The effect of level of feeding of dried grass on milk production and the value of dried grass as a replacement for conventional dairy concentrates

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
J. Kormos
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Block Design

SUMMARYAn experiment designed to study the response in milk production to dried grass given as an addition to a basal roughage diet and to assess its value as a replacement for conventional dairy concentrates is described. A randomized block design with 34 lactating cows was used. The cows received supplements of either dried grass (dry-matter digestibility, 70%, 0·28, 0·39, 0·50 or 0·61 kg/kg milk) or a cereal-based dairy concentrate (0·39 kg/kg milk) in addition to silage offered in amounts to meet the maintenance energy requirements. Milk yield, milk energy output, live-weight gain and the fat, solids-not-fat and protein contents of the milk increased with level of addition of dried grass. Interrelationships between the level of feeding of dried grass and milk output and body-weight change are given. The derived relationships between dried grass input and animal output were used to predict the replacement value of dried grass for conventional dairy concentrates. These indicated that dried grass offered at 042 kg/kg milk would produce equivalent milk yield and body-weight changes to concentrate given at 0·39 kg/kg milk. Ration digestibility and nitrogen balance results are also given.

The effect of level and frequency of concentrate feeding on the performance of dairy cows of different yield potential

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Effect On Yield

SUMMARYAn experiment has been made using adult lactating cows in a randomized block design to study the effectiveness of basing feeding during the first 20 weeks of lactation on yield predicted from that obtained during the 8–12th days of lactation. Cows were classified as high yielding (HY) or low yielding (LY). The levels of feeding were identical within each yield group during the first 8 weeks of lactation but during the 9th to the 20th week two different levels of concentrate feed (HP and LP) were used. Over the 20-week period concentrates were offered in two or five daily feeds. Thus the effect of two levels and two frequencies of feeding on feed intake, milk yield and composition, and on live-weight change were studied.Cows in the HY group achieved a mean daily peak yield 2·6 kg higher than predicted while those in the LY group achieved the predicted mean peak daily yield. There was no significant effect of level of feeding on the 20-week milk yield but there was a significant effect on the yield of the LYLP class in weeks 9–20. Frequency of feeding had no significant effect on yield in either high-low-yielding cows. There was no significant effect of level of feeding on milk composition but low-yielding cows gave milk with a higher fat percentage than high-yielding cows. Five-times-a-day feeding also produced milk with a higher fat percentage than twice-a-day feeding.Live-weight changes were small and the largest variation was recorded in highyielding cows.The number of days from calving to first service was not significantly different for the two yield groups but there was a significant effect of level of feeding.

A comparison of starchy and fibrous concentrates for milk production, energy utilization and hay intake by Friesian cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
J. A. Bines ◽  
S. V. Morant ◽  
D. J. Napper ◽  
D. J. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Concentrate Inclusion ◽  
Friesian Cows

SummaryTwenty-four Friesian cows were allocated to one of four diets for weeks 3–14 of lactation following 2 weeks on a common diet. The diets (kg air-dry feed/day) were 7–2 kg hay and 10·8 kg either starchy or fibrous concentrates (60S and 60F) or 3·5 kg hay and 14·0 kg either starchy or fibrous concentrates (80S and 80F). Rumen samples were taken by stomach tube in weeks 10 and 12 of lactation and the digestibility of the diets was measured with four cows per treatment during weeks 13 and 14. The digestibility of the same feeds was also measured in sheep at maintenance.The principal carbohydrate constituents of the concentrates were barley, wheat and cassava in the starchy concentrates and citrus pulp, sugar-beet pulp and wheat feed in the fibrous concentrates. The concentrates were designed to have similar concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) and the diets were planned to provide similar intakes of digestible energy and crude protein.Milk yield and composition were very similar for treatments 60S and 60F. With the higher proportion of starchy concentrates (80S), milk yield was about 20% greater than on 60S, fat concentration fell severely but protein and lactose concentrations were unaffected. With the higher proportion of fibrous concentrates (80F), milk yield and the protein and lactose concentration were similar to values on 60F but fat concentration was lower, though not nearly so low as on 80S. Milk energy yield was reduced by the higher proportion of concentrates but was unaffected by type of carbohydrates. Live-weight changes were small.In both the sheep, consuming at maintenance, and the lactating cows consuming at about 3 times maintenance, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and energy was higher with the higher concentrate diets but was unaffected by type of concentrate. The digestibility of fibre was greater with the fibrous concentrates but the effect of level of concentrate inclusion was inconsistent. Digestibility coefficients were consistently lower for the lactating cows than for the sheep.The proportion of acetic acid in the rumen volatile fatty acids in the cows was higher and the proportion of propionic acid was lower with the fibrous concentrates. The differences were much greater with the higher proportion of concentrates.During weeks 15–22 of lactation the cows were reallocated to concentrate treatments and given hay ad libitum. Hay intake was about 1 kg/day higher with the fibrous concentrates but the difference was not significant. Hay intake fell by about 0·6 kg/kg concentrate intake for both concentrate types. No significant differences in milk yield or composition were established, probably because of incomplete adaptation even after 8 weeks.It is concluded that at concentrate intakes of about 10 kg/day, the source of carbohydrate in the concentrates has little effect on milk production when the concentrates are of similar ME concentration. However, at higher levels of concentrate inclusion, although the diets may have similar ME concentrations, important differences in the yields of fat, protein and lactose occur due to carbohydrate source and these can be related to differences in rumen fermentation.

Composition of body-weight change during lactation in Hereford × British Friesian cows

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Trigg ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Weight Losses

SUMMARYMeasurements were made of changes in body water, estimated by the dilution of deuterium oxide, in six Hereford x British Friesian lactating cows in their second lactation and in four of the same animals in their third lactation. The animals were subjected to a prolonged period of underfeeding followed by a period of realimentation. Milk yields were measured twice daily whilst measurement of live weight and certain blood constituents were made at 7-day intervals during the experimental periods in both years. During underfeeding milk yield differed markedly among the cows and it appeared that the cows with a higher milk potential maintained a higher yield but in doing so they incurred a greater loss of body weight. On refeeding there was little or no response in milk yield. Weight losses during the second lactation consisted mainly of body fat (calculated by difference) but the four higher yielding cows lost appreciable amounts of body water and probably significant amounts of body protein. In the third lactation all four cows lost less body fat but more body water and probably body protein than they did in the second lactation. On refeeding all animals in both years except the two lowest yielders in the second lactation gained substantial amounts of body water and probably protein but relatively little or no body fat. Significant negative and positive correlations were obtained between plasma glucose and loss of body water and between plasma free fatty acids and loss of body fat respectively.

The composition of body-weight changes in underfed lactating beef cows

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. N. Chigaru ◽  
J. H. Topps
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Unit Body Weight

ABSTRACTThe effects of reducing the feed intake of 12 winter-calving (Hereford male × British Friesian female) cows to the maintenance level for 6 weeks from week 10 of lactation were investigated during two consecutive lactation periods. Initially, six cows were in their first and six in their third lactation. In each year the period of ‘underfeeding’ was preceded by a period of ‘adequate feeding’ (maintenance plus milk production requirements) and succeeded by a period of ‘refeeding’ (2 × maintenance). Changes in body water, estimated by the dilution of tritiated water and deuterium oxide at the end of each feeding period, were used to calculate changes in body tissue. Milk yield during the period of ‘adequate feeding’ indicated that individual cows differed markedly in milk production potential. During ‘underfeeding’ milk yield was related to lactation potential. Cows of higher potential tended to maintain higher yields than those of lower potential but in doing so they incurred higher body-weight losses. The ‘refeeding’ period did not result in significant increases in milk yield. The weight losses during ‘underfeeding’ consisted mainly of fat but some cows apparently mobilized relatively large amounts of protein. More fat per unit body weight loss was mobilized by the heifers than by the cows, which, on the other hand appeared to mobilize relatively more protein. On ‘refeeding’, only a few cows were able to achieve complete tissue repletion.

scholarly journals Effects of mammae hand massages on oxytocin release, milk yield, and milk quality in dairy cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Inggit Kentjonowaty ◽  
Achmad Bagus Adhiluhung Mardhotillah ◽  
Trinil Susilawati ◽  
Puguh Surjowardojo
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Oxytocin Release

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong><span lang="EN-GB">The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Mammae Hand Massages (MHM) on oxytocin release, milk yield, and milk quality in dairy cows.</span></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong><span lang="EN">Twelve dairy cows with the following criterion: 5-yr-old, 1st to 9th month of lactation, and average body weight of 390 ± 5.55 kg were used. Cows were assigned in a randomized block design with 4 treatments, i.e T0 (without massage), T1 (MHM for 20 s), T2 (MHM for 50 s), and T3 (MHM for 80 s). Oxytocin release, milk yield, and milk quality were measured accordingly</span><span lang="EN-GB">.</span><strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong><span lang="EN">The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that MHM had a very significant effect on milk production (P &lt;0.01) as evidenced by the MHM 50 s treatment obtained the highest average milk production (13.08 ± 3.38 liters/head/day) compared to the MHM 20 s, MHM 80 s and control. MHM (1-1.6 volts) for 50 s resulted in the highest release of oxytocin (0.22955 pcg/0.1mL) at 240 seconds compared to control, MHM 20 s and 80 s. Likewise, the percentage of milk protein content (2.96 ± 0.03) and milk fat content (4.27 ± 0.70) was highest at MHM 50 s</span><span lang="EN-GB">.</span><strong></strong></p><strong><span>Conclusions: </span></strong><span lang="EN">It can be concluded that MHM (1-1.6 volts) for 50 seconds increases the release of oxytocin, milk production, and milk quality in terms of the percentage of milk protein and fat content</span><span lang="EN-GB">.</span>

Effects of rolling and alkali treatment of barley grain supplements on forage intake and utilization by steers and lactating cows

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sriskandarajah ◽  
A. Ashwood ◽  
R. C. Kellaway
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Forage Intake

SUMMARYIn Expt 1, lactating dairy cows grazing kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) were given no supplement (C), supplements of rolled barley grain at 4 (4R) and 6 (6R) kg/day and supplements of NaOH-treated whole barley grain at 4 (4A) and 6 (6A) kg/day. Daily production of milk (kg/day), fat and protein (g/day) and live-weight changes (g/day) respectively were C 7·82, 303, 276, 450; 4R 9·26, 338, 315, 865; 4A 10·23, 366, 349, 529; 6R 10·09, 352, 343, 672; 6A 10·61, 363, 348, 361.Milk production was significantly higher (P < 0·05) and live-weight gain significantly lower (P < 0·05) on NaOH-treated grain than on rolled grain.In Expt 2, yearling steers in pens were fed pasture hay ad libitum with no supplement (C) and 3 kg/day of barley grain which was either rolled (3R) or NaOH-treated whole grain (3A). Mean intakes of hay (g/day) and DOMD in vivo (%) respectively were C 7684, 60; 3R 5224, 65; 3A 6209, 60.Hay intake was significantly higher (P < 0·05) on NaOH-treated grain than on rolled grain.Fractional disappearance rates of rolled and NaOH-treated grain from nylon bags suspended in the rumen were, respectively, 0·15 and 0–07/h for the period 0–4 h, and 0·07 and 0·02/h for the period 4–12 h incubation. In Expt 2, rumen pH was higher and the digestion rate of hay in nylon bags in vivo was higher on C than on 3R and 3A. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in the rumen did not differ significantly between diets.It was concluded that greater milk production and hay intakes when cattle were fed NaOH-treated whole barley than when they were fed rolled barley were attributable to the slower rate of digestion of the former. The NaOH treatment (30 g NaOH/kg grain) was probably too low and further study is necessary to determine optimum levels of treatment, which are likely to vary with the ratio of grain: forage in the diet.

scholarly journals Performance and Economic Suitability of Three Fast Growing Broiler Strains Raised Under Farming Condition in Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Hossain ◽  
KB Suvo ◽  
MM Islam
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Strain Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Randomized Block Design

The performance and profitability of three commercial broiler strains reared under farming system were investigated in this study. Day-old broiler chicks (n=156) of three different commercial strains (Hubbard classic, Cobb-500 and MPK) were assigned to three treatment groups in a completely randomized block design, each treatment replicated four times, 13 birds per replicate. The birds were reared from d1 to 35 days of age with similar housing, feeding and environmental management condition. Regarding to all parameters collected, live weight and body weight gain were higher (P<0.001) in T2(Cobb-500) group, while the birds of T3 (MPK) group were the lowest. Birds of T1(Hubbard Classic) and T2 (Cobb-500) strain group consumed higher (P<0.001) feeds, while the birds of T3(MPK) had the lowest feed intake. Cobb-500 broiler strain achieved superior (P<0.001) FCR, while the birds of T1 (Hubbard classic) strain group had poorer FCR. Liveability of the broiler strains was unaffected by all the treatment groups. Higher net profit and lower production cost observed in T2(Cobb-500) group than those of other strains, although the difference between the treatment groups was similar. The highly significant measurements of live body weight, weight gain and better FCR values were recorded for Cobb-500 broiler strain, followed by Hubbard classic and MPK, respectively. In conclusion, Cobb-500 broiler strain is appeared to be the most economic to rear amongst the three broiler strains investigated here in response to their performance records. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13931 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 1 (1&2): 37-43, December, 2011

