Structural–functional brain changes in depressed patients during and after electroconvulsive therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Yrondi ◽  
Patrice Péran ◽  
Anne Sauvaget ◽  
Laurent Schmitt ◽  
Christophe Arbus
Keyword(s):  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Brain Changes

ObjectivesElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a non-pharmacological treatment that is effective in treating severe and treatment-resistant depression. Although the efficacy of ECT has been demonstrated to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), the brain mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Structural–functional changes occur with the use of ECT as a treatment for depression based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For this reason, we have tried to identify the changes that were identified by MRI to try to clarify some operating mechanisms of ECT. We focus to brain changes on MRI [structural MRI (sMRI), functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imging (DTI)] after ECT.MethodsA systematic search of the international literature was performed using the bibliographic search engines PubMed and Embase. The research focused on papers published up to 30 September 2015. The following Medical Subject Headings (MESH) terms were used: electroconvulsive therapy AND (MRI OR fMRI OR DTI). Papers published in English were included. Four authors searched the database using a predefined strategy to identify potentially eligible studies.ResultsThere were structural changes according to the sMRI performed before and after ECT treatment. These changes do not seem to be entirely due to oedema. This investigation assessed the functional network connectivity associated with the ECT response in MDD. ECT response reverses the relationship from negative to positive between the two pairs of networks.ConclusionWe found structural–functional changes in MRI post-ECT. Because of the currently limited MRI data on ECT in the literature, it is necessary to conduct further investigations using other MRI technology.

scholarly journals Predementia Brain Changes in Progranulin Mutation: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney Alexander ◽  
Derek Pisner ◽  
Claudia Jacova
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mutation Carriers ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brain Changes

Background: Mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene are a major cause of familial frontotemporal dementia. They result in a loss of progranulin levels and in GRN-related brain degenerative changes that unfold over years if not decades. The aim of our review was to summarize the evidence on emerging functional and structural brain abnormalities in carriers of GRN mutations. Summary: We performed a systematic search for studies that used at least one modality (structural MRI, fMRI, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, diffusion tensor imaging) to compare mutation carriers to non-carrier controls. Our search produced 13 studies published between 2008 and 2017, the majority cross-sectional, with carrier sample sizes ranging from 5 to 65. Key Messages: The aggregate findings suggest that (1) measurable brain changes are detectable in at least some mutation carriers 20–25 years prior to disease onset; (2) functional/metabolic changes progress more consistently over time than structural changes; (3) the topographic pattern is anterior to posterior, not always asymmetric, and maps onto known functional networks.

Structural and Functional MRI Brain Changes in Patients with Schizophrenia Following Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuchao Jiang ◽  
Mingjun Duan ◽  
Hui He ◽  
Dezhong Yao ◽  
Cheng Luo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Therapeutic Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Induced Changes

Background: Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe psychiatric disorder typically characterized by multidimensional psychotic syndromes. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment option for medication-resistant patients with SZ or to resolve acute symptoms. Although the efficacy of ECT has been demonstrated in clinical use, its therapeutic mechanisms in the brain remain elusive. Objective: This study aimed to summarize brain changes on structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) after ECT. Methods: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was carried out. The PubMed and Medline databases were systematically searched using the following medical subject headings (MeSH): (electroconvulsive therapy OR ECT) AND (schizophrenia) AND (MRI OR fMRI OR DTI OR DWI). Results: This review yielded 12 MRI studies, including 4 with sMRI, 5 with fMRI and 3 with multimodal MRI. Increases in volumes of the hippocampus and its adjacent regions (parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala) as well as insula and frontotemporal regions were noted after ECT. fMRI studies found ECT-induced changes in different brain regions/networks, including the hippocampus, amygdala, default model network, salience network and other regions/networks that are thought to highly correlate with the pathophysiologic characteristics of SZ. The results of the correlation between brain changes and symptom remissions are inconsistent Conclusion: Our review provides evidence supporting ECT-induced brain changes on sMRI and fMRI in SZ and explores the relationship between these changes and symptom remission.

