Between Independence and Autonomy: The Changing Landscape of Ethno-nationalist Movements in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Rafiullah Khan
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
The State ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
Ethnic Nationalism ◽  
National Movements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

Abstract Since its inception, Pakistan has faced challenges of ethnic-nationalism from her ethnicities. State efforts to mold these diverse identities into one communal Muslim identity have been continually resisted by the different nationalities comprising Pakistan. The demands of ethno-national movements have fluctuated between independence and autonomy, depending upon the relation between the state and the respective ethnic group. Sometimes the demand for autonomy has expanded into a desire for independence, as was the case with Bengali ethnic nationalism. At other times, the desire for independence has shrunk to a demand for autonomy, as manifested by Pashtun nationalism. This shift is explicated through the relationship between the state and ethnic groups. The author analyzes this shift through the prism of Paul Brass’s instrumental theory of elite competition. The factors that contributed to the success of Bengali nationalism in achieving statehood and the failure of Baloch nationalism to do so are viewed through Ted Gurr’s concept of relative deprivation. The integration of Sindhi and Pashtun ethnic groups into the state structure is explained via Andreas Wimmer’s notion of ownership of the state.

Afars of Ethiopia in the system of ethnic federalism

2018 ◽  
pp. 126-146
Author(s):  
Roza Ismagilova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Ethnic Federalism

The article pioneers the analyses of the results of ethnic federalism introduced in Ethiopia in 1991 – and its influence on Afar. Ethnicity was proclaimed the fundamental principle of the state structure. The idea of ethnicity has become the basis of official ideology. The ethnic groups and ethnic identity have acquired fundamentally importance on the political and social levels . The country has been divided into nine ethnically-based regions. The article exposes the complex ethno-political and economic situation in the Afar State, roots and causes of inter- and intra-ethnic relations and conflicts with Amhara, Oromo, Tigray and Somali-Issa, competition of ethnic elites for power and recourses. Alive is the idea of “The Greater Afar”which would unite all Afar of the Horn of Africa. The protests in Oromia and Amhara Regions in 2015–2017 influenced the Afar state as welll. The situation in Ethiopia nowadays is extremely tense. Ethiopia is plunging into serious political crisis. Some observers call it “the beginning of Ethiopian spring”, the others – “Color revolution”

Personal Space Variations as a Function of Criminal Behavior

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1115-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis D. Booraem ◽  
Gary E. Bodner ◽  
John V. Flowers ◽  
Deborah A. Satterfield
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Ethnic Background ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Criminal Offense ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Employing 90 delinquent male youths as subjects, the current investigation explores the relationship between the amount of personal space requested, ethnic background, and type of criminal offense. As predicted, the amount of personal space requested increases as a function of ethnic dissimilarity between the subject and the approachet. Of particular interest is the finding that the amount of personal space requested is directly related to the type of criminal offense committed by the subject. Subjects who commit crimes against other people uniformly request more personal space than subjects who commit crimes against property, who, in turn, request more personal space than subjects who commit victimless crimes. This was found across all ethnic groups and within each ethnic group analyzed separately.

scholarly journals B. N. Chicherin about cons titutional question in Russ ia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
E. Mironov ◽  
E. Mironov
Keyword(s):  
Moral Evil ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Constitutional Monarchy

The article reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations of the work of B. N. Chicherin, the most prominent thinker of Russia of the XIX century. The ways and forms of the state and constitutional structure of Russian society, set forth in the works of the scientist, are analyzed. The relationship between the author’s liberal conservatism and the justification for need to create a constitutional monarchy as the best form of state structure is considered. The most acute problems of the state and democracy, power and law, evolutionary and revolutionary ways of development of Russia are analyzed. The place and role of the bureaucracy and aristocracy in the process of transition to a constitutional monarchy, the problem of moral evil in this process.

The International Criminal Court and Universal Jurisdiction: A Fraught Relationship?