scholarly journals Respon Kecernaan Bahan Kering dan Ukuran Tubuh Kambing Peranakan Etawah Jantan Terhadap Pemberian Bungkil Inti Sawit

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Asril Asril
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Body Sizes

ABSTRACT. A Study on dry matter digestibility and body sizes of Peranakan Etawah  male goat given palm kernel cake (PKC) condukted at the experimental farm of Agriculture Fakulty of Syiah Kuala University. Twelve Peranakan Etawah male goats about 10-17 kg live weight were used in the experiment. randomized block design with 3 clocks and 4 treatments consists of R0 (without PKC) R1 (100 g PKC), R2 (200 g PKC), and R3 (300 g PKC) was applied in this experiment. Parameters measured were dry matter degestibility, crude protein degestibility,  crude fiber degestibility, body length, chest gird, and shoulder heinght. The result showet that PKC singnificantly (P0.01) affected crude protein and significantly (P,0.05) affected crude fiber digestibility, body length and chest gird of Peranakan Etawah male goats. However, Peranakan Etawah male goats given PKC have no response on dry matter digestibility and shoulder height.

scholarly journals DAIRY INDEX OF COWS WITH DIFFERENT GENOTYPES

2021 ◽  
Vol 247 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
L.R. Zagidullin ◽  
◽  
R.R. Shaydullin ◽  
T.M. Akhmetov ◽  
Ch.A. Kharisova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Production Index ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Homozygous Genotype ◽  
White Breed

The live weight and milk production index of black-and-white and Tatarstan type cows of the Kholmogory breed with different genotypes for genes CSN3, DGAT1, PRL, GH were studied. It was found that cows with the homozygous genotype CSN3 AA, DGAT1 AA, PRL AA, GH LL are characterized by a high milk yield index. Unlike other marker genes, the somatotropin gene had a greater effect on the body weight and milk production index of cows. Thus, in terms of live weight in the black-and-white breed, the superiority of individuals with the GH LL genotype by 43 kg (P <0.001), GH LV by 42 kg (P <0.001) was noted, and in terms of milk production, the advantage of cows with the GH LL genotype (984 and 1008) over GH LV by 40 (P <0.01); on the Kholmogory breed above GH LV by 26 (P <0.05), GH VV by 42 (P <0.05). Consequently, cows with allelic A variant of the CSN3, DGAT1, PRL genes and allelic L GH genes in their genomes exhibit high milk production at optimal live weight.

scholarly journals Use of indigestible markers to estimate the apparent dry matter digestibility of diets containing a cocoa by-product

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 2771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mércia Regina Pereira de Figueiredo ◽  
Eloisa de Oliveira Simões Saliba ◽  
Geraldo Sérgio Senra Carneiro Barbosa ◽  
Filipe Aguiar e Silva ◽  
Andressa Nathalie Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Internal Markers

Fecal production and apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) were evaluated using external markers (chromium oxide; titanium dioxide; isolated, purified, and enriched lignin (LIPE®); and isolated, purified, and enriched lignin nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) and internal markers (indigestible DM (IDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (INDF), and indigestible acid detergent fiber (IADF) in diets based on Tifton 85 bermuda grass (Cynodon sp.) hay containing different concentrations of a cocoa by-product. Sixteen crossbred (Holstein × Zebu) dairy heifers with a mean live weight of 363.00 ± 27.70 kg were evaluated and distributed in a completely randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement. The plots corresponded to the diets, which differed in the substitution of bermuda grass hay with different concentrations (0, 8, 16, and 24% of DM) of the cocoa by-product, whereas the splitplots represented the indigestible markers. Chromic oxide, LIPE®, NANOLIPE®, and INDF accurately estimated ADMD and fecal production whereas titanium dioxide, IDM, and IADF did not accurately estimate these parameters.

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