scholarly journals Regional synapse gain and loss accompany memory formation in larval zebrafish

2022 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. e2107661119
Author(s):  
William P. Dempsey ◽  
Zhuowei Du ◽  
Anna Nadtochiy ◽  
Colton D. Smith ◽  
Karl Czajkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Synaptic Changes ◽  
With Memory

Defining the structural and functional changes in the nervous system underlying learning and memory represents a major challenge for modern neuroscience. Although changes in neuronal activity following memory formation have been studied [B. F. Grewe et al., Nature 543, 670–675 (2017); M. T. Rogan, U. V. Stäubli, J. E. LeDoux, Nature 390, 604–607 (1997)], the underlying structural changes at the synapse level remain poorly understood. Here, we capture synaptic changes in the midlarval zebrafish brain that occur during associative memory formation by imaging excitatory synapses labeled with recombinant probes using selective plane illumination microscopy. Imaging the same subjects before and after classical conditioning at single-synapse resolution provides an unbiased mapping of synaptic changes accompanying memory formation. In control animals and animals that failed to learn the task, there were no significant changes in the spatial patterns of synapses in the pallium, which contains the equivalent of the mammalian amygdala and is essential for associative learning in teleost fish [M. Portavella, J. P. Vargas, B. Torres, C. Salas, Brain Res. Bull. 57, 397–399 (2002)]. In zebrafish that formed memories, we saw a dramatic increase in the number of synapses in the ventrolateral pallium, which contains neurons active during memory formation and retrieval. Concurrently, synapse loss predominated in the dorsomedial pallium. Surprisingly, we did not observe significant changes in the intensity of synaptic labeling, a proxy for synaptic strength, with memory formation in any region of the pallium. Our results suggest that memory formation due to classical conditioning is associated with reciprocal changes in synapse numbers in the pallium.

scholarly journals Neuroplasticity and Motor Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review on MRI Markers of Functional and Structural Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Tavazzi ◽  
Marta Cazzoli ◽  
Alice Pirastru ◽  
Valeria Blasi ◽  
Marco Rovaris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Motor Rehabilitation ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
The Impact

Background: Motor rehabilitation is routinely used in clinical practice as an effective method to reduce progressive disability gain in multiple sclerosis (MS), but rehabilitation approaches are typically unstandardized, and only few studies have investigated the impact of rehabilitation on brain neuroplasticity.Objective: To summarize and critically analyze studies applying MRI markers of functional connectivity and structural changes to assess the effect of motor rehabilitation on brain neuroplasticity in MS.Methods: Literature search was performed using PubMed and EMBASE, selecting studies having as a subject motor rehabilitation and advanced MRI techniques investigating neuroplasticity in adult patients affected by MS.Results: Seventeen out of 798 papers were selected, of which 5 applied structural MRI (4 diffusion tensor imaging, 1 volumetric measurements), 7 applied functional fMRI (5 task-related fMRI, 2 resting-state fMRI) whereas the remaining 5 applied both structural and functional imaging.Discussion: The considerable data heterogeneity and the small sample sizes characterizing the studies limit interpretation and generalization of the results. Overall, motor rehabilitation promotes clinical improvement, paralleled by positive adaptive brain changes, whose features and extent depend upon different variables, including the type of rehabilitation approach. MRI markers of functional and structural connectivity should be implemented in studies testing the efficacy of motor rehabilitation. They allow for a better understanding of neuroplastic mechanisms underlying rehabilitation-mediated clinical achievements, facilitating the identification of rehabilitation strategies tailored to patients' needs and abilities.

Other magnetic resonance imaging techniques

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (S2) ◽  
pp. S50-S57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus P. Ebmeier ◽  
Nicola Filippini ◽  
Verena Heise ◽  
Claire E. Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Great Sensitivity ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Specific Chemical

ABSTRACTRelatively new developments in MRI, such as functional MRI (fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are rapidly developing into imaging modalities that will become clinically available in the near future. They have in common that their signal is somewhat easier to interpret than structural MRI: fMRI mirrors excess cerebral blood flow, in many cases representing brain activity, MRS gives the average volume concentrations of specific chemical compounds, and DTI reflects “directedness” of micro-anatomical structures, of particular use in white matter where fiber bundle disruption can be detected with great sensitivity. While structural changes in MRI have been disappointing in giving a diagnosis of sufficient sensitivity and specificity, these newer methods hold out hope for elucidating pathological changes and differentiating patient groups more rigorously. This paper summarizes promising research results that will yet have to be translated into real life clinical studies in larger groups of patients (e.g. memory clinic patients). Where available, we have tried to summarize results comparing different types of dementia.

scholarly journals Persistent and reversible consequences of combat stress on the mesofrontal circuit and cognition

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (38) ◽  
pp. 15508-15513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido A. van Wingen ◽  
Elbert Geuze ◽  
Matthan W. A. Caan ◽  
Tamás Kozicz ◽  
Silvia D. Olabarriaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Combat Stress ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Prolonged Stress ◽  
And Diffusion

Prolonged stress can have long-lasting effects on cognition. Animal models suggest that deficits in executive functioning could result from alterations within the mesofrontal circuit. We investigated this hypothesis in soldiers before and after deployment to Afghanistan and a control group using functional and diffusion tensor imaging. Combat stress reduced midbrain activity and integrity, which was associated to compromised sustained attention. Long-term follow-up showed that the functional and structural changes had normalized within 1.5 y. In contrast, combat stress induced a persistent reduction in functional connectivity between the midbrain and prefrontal cortex. These results demonstrate that combat stress has adverse effects on the human mesofrontal circuit and suggests that these alterations are partially reversible.

scholarly journals Brain Changes in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Caused by Child Abuse: A Systematic Literature Review.

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Andrés Felipe Herrera Ortiz ◽  
Nury Tatiana Rincón Cuenca ◽  
Lorena Josefna Fernández Beaujon
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Child Maltreatment ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Brain Changes

Introduction: Child maltreatment is a worldwide problem; not only for its repercussions at the time of the act but also for its possible sequelae, therefore, it is important to know and characterize the changes found in magnetic resonance, to correlate the structural outcome with its functional repercussions. This article seeks to unify and summarize what is already known. Objective: To demonstrate brain changes and their functional repercussions using magnetic resonance imaging in people exposed to chronic child abuse. Materials and methods: We performed a systematic literature review; the search was carried out through PubMed, LILACS, ScienceDirect, and Embase. The inclusion criteria were studies published in English, Spanish and French, between January 2015 and March 2020 that discussed the clinical and encephalic alterations in MRI caused by child abuse. Results: 7 studies with a total of 760 participants were included with a mean age ranging between 6-35 years. In 42% of the articles, alterations were evidenced at the level of the amygdala and hippocampus, defined as volume reduction or decreased connectivity. On the other hand, 28% of the articles included mentioned alterations at the level of the frontal cortex. Conclusions: Child maltreatment produces brain anatomical and functional changes, which may be reversible if early intervention is performed by separating these children from the focus of abuse. It is possible to conclude that structural changes in the brain vary depending on the sub-type of child abuse; nevertheless, it remains controversial which changes correspond to each sub-type of child abuse. There is not enough literature to classify the anatomical variations caused by child abuse according to gender. Literature must be expanded to have enough evidence to emit a concept.  

