Past records, new views: Carnac 1830–2000

Antiquity ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (291) ◽  
pp. 218-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Roughley ◽  
Andrew Sherratt ◽  
Colin Shell
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Megalithic Tombs

The megalithic monuments of Carnac, Brittany, in the Département of the Morbihan, are amongst the most farnous in France. indeed in the world. This region has not only the densest conccntration of such sites in Europe but also retained its importance as a centre of monument-building from the late 5th to the :jrd millennium FK:, giving it a unique significance in the study of Neolithic landscapes (Sherratt 1990; 1998). Its menhirs, stone alignments, and megalithic tombs have attracted the attention of scholars since the 18th century, and there is thus an unusually full record, both written and pictorial, of the nature of these monuments as they were perceived over 300 years.

scholarly journals Wesley in Oxford and the Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight: The Study about the Root of Methodism to the World, and the Foundation of Kwansei-Gakuin in Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Kawanishi Takao
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Round Table ◽  
King Arthur ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodist Episcopal Church ◽  
New States ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract John Wesley (1703-91）is known as the founder of Methodism in his time of Oxford University’s Scholar. However, about his Methodical religious theory, he got more spiritual and important influence from other continents not only Oxford in Great Britain but also Europe and America. Through Wesley’s experience and awakening in those continents, Methodism became the new religion with Revival by the spiritual power of “Holy Grail”. By this research using Multidisciplinary approach about the study of Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight, - from King Arthur and Knights of the Round Table in the Medieval Period, and in 18th century Wesley, who went to America in the way on ship where he met the Moravian Church group also called Herrnhut having root of Pietisms, got important impression in his life. After this awakening, he went to meet Herrnhut supervisor Zinzendorf (1700-60) in Germany who had root of a noble house in the Holy Roman Empire, - and to Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight Opera “Parsifal” by Richard Wagner at Bayreuth near Herrnhut’s land in the 19th century, Wesley’s Methodism is able to reach new states with the legend, such as the historical meaning of Christianity not only Protestantism but also Catholicism. I wish to point out Wesley’s Methodism has very close to Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight. In addition, after the circulation in America, in the late 19th century Methodism spread toward Africa, and Asian Continents. Especially in Japan, by Methodist Episcopal Church South, Methodism landed in the Kansai-area such international port city Kobe. Methodist missionary Walter Russel Lambuth (1854-1921) who entered into Japan founded English schools to do his missionary works. Afterward, one of them became Kwansei-Gakuin University in Kobe. Moreover, Lambuth such as Parsifal with Wesley’s theories went around the world to spread Methodism with the Spirit’s the Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight as World Citizen.

scholarly journals COMPREHENSIVE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE QING IMPERIAL GARDEN AND THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE GARDEN IN THE 18TH CENTURY: A CULTURAL HERITAGE STUDIES APPROACH

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 1235-1239
Author(s):  
Y. Yin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Heritage Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Foreign Land ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Chinese Gardens

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In 17&amp;ndash;18<sup>th</sup> century, the spread of the image of the Qing Imperial Garden witnessed the cross-cultural exchanges and promoted the development of English Landscape Garden style. The reciprocal ‘far away foreign land’ between Chinese and British cultures and the influence of historical context had caused the discrepant view of European on Chinese gardens. This project focuses on the differences of cultural heritage values found in the two kinds of gardens: from the design of space and structure, poems and paintings representing designers' concepts, humanities factors, design conception, gardening elements and etc. Which hopes to fill up the gaps of relevant studies and stress the importance of documentation for gardens between the East and West. There are three aspects to illustrate the inner differences under the surface similarities between the two kinds of gardens. Firstly, the distortion and discontinuity through out the introduction and translation.This research attempts to cross-examine such an argument through an investigation into the journey to the West by the carrier of Chinese Imperial garden ideas. Then the meaning of ‘views of nature’ in the English Landscape Garden was inconsistent with the Chinese concept of ‘natural state of the world’. Thirdly, the differences of historical background, culture and values between the Qing Imperial Garden and the English Landscape Garden. All in all, this research could well invite a more factually-based understanding of the Sino-English architectural interactions as well as the Chinese contributions to the world architecture.</p>

scholarly journals The Books of Sigismund II Augustus in Vilnius University Library: Decorations of Book Covers and New Data about Provenances

Knygotyra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 35-95
Author(s):  
Sondra Rankelienė
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
University Library ◽  
The World ◽  
Manufacturing Location ◽  
Book Covers ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
Personal Library ◽  
Made In ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

In this article, the latest data about the personal book collection items of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II Augustus in Vilnius University (VU) Library are presented. The authors that have been doing research on these books have not ascertained all of the embossed images that were used for cover decoration and have not identified the locations of where these books were bound and have not disclosed all of the provenances. In order to amend the lack of knowledge about the books of Sigismund II Augustus in VU library, the book covers of the King’s personal library were reviewed de visu and decorative ornaments were described. The ownership signs of the books were registered once again. While describing and comparing these books with the copies in various libraries of the world, the number of physical books (14) and publications in composite volumes (21) kept in VU library was assessed. The name of one book and a publisher’s imprint of two books were specified, eight provenances that were not mentioned by previous authors were registered. While describing book covers, the embossed images were given provisory names. Connections between the supralibros, dates of binding, decorative wheels, single embossed images, and other decorative elements were detected and lead to a reasonable conclusion that eight out of fourteen books from the Sigismund II Augustus collection were bound in Kraków, five were bound by bookbinders in Vilnius, while one was rebound in the 18th century. The identification of tools used by craftsmen that worked in Kraków and Vilnius will allow to ascertain the manufacturing location of similar book covers made in the middle of the 16th century.

scholarly journals The role of cognitive style in the formation of a professional discursive personality of journalist N. I. Novikov

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (29) ◽  
pp. 307-315
Author(s):  
Tatyana Aleksandrovna Sidorova ◽  
Elena Revovna Kornienko ◽  
Elvira Nikolaevna Akimova ◽  
Natalya Evgenyevna Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Knowledge Structures ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
Interpretative Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

The relevance of the research is due to the growing interest in finding new approaches to describing the discursive personality in General and professional, in particular. The main goal of the research is to identify the features of cognitive style and determine its role in the formation of professional discursive personality of N. I. Novikov as a journalist. The research is carried out within the framework of cognitive-discursive and linguistic paradigms. As the main one, we use an interpretative analysis of the knowledge structures behind the language means of N. I. Novikov's discourse. The paper highlights and interprets the components of the cognitive style of N. I. Novikov's discursive personality in correlation with his language consciousness. The methods of perception of the world by N. I. Novikov's discursive personality, the peculiarities of representation of the world's realities in discourse, and the manner of transmitting information about the world are determined. Personal preferences of a discursive person, as well as cognitive, semiological and motivational ones are revealed. It is proved that the features of N. I. Novikov's professional discursive personality are determined by the specifics of his cognitive style, objectified by cognitive and linguistic mechanisms of discursive activity. A definition of the concept of "cognitive style" is proposed. The components of cognitive style are interpreted as an element of theory for the analysis of a discursive personality. The role of cognitive style in the formation of a professional discursive personality of a journalist of the 18th century is determined.

scholarly journals Polish Horse-Riding School

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Wójcik ◽  
Tomasz Boraczyński ◽  
Michał Boraczyński
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Training Center ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Senior Officers ◽  
Pedagogical Science

The aim of the research was to recreate the processes determining the development of the concept of the Polish horse riding school. In the implementation of the previously adopted scheme, there were used methods in the field of historical and pedagogical science. As a result of the query, a lot of the material was obtained at the Central Military Archives in Warsaw and the Sports Museum in Olsztyn. It should be emphasized that the use of horses in the Republic of Poland has centuries of tradition. Yet in the 18th century, Polish horse riding school dominated in Europe. However, due to the subsequent partitions and the loss of independence, there were no conditions for further improvement of the equestrian art system. The next opportunity did not appear until 1918, when Poles created the foundation of statehood. Therefore, shortly thereafter, three military horse riding schools were established for the needs of the reviving weapon. They were dominated by the old classical-manege system, cultivated by senior officers from the former Armed Forces of Austria-Hungary. The new trends were initiated in the ranks of cavalry due to soldiers who had previously served in the army of the Russian partitioner. The results of the carried out research enabled to formulate the conclusion that allows to state that the clash of views among the officers resulted in the development of the principles of the Polish horse riding school. It was a combination of the Italian system and extensive experience of the former manege school.  It was developed by horse riding instructors at the Cavalry Training Center in Grudziądz. Thanks to that, Polish horsemanship in the inter-war period was included in the world leaders.

29 September, International Day of Otolaryngologist

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
Oksana Rybachok
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
The World ◽  
Injury Risk Factor ◽  
The Impact

According to the World Health Organisation, deafness is one of the most widely spread sensory disorders in the world affecting about 360 million people worldwide. The causes of deafness can be very diverse, from genetic diseases, the impact of injury-risk factor and infectious agents to the administration of ototoxic drugs. Moreover, otolaryngologists believe that about half of deafness and hearing loss cases could have been prevented. Though otolaryngology was separated as an independent medical science in the mid-18th century, the decision to celebrate the Otolaryngologist Day on September 29 as a professional holiday for medical practitioners in this speciality was made not so long ago. This date at the end of September was chosen on purