scholarly journals Metaphorical framing in political discourse through words vs. concepts: a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRITTA C. BRUGMAN ◽  
CHRISTIAN BURGERS ◽  
BARBARA VIS
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Framing Effects ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes ◽  
Level Of Analysis

abstractConceptual metaphor theory and other important theories in metaphor research are often experimentally tested by studying the effects of metaphorical frames on individuals’ reasoning. Metaphorical frames can be identified by at least two levels of analysis: words vs. concepts. Previous overviews of metaphorical-framing effects have mostly focused on metaphorical framing through words (metaphorical-words frames) rather than through concepts (metaphorical-concepts frames). This means that these overviews included only experimental studies that looked at variations in individual words instead of at the broader logic of messages. For this reason, we conducted a meta-analysis (k = 91, N = 34,783) to compare the persuasive impact of both types of metaphorical frames. Given that patterns of metaphor usage differ across discourse domains, and that effects may differ across modalities and discourse domains, we focused on one mode of presentation and one discourse domain only: verbal metaphorical framing in political discourse. Results showed that, compared to non-metaphorical frames, both metaphorical-words and metaphorical-concepts frames positively influenced beliefs and attitudes. Yet, these effects were larger for metaphorical-concepts frames. We therefore argue that future research should more explicitly describe and justify which level of analysis is chosen to examine the nature and effects of metaphorical framing.

Metaphor Research and the Hebrew Bible

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-285
Author(s):  
Mason D. Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Recent Developments

This article provides an overview of metaphor theories and research on their own terms, as well as their use in Hebrew Bible (HB) studies. Though metaphor studies in the HB have become increasingly popular, they often draw upon a limited or dated subset of metaphor scholarship. The first half of this article surveys a wide variety of metaphor scholarship from the humanities (philosophical, poetic, rhetorical) and the sciences (e.g., conceptual metaphor theory), beginning with Aristotle but focusing on more recent developments. The second half overviews studies of metaphor in the HB since 1980, surveying works focused on theory and method; works focused on specific biblical books or metaphor domains; and finally noting current trends and suggesting areas for future research.

scholarly journals Do You Get the Picture? A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Graphics on Reading Comprehension

AERA Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 233285842090169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daibao Guo ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Katherine Landau Wright ◽  
Erin M. McTigue
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flow Diagrams ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Mixed Format

Although convergent research demonstrates that well-designed graphics can facilitate readers’ understanding of text, there are select situations where graphics have been shown to have no effect on learners’ overall text comprehension. Therefore, the current meta-analytic study examined 39 experimental studies published between 1985 and 2018 measuring graphics’ effects on readers’ comprehension. We first quantified the overall effect on reading comprehension. Then, we considered interactions with learners’ characteristics, graphic types, and assessment formats. Our analysis revealed that the inclusion of graphics had a moderate overall positive effect (Hedges’s g = 0.39) on students’ reading comprehension, regardless of grade level. Regarding graphic type, we did not find a significant difference among pictures, pictorial diagrams, and flow diagrams. Only when compared to mixed graphics, pictures had a greater effect on comprehension. Additionally, compared with true and false assessments, graphics differentially benefited students’ comprehension on open-ended comprehension assessments and mixed format assessments. Implications for future research are presented.

The Effects of Tier 2 Mathematics Interventions for Students With Mathematics Difficulties: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 001440292096918
Author(s):  
Asha K. Jitendra ◽  
Ahmed Alghamdi ◽  
Rebecca Edmunds ◽  
Nicole M. McKevett ◽  
John Mouanoutoua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Variance Estimation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Mathematics Interventions ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Tier 2 Interventions ◽  
Mathematics Difficulties ◽  
Quasi Experimental

This meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of supplemental Tier-2 mathematics interventions for students with mathematics difficulties (MD). We reviewed 39 experimental and quasi-experimental studies that included 40 independent samples, with 61 treatment groups. Utilizing robust variance estimation (RVE), results revealed a treatment effect of 0.41. Mixed-effects meta-regression analyses revealed that Tier-2 interventions were moderated by intervention model type, group size, and type of measure. We present recommendations for future research and implementation of mathematics practices.

scholarly journals The Work-family Field: Gaps and Missing Links as Opportunities for Future Research

Innovar ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (66) ◽  
pp. 57-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherina Kuschel
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Conference Presentations ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Work Family

This review presents a synthesis and a critique of the development of the existing workfamily (WF) literature during the last decade in order to highlight gaps and limitations in current research. The study revises 83 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and conference presentations (2004-2014) related to WF in economics, management and psychology disciplines, and classifies the current research into three broad themes for future research paths: i) definitions and theories; ii) background and outcomes of wf conflict, balance and enrichment; and iii) methodological gaps. Advances have been made this decade on meta-analysis and the understanding of the positive side of WF interface. Future research opportunities in this field will include a deeper understanding of how to effectively cope with WF conflict, how to achieve WF enrichment, the use of different methods (qualitative, longitudinal and experimental studies) on samples of new occupations, and how researchers could address methodological problems (causality, endogeneity, simultaneity, effect size, and self-selection bias) to better handle the complexity of WF issues.

scholarly journals Using Metaphor to Find Meaning in Life

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Landau
Keyword(s):  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Empirical Tests ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Concrete Concepts ◽  
Over Time

Pursuing meaning in life confronts the individual with abstract ideas about the connections between experiences and identities over time ( continuity), the ends that life serves ( purpose), and its worth ( value). Conceptual metaphor theory is helpful to explain the cognitive strategies people use to understand these ideas. This theory posits that metaphor is a cognitive tool for understanding abstractions in terms of superficially dissimilar, relatively more concrete concepts. Early empirical tests of this claim focused on how activated metaphors influence judgments of other people, events, and social issues. Going further, an emerging area of research examines metaphor's roles in perceptions of life's continuity, purpose, and value. This article provides the first overview of this development. Specific aims are to organize previous findings, identify questions for future research, and discuss theoretical implications for the meaning of meaning.

scholarly journals A Systematic Literature Review and Research Agenda for Organ Donation Decision Communication

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Knox ◽  
Joy Parkinson ◽  
Bo Pang ◽  
Haruka Fujihira ◽  
Patricia David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Attitudinal Characteristics ◽  
Communication Interventions

Background: This study systematically located and appraised peer-reviewed evidence for the efficacy of strategies to increase organ donation decision communication among adults including an assessment of study quality to guide future research in this field. There is little room to move in strengthening unanimously positive public attitudes toward organ donation. Consequently, researchers have called for a focus on organ donation decision communication to understand modifiable factors to increase organ donation rates. Methods: Multiple databases were searched during September 2015, and 44 studies were selected for inclusion. Data concerning participants, design, and outcomes were extracted. Studies were rated for quality and levels of evidence. Findings: Although not amenable to meta-analysis, the literature indicates that approximately 50% of adults who are willing to become an organ donor have discussed this decision with family. The majority of research was conducted in a Western context with an overrepresentation of students. Strategies to increase communication include education, motivation, input from lived experience, efforts to address salient audience beliefs, and scheduled reminders or prompts. Intentions and willingness to discuss organ donation were consistently positively related to discussion behavior; however, formative research and experimental studies testing theoretically driven interventions were scarce. Conclusions: There is mixed evidence for the role of demographic and attitudinal characteristics in the success of organ donation communication interventions. Additional theoretically based research is recommended to establish boundary conditions and validate strategies to increase organ donation decision communication among adults.

Taking Levels of Analysis in Humor more Seriously: Comment on Romero and Arendt

2012 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Sosik
Keyword(s):  
Operational Definition ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Humor Styles ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Team Cooperation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Humor is a phenomenon that can simultaneously coexist at the individual, dyadic, and group levels, making its measurement and conceptualization complex. In a recent field study, Romero and Arendt (2011) examined relationships between four humor styles (i.e., affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, self-defeating) and four outcomes (i.e., stress, satisfaction with co-workers, team cooperation, organizational commitment), however, the latter was apparently measured as a self-report at the individual level of analysis. Their interesting results indicated different humor styles can have either positive or negative effects on these outcome variables. However, if their operational definition—and hence their conceptualization—of humor is based on self-report by the initiator, it may be problematic to use it at the dyadic and group levels because it potentially mixes levels of analysis and may cause misalignment between data and theory. Cautions and implications for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Smoking cessation programmes for women living in disadvantaged communities, “We Can Quit 2”: A systematic review protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Emma Burke ◽  
Fiona Dobbie ◽  
Nadine Dougall ◽  
Mary Adebolu Oluwaseun ◽  
David Mockler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Systematic Review Protocol ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
Review Protocol

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in Ireland with almost 6,000 smokers dying each year from smoking-related diseases. Amongst younger Irish women, smoking rates are considerably higher in those from socially disadvantaged areas compared to women from affluent areas. Women from poorer areas also experience higher rates of lung cancer. To our knowledge, there are no peer reviewed published systematic reviews on the effectiveness of interventions tailored to reduce smoking rates in women from disadvantaged areas. This systematic review protocol will aim to examine the effectiveness of such interventions and to describe trial processes such as recruitment, follow-up and dropout prevention strategies, as well as barriers and enablers of successful implementation.    A systematic review will be conducted of peer-reviewed randomised controlled trials and associated process evaluations of smoking cessation interventions designed for women living in socially disadvantaged areas. If the search returns, less than five studies are review criteria will expand to include quasi-experimental studies. A number of databases of scholarly literature will be searched from inception using a detailed search strategy. Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts and full-text articles to identify relevant studies using a pre-defined checklist based on PICOS. In the case of disagreement, a third reviewer will be consulted. The quality of included studies will be assessed using the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation’ (GRADE) criteria. Quantitative data will be extracted and, if comparable, will be assessed using meta-analysis. A narrative meta-synthesis of qualitative data will be conducted.   This review aims to synthesise information from relevant studies on smoking cessation interventions tailored for women from socially disadvantaged areas. The evidence obtained from studies and presented in this review will help guide future research in this area. Registration: This review will be registered with International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).

scholarly journals Smoking cessation programmes for women living in disadvantaged communities, “We Can Quit 2”: A systematic review protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Emma Burke ◽  
Fiona Dobbie ◽  
Nadine Dougall ◽  
Mary Adebolu Oluwaseun ◽  
David Mockler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Systematic Review Protocol ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
Review Protocol

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in Ireland with almost 6,000 smokers dying each year from smoking-related diseases. Amongst younger Irish women, smoking rates are considerably higher in those from socially disadvantaged areas compared to women from affluent areas. Women from poorer areas also experience higher rates of lung cancer. To our knowledge, there are no peer reviewed published systematic reviews on the effectiveness of interventions tailored to reduce smoking rates in women from disadvantaged areas. This systematic review protocol will aim to examine the effectiveness of such interventions and to describe trial processes such as recruitment, follow-up and dropout prevention strategies, as well as barriers and enablers of successful implementation.    A systematic review will be conducted of peer-reviewed randomised controlled trials and associated process evaluations of smoking cessation interventions designed for women living in socially disadvantaged areas. If the search returns, less than five studies are review criteria will expand to include quasi-experimental studies. A number of databases of scholarly literature will be searched from inception using a detailed search strategy. Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts and full-text articles to identify relevant studies using a pre-defined checklist based on PICOS. In the case of disagreement, a third reviewer will be consulted. The quality of included studies will be assessed using the ‘Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation’ (GRADE) criteria. Quantitative data will be extracted and, if comparable, will be assessed using meta-analysis. A narrative meta-synthesis of qualitative data will be conducted.   This review aims to synthesise information from relevant studies on smoking cessation interventions tailored for women from socially disadvantaged areas. The evidence obtained from studies and presented in this review will help guide future research in this area. Registration: This review will be registered with International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).

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