scholarly journals M161. NEURAL CHANGES INDUCED BY ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT) IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S197-S197
Author(s):  
Sun-Young Moon ◽  
Minah Kim ◽  
Sanghoon Oh ◽  
Jun Soo Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Cochrane Reviews ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Background Despite the remarkable progress of antipsychotic drugs, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains a potent treatment option for schizophrenia. However, the underlying neural mechanism of ECT effect on schizophrenia remains unclear. For this reason, we reviewed literature which investigated structural and functional brain changes after ECT in schizophrenia patients. Methods We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Reviews database to search for eligible articles. Following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms were used: ECT AND schizophrenia AND (MRI OR MRS OR PET OR SPECT OR NIRS OR DTI). Results Thirteen studies were eligible for the reviewing process. Of them, three studies investigated the effect of ECT upon volumetric changes of cerebral regions; 4 studies on the effect of ECT upon functional brain activities; three studies using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); and another three studies investigating blood flow changes. Medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures seemed to be increased after ECT sessions in schizophrenia patients, as in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Insula and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC) is other potential neural substrates that might be disease specific for ECT induced changes in schizophrenia. Outcomes of functional imaging seemed to vary among studies, with divergent region of interests (ROI). MRS study results suggests the ratio of left prefrontal NAA/Cr might be increase after adequate ECT sessions. Studies investigating effect of ECT upon cerebral blood flow largely varied among studies with mixed results. Discussion Despite the treatment effect of ECT in schizophrenia patients, there have been only a handful of studies investigating the biological mechanisms underlying ECT. Of them, the effect of ECT in schizophrenia seemed also to be mediated by structural volume increases in the MTL region (as in MDD), and the insula and left DLPFC might be other potential neural substrates of ECT effect in schizophrenia patients. Future studies are needed to validate the neural mechanisms that underlie the effect of ECT in schizophrenia, which might help to aid in tailoring treatment plans for refractory schizophrenia patients.

Selective Diffusion Changes of The Visual Pathways in Patients with Migraine: A 3-T Tractography Study

Cephalalgia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1061-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Rocca ◽  
E Pagani ◽  
B Colombo ◽  
P Tortorella ◽  
A Falini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Mean Diffusivity ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Visual Aura ◽  
Selective Diffusion ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right

Using diffusion tensor (DT) tractography, we quantified optic radiation (OR) structural changes in seven migraine patients with (MA) and eight without visual aura (MoA) and their relation to clinical manifestations and T2-visible burden. The corticospinal tract and the corpus callosum were studied as ‘control’ white matter (WM). No difference was found for any of the WM fibre bundles metrics between controls and MoA patients. MA patients had reduced average fractional anisotropy (FA) of both OR compared with controls and reduced average FA of the right OR compared with MoA patients. They also showed higher right OR mean diffusivity than controls. OR metrics were not correlated with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics. DT tractography reveals OR changes in MA patients that might represent a phenotypic biomarker of the disease given the lack of correlation with clinical and structural MRI metrics.

scholarly journals Covid-19 Pandemic: What Changes for Dentists and Oral Medicine Experts? A Narrative Review and Novel Approaches to Infection Containment

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Eleonora Bizzoca ◽  
Giuseppina Campisi ◽  
Lorenzo Lo Muzio
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Review ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Oral Medicine ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Primary Endpoints ◽  
Before And After

The authors performed a narrative review on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- CoronaVirus-2 ( SARS-CoV-2) and all infectious agents with the primary endpoints to illustrate the most accepted models of safety protocols in dentistry and oral medicine, and to propose an easy view of the problem and a comparison (pre- vs post-COVID19) for the most common dental procedures. The outcome is forecast to help dentists to individuate for a given procedure the differences in terms of safety protocols to avoid infectious contagion (by SARS-CoV-2 and others dangerous agents). An investigation was performed on the online databases Pubmed and Scopus using a combination of free words and Medical Subject Headings (MESH) terms: “dentist” OR “oral health” AND “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “coronavirus-19”. After a brief excursus on all infectious agents transmittable at the dental chair, the authors described all the personal protective equipment (PPE) actually on the market and their indications, and on the basis of the literature, they compared (before and after COVID-19 onset) the correct safety procedures for each dental practice studied, underlining the danger of underestimating, in general, dental cross-infections. The authors have highlighted the importance of knowing exactly the risk of infections in the dental practice, and to modulate correctly the use of PPE, in order to invest adequate financial resources and to avoid exposing both the dental team and patients to preventable risks.

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