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedric Ryngaert
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
The State ◽  
Universal Jurisdiction ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Principle Of Complementarity ◽  
Do So

This article deals with the relationship between the principle of universal jurisdiction and the jurisdiction of the ICC. Voices have been raised to expand the jurisdictional basis of the ICC's Rome Statute to include the universality principle. The author does not support this expansion, however, mainly on practical grounds. At the same time, however, he does support, albeit cautiously, taking into account the universality principle for purposes of the admissibility analysis under Article 17 of the Statute. The ICC's principle of complementarity indeed requires that the ICC defer to any state that might have jurisdiction, including a state having universal jurisdiction over serious crimes. It is proposed that the ICC Prosecutor encourage certain "bystander" states that can provide an effective forum to investigate and prosecute atrocity cases, at least if the territorial state, or the state of nationality, proves unable and unwilling to do so.

scholarly journals The contemporary contradictions of egalitarianism: an empirical analysis of the relationship between the old and new left/right alignments

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Elchardus ◽  
Bram Spruyt
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
New Left ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Democratic Citizenship ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

This paper deals with the often-observed complex relationship between the so-called old, ‘economic’ left/right alignment (egalitarianism) and the new, ‘cultural’ alignment. Many authors have observed that the less educated members of society occupy an apparently contradictory position, combining a leftist stand in favor of more equality and government intervention, with a rightist stand on minority rights, the treatment of criminals, and other aspects of democratic citizenship. Various explanations have been offered for this paradox. This paper proposes an explanation in terms of vulnerability and the way in which it is culturally processed. Less educated people are often vulnerable and long for more equality. The stronger their desire for equality, the greater their frustration when feeling vulnerable, and the greater the need to cope with that vulnerability. They do so, using particular narrative-coping strategies that create an affinity with the attitudes that form the new left/right alignment. One such coping strategy is based on feelings of relative deprivation. In the empirical part of the paper it is shown that relative deprivation completely explains the paradoxical position of the less educated, and that, when taking feelings of deprivation into account, the two left/right dimensions are in fact independent of each other at all levels of education, creating a situation that leads to tensions within parties that pursue egalitarian policies. The mechanism uncovered in this analysis reveals a tension at the heart of egalitarianism: the stronger the longing for equality among the vulnerable members of society, the more likely they are to opt for right wing positions on the new left/right dimension.

scholarly journals Interaksi Sosial Etnis Tionghoa dengan Etnis Dayak di Kota Pontianak

Koneksi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Nico Abelio ◽  
Ahmad Junaidi
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

This research entitled Social Interaction of Chinese Ethnicity with Ethnic Dayak in Pontianak City. The Dayak ethnic group in Pontianak is the first ethnic group to have previously inhabited the city of Pontianak. This study aims to determine the form of social interaction that occurs between ethnic Chinese and Dayak in the city of Pontianak. This research uses a case study method with a qualitative approach. Collecting data through interviews, observation, and literature study. The subjects of this research are Chinese and Dayak ethnic in Pontianak, and the object is social interaction. The theory used in this research is social interaction. Social interaction according to Gillin & Gillin is a mutual social relationship related to the relationship between individuals, between groups of individuals, and between individuals and groups of people. The results of this study indicate that the Chinese and Dayak ethnic groups in the city of Pontianak communicate between cultures and social interactions with mutual respect between ethnic groups. However, there are some obstacles that occur between ethnic Chinese and Dayak ethnic groups in Pontianak, namely language barriers that can lead to inter-ethnic prejudice.Penelitian ini mengangkat tentang interaksi sosial etnis Tionghoa dengan etnis Dayak di Kota Pontianak. Etnis Dayak di Pontianak merupakan etnis pertama yang telah terlebihi dahulu mendiami kota Pontianak. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk interaksi sosial yang terjadi antar etnis Tionghoa dengan etnis Dayak di kota Pontianak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan studi pustaka. Subjek penelitian ini adalah etnis Tionghoa dan etnis Dayak di Pontianak, dan objeknya adalah interaksi sosial. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah interaksi sosial. Interaksi sosial merupakan hubungan sosial saling yang berkaitan dengan hubungan antara individu, antara kelompok individu, maupun antara individu dengan kelompok manusia. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukan etnis Tionghoa dengan etnis Dayak di kota Pontianak saling melakukan komunikasi antar budaya dan interaksi sosial dengan sikap saling menghargai antar etnis. Namun terdapat sedikit hambatan yang terjadi antar etnis Tionghoa dengan etnis Dayak di kota Pontianak yaitu kendala dalam bahasa yang dapat menimbulkan prasangka antar etnis.

TAXATION, THE STATE, AND THE COMMUNITY

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-234
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Schoenblum
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

The paper is concerned with the relationship of taxation to conceptions of the state and the community. The paper contends that public finance theorists have focused little attention on what, precisely, the state is and the role of subnational and supranational communities, even though understanding the state and these communities is essential for grasping how tax revenues are really distributed. The failure of public finance to do so is explainable by the powerful faith in the expertise of theorists and bureaucrats and abstract models for social welfare, whether or not they work or would be agreed upon and implemented via the political process.

Family Property Division and the Principle of Judicial Restraint

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Family Law ◽  
The State ◽  
High Court ◽  
Family Courts ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

The Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) provides that judges must not alter property rights on the breakdown of the relationship unless satisfied that it is just and equitable to do so. This is the principle of judicial restraint. In the past, and prior to the 2012 decision of the High Court in Stanford v Stanford, this principle was given almost no effect. The High Court sought to correct this approach, insisting that the family courts should not begin from an assumption that a couple’s property rights are or should be different from the state of the legal and equitable title. It also reaffirmed that there is no community of property in Australia. This article considers the significance of the principle of judicial restraint: first, in cases where the property is already jointly owned and, secondly, in cases where the couple have chosen to keep their finances separate.

The State, the Voluntary Sector and New Developments in Provision for the Old of Minority Racial Groups

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Blakemore
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Voluntary Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Old People ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Gender And Age

ABSTRACTIn many urban communities the fastest-growing groups of old people are those from the various minority racial and ethnic groups. This paper reviews the progress of a range of the new services, clubs and social centres which have been recently developed to meet the needs of the minorities. The services are examined in terms of their objectives, degree of specialisation (by ethnic group, gender and age) and adequacy of resources. As most of these projects have been initiated by voluntary groups and have experienced difficult development problems, the implications of this pattern of growth are assessed. In particular, reasons for the lack of sustained support from government and statutory organisations are discussed. Racial disadvantage affects all the minority groups, though different ethnic groups appear to be developing different strategies for the care of the old. However, prospects for either fully developed alternative services for the minorities or for multicultural services appear to be bleak in the forseeable future.

scholarly journals Land of Hope and Land of the Lost: Study of Power Relations and Local Wisdom Ethnic Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Bartoven Vivit Nurdin ◽  
Damayanti Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Indigenous Lands ◽  
Destination Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

This paper examines the marginalization of indigenous lands belonging to Lampung ethnic group and changes in power relations between Java and Lampung ethnic groups. Lampung has been the destination area of colonization since 1905 and was followed by transmigration of Javanese. The turnout of population from Java in Lampung was a part of the program of development distribution and poverty alleviation in Indonesia. The impact of the arrival of Javanese to Lampung is the marginalization of indigenous lands in Lampung. The lands in Lampung have been largely controlled by the new comers and the plantation companies growing in Lampung. The relationship between Javanese and Lampung ethnic groups has also given an effect to this marginalization. The research used qualitative method with ethnographic approach. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and participative observation. The results of this investigation indicate that the marginalization of land belonging to Lampung ethnic group occurs in such a way that not realized by the Lampungnese or may due to the change of the views of Lampungnese on the meaning of "power”. A power over a land has no longer described the real power, but the power in the political system and the local bureaucracy does. Lampung ethnic group also experienced extinction in the culture, except the identity of the "self-esteem" which has been actualized in form of power in local politics.

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