls (O-PF group), or that were food restricted to such an extent they maintained a similar body weight to that of lean animals (O-WF group). Energy intake was elevated above lean or O-PF levels by approximately 27 and 10% in the O-AL and O-E/Mx groups, respectively, but lower by 18% in the O-WF group. Energy expenditure, compared with the lean values, was 10% higher in both the O-AL and O-E/Mx groups, but reduced by 13 and 30% in the O-PF and O-WF groups, respectively. The gain in body energy and the efficiency of energy deposition remained elevated above the lean values by 2.3- to 3.5-fold in the O-AL, O-PF, and O-WF groups but were reduced to lean levels in the O-E/Mx groups. These studies indicate that, unlike food restriction, the ephedrine-methylxanthine mixture prevents or arrests the development of the obesity in the fa/fa mutant by normalizing their energetic efficiency to that of the lean.

scholarly journals A School-Based Exercise Intervention Program Increases Muscle Strength in Prepubertal Boys

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Stenevi-Lundgren ◽  
Robin M. Daly ◽  
Magnus K. Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Based ◽  
Pubertal Boys

This prospective controlled intervention study over 12 months evaluated the effect of exercise on muscular function, physical ability, and body composition in pre-pubertal boys. Sixty-eight boys aged 6–8 years, involved in a general school-based exercise program of 40 min per school day (200 min/week), were compared with 46 age-matched boys who participated in the general Swedish physical education curriculum of mean 60 min/week. Baseline and annual changes of body composition were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), stature, and body mass by standard equipments, isokinetic peak torque (PT) of the knee extensors, and flexors at 60 and 180 deg/sec by computerized dynamometer (Biodex) and vertical jump height (VJH) by a computerized electronic mat. The annual gain in stature and body mass was similar between the groups whereas the increase in total body and regional lean mass (P<.001) and fat mass (P<.001) was greater in the exercise group. The one-year gain in body mass-adjusted knee extensor and flexor PT at 180 deg/sec was significantly greater in the intervention group compared with the control group (P<.01, adjusted for age at baseline andP<.001, adjusted for age and muscle strength at baseline, resp.). There was no group difference in VJH. In conclusion, the increase in school-based physical education from 60 to 200 minutes per week enhances the development of lean body mass and muscle strength in pre-pubertal boys.

scholarly journals Study on the Exercise and Nutrition Intervention on Body Composition and Fitness of Female College Students with Invisible Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 02038
Author(s):  
Zhang Wei-wei ◽  
Yu Ling
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Health Education ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female College ◽  
Education Group

To observe the effect of exercise intervention and nutrition health education on body composition and fitness of female college students with invisible obesity. 60 female college students with invisible obesity were randomly divided into three groups: control group, exercise intervention group and exercise + nutrition health education group. The control group had normal study and life; the exercise intervention group used aerobic exercise and resistance exercise to carry out collective exercise prescription exercise and individual contract exercise; the exercise intervention + nutrition health education group carried out nutrition health education on the basis of exercise intervention. Before the experiment, the three groups of female college students were homogenous (P > 0.05); after 16 weeks of the experiment, the body composition and fitness of the exercise intervention group and the exercise intervention + nutrition and health education group were significantly higher than that before the experiment, among which there were significant differences in BMI, BF%, VFI, vital capacity, 800m, sit forward flexion and sit up indexes (P < 0.05); after 8 weeks of training, the exercise intervention group was significantly higher than that before the experiment (P < 0.05) The BMI, BF% and VFI of the exercise intervention + nutrition health education group continued to decrease (P < 0.05). The combination of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise can reduce the body composition and improve the fitness level of female college students with recessive obesity. The effect of combined intervention of nutrition and health education on the basis of exercise intervention is better than that of single exercise intervention, and it can promote students to form the concept of reasonable nutrition and exercise actively. It is suggested that the correct nutrition concept and active exercise of the recessive obese college students can reduce the body composition and improve the fitness level of the recessive obese female college students.

scholarly journals Effect of Combined Interval and Continuous Exercise Training on Gastric Emptying, Appetite, and Adaptive Responses in Men With Overweight and Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy M. Horner ◽  
Nuala M. Byrne ◽  
Neil A. King
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Continuous Exercise ◽  
Ad Libitum

Background/Objectives: Characterizing compensatory and adaptive responses to exercise assists in understanding changes in energy balance and health outcomes with exercise interventions. This study investigated the effects of a short-term exercise intervention (combining high intensity interval (HII) and continuous exercise) on (1) gastric emptying, appetite and energy intake; and (2) other adaptive responses including cardiorespiratory fitness, in inactive men with overweight/obesity.Methods: Fifteen men (BMI: 29.7 ± 3.3 kg/m−2) completed a 4-wk supervised exercise intervention, consisting of 5 exercise sessions per week alternating between HII (30 s at 100% VO2max followed by 30 s recovery) and continuous (at 50% VO2max) training on a cycle ergometer, progressing from 30 to 45 min session duration. Gastric emptying (13C-octanoic acid breath test), appetite (visual analog scale), energy intake (ad libitum lunch meal), body composition (air displacement plethysmography), non-exercise activity (accelerometery) VO2max, blood pressure, and fasting concentrations of glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were measured before and after (≥48 h) the intervention.Results: Gastric emptying, glucose, insulin and ghrelin were unchanged, but energy intake at the ad libitum lunch test meal significantly increased at post-intervention (+171 ± 116 kcal, p &lt; 0.01). Body weight (−0.9 ± 1.1 kg), waist circumference (−2.3 ± 3.5 cm) and percent body fat (−0.9 ± 1.1%) were modestly reduced (P &lt; 0.05). VO2max increased (+4.4 ± 2.1 ml.kg.min−1) by 13% and systolic (−6.2 ± 8.4 mmHg) and diastolic (−5.8 ± 2.2 mmHg) blood pressure were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.01 for all).Conclusions: Four weeks of exercise training did not alter gastric emptying, indicating gastric emptying may only adapt to a higher volume/longer duration of exercise or changes in other characteristics associated with regular exercise. The combination of HII and continuous exercise training had beneficial effects on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and blood pressure and warrants further investigation in larger randomized controlled trials.

The Effect of Maximal- and Explosive-Strength Training on Performance Indicators in Cyclists

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Beattie ◽  
Brian P. Carson ◽  
Mark Lyons ◽  
Ian C. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Explosive Strength ◽  
Road Cyclists

Cycling economy (CE), power output at maximal oxygen uptake (WV̇O2max), and anaerobic function (ie, sprinting ability) are considered the best physiological performance indicators in elite road cyclists. In addition to cardiovascular function, these physiological indicators are partly dictated by neuromuscular factors. One technique to improve neuromuscular function in athletes is through strength training. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 20-wk maximal- and explosive-strength-training intervention on strength (maximal strength, explosive strength, and bike-specific explosive strength), WV̇O2max, CE, and body composition (body mass, fat and lean mass) in cyclists. Fifteen competitive road cyclists were divided into an intervention group (endurance training and strength training: n = 6; age, 38.0 ± 10.2 y; weight, 69.1 ± 3.6 kg; height, 1.77 ± 0.04 m) and a control group (endurance training only: n = 9; age, 34.8 ± 8.5 y; weight, 72.5 ± 7.2 kg; height, 1.78 ± 0.05 m). The intervention group strength-trained for 20 wk. Each participant completed 3 assessments: physiology (CE, WV̇O2max, power at 2 and 4 mmol/L blood lactate), strength (isometric midthigh pull, squat-jump height, and 6-s bike-sprint peak power), and body composition (body mass, fat mass, overall leanness, and leg leanness). The results showed significant between- and within-group changes in the intervention group for maximal strength, bike-specific explosive strength, absolute WV̇O2max, body mass, overall leanness, and leg leanness at wk 20 (P < .05). The control group showed no significant within-group changes in measures of strength, physiology, or body composition. This study demonstrates that 20 wk of strength training can significantly improve maximal strength, bike-specific explosive strength, and absolute WV̇O2max in competitive road cyclists.

Fitness Changes in Adolescent Girls Following In-School Combined Aerobic and Resistance Exercise: Interaction With Birthweight

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Daniel Dylan Cohen ◽  
Javier Carreño ◽  
Paul Anthony Camacho ◽  
Johanna Otero ◽  
Daniel Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Fitness Measures ◽  
Lower Birthweight

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of a supervised in-school combined resistance and aerobic training program in adolescent girls and investigate whether responses differ according to birthweight. Methods: Participants (girls aged 13–17 y) were randomized either to an intervention replacing physical education (PE) classes with 2 × 60-minute training sessions per week (n = 58) or to a control group that continued to attend 2 × 60 minutes per week of curriculum PE (n = 41). We measured muscular fitness (handgrip, standing long jump, and sit-ups), cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run), skinfolds, and lean body mass preintervention and postintervention and determined effect size (Hedge’s g) differences between changes in these measures. We also compared changes within lower (<3000 g) and normal birthweight intervention and PE control subgroups. Results: The intervention group showed greater improvements in all the fitness measures and lean body mass (g = 0.22–0.48) and lower skinfold increases (g = 0.41) than PE controls. Within the intervention group, improvements in all fitness measures were larger in lower birthweight (g = 0.53–0.94) than in normal birthweight girls (g = 0.02–0.39). Conclusion: Replacing curriculum PE with supervised training improved muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition outcomes in adolescent females. Our findings suggest an enhanced adaptive response to training in participants with lower birthweight which warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Effects and Responsiveness of a Multicomponent Intervention on Body Composition, Physical Fitness and Leptin in Overweight/Obese Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7267
Author(s):  
Leticia Borfe ◽  
Caroline Brand ◽  
Letícia Schneiders ◽  
Jorge Mota ◽  
Claudia Cavaglieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Multicomponent Program

Physical exercise reduces the biochemical markers of obesity, but the effects of multicomponent interventions on these markers should be explored. The present study aimed to elucidate how overweight/obese adolescents respond to a multicomponent program approach on body composition, physical fitness, and inflammatory markers, using a quasi-experimental study with 33 overweight/obesity adolescents (control group (CG) = 16; intervention group (IG) = 17). The intervention consisted of 24 weeks with physical exercises and nutritional and psychological guidance. Both groups were evaluated at the pre/post-intervention moments on body mass index (BMI); body fat (%Fat); waist circumference (WC); waist/hip ratio (WHR); waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF); abdominal strength, flexibility; leptin; interleukin 6; interleukin 10; and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Mixed-analysis of variance and generalized estimation equations were used for statistical analysis. There was an interaction effect between groups and time on %Fat (p = 0.002), WC (p = 0.023), WHR (p < 0.001), WHtR (p = 0.035), CRF (p = 0.050), and leptin (p = 0.026). Adolescents were classified as 82.4% responders for %Fat, 70.6% for WC, 88.2% for WHR, and 70.6% for CRF. Further, there was an association between changes in %Fat (p = 0.033), WC (p = 0.032), and WHR (p = 0.033) between responders and non-responders with CRF in the IG. There was a positive effect on body composition, physical fitness, and leptin. In addition, reductions in body composition parameters were explained by CRF improvements.

scholarly journals Feasibility Study of an Educational Intervention to Improve Water Intake in Adolescent Soccer Players: A Two-Arm, Non-Randomized Controlled Cluster Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1339
Author(s):  
Rubén Martín-Payo ◽  
María del Mar Fernández-Álvarez ◽  
Edurne Zabaleta-del-Olmo ◽  
Rebeca García-García ◽  
Xana González-Méndez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Intervention ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Cluster Trial ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of an educational intervention on hydration behavior in adolescent soccer players. A pilot study of a two-arm, non-randomized controlled cluster trial was conducted. A total of 316 players aged 13–16 agreed to participate. The response variables were the players’ participation in the intervention, their perception of the knowledge acquired, the usefulness and the overall assessment of the intervention. Hydration patterns and acquisition of knowledge on hydration behavior were also assessed. The intervention involved two elements: posters and a web app. A total of 259 adolescents completed the study (intervention group (IG) = 131; control group (CG) = 128). 80.6% of the players responded to the survey assessing the feasibility of the intervention. The mean number of correct answers regarding behavior was significantly higher in the IG (3.54; SD = 1.162) than in the CG (2.64; SD = 1.174) (p < 0.001). The water consumption pattern at all the clubs was ad libitum. Of the players, 10% did not drink any water at all during the game. In conclusion, this intervention has been shown to be feasible for implementation with adolescent soccer players. It suggests that hydration guidelines should be informed by personal factors and that ad libitum water consumption should be avoided.

scholarly journals Sex differences in leptin and cardiometabolic profile after exercise intervention in physically inactive adults with primary hypertension and obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
SMM Maldonado-Martin ◽  
PC Corres ◽  
AMAB Martinezaguirre-Betolaza ◽  
BJI Jurio-Iriarte ◽  
MTE Tous-Espelosin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Primary Hypertension ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Hypocaloric Diet ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physically Inactive

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): University of the Basque Country OnBehalf GIKAFIT PURPOSES. To analyse the change on leptin, body composition, blood pressure (BP), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and some biochemical parameters in physically inactive women and men with primary hypertension (HTN) and obesity, and to evaluate the potential sex differences in the change after intervention. METHODS. Participants (n = 37 women, n= 40 men, 52.9 ± 6.9 yrs) from the EXERDIET-HTA study were randomized into attention control group (physical activity recommendations) or one of three supervised aerobic exercise groups [two days/week: high-volume (HV) with 45 min of moderate-intensity continuous training, HV and high-intensity interval training (HV-HIIT), and low volume-HIIT (LV-HIIT, 20 min)]. All participants received the same hypocaloric diet. All variables were assessed pre and post intervention (16 weeks). 24 h ambulatory BP monitoring was used to analyze systolic and diastolic BP. A cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). RESULTS. Following the intervention, there were increments (P &lt; 0.01) in CRF by VO2peak (Women, W = 21.1 ± 3.7 vs. 24.6 ± 4.4 mL·kg-1·min-1, Men, M = 26.3 ± 6.0 vs. 33.1 ± 10.2 mL·kg-1·min-1) and decreases (P &lt; 0.05) in leptin (W = 49.5 ± 23.0 vs. 41.8 ± 19.9 ng/mL, M = 20.5 ± 14.8 vs. 12.9 ± 18.6 ng/mL), body mass (W = 84.7 ± 12.1 vs. 80.3 ± 11.5 kg, M = 97.9 ± 14.4 vs. 91.5 ± 13.3 kg), waist perimeter (W = 97.3 ± 10.7 vs. 94.3 ± 10.9 cm, M = 107.9 ± 8.7 vs. 101.5 ± 7.9 cm), fat mass (W = 42.3 ± 5.1 vs. 38.6 ± 8.4 %, M = 31.2 ± 5.0 vs. 28.0 ± 4.4 %), systolic BP (M = 136.5 ± 12.1 vs. 129.3 ± 12.5 mmHg), diastolic BP (W = 76.2 ± 8.9 vs. 74.1 ± 8.7 mmHg, M = 79.3 ± 7.2 vs. 75.0 ± 8.2 mmHg), total cholesterol (M = 216.1 ± 44.5 vs. 196.1 ± 35.0 mg/dL), insulin (W = 13.4 ± 7.9 vs. 9.4 ± 4.2 mU/L) values. There were significant between-sex differences in body mass (W=-5.2%, M=-6.5%, effect size, ES = 0.073), waist circumference (W=-3.1%, M=-5.9%, ES = 0.114), and VO2peak (W = 14.2%, M = 20.5%, ES = 0.059). CONCLUSIONS. Aerobic exercise along with hypocaloric diet is an effective non-pharmacological tool to induce beneficial changes in women and men in BP and leptin as a mediator of obesity-induced HTN, and other regulatory mechanisms such as body composition, CRF and biochemical profile. The found sex-related differences could confirm the need of individual non-pharmacological strategies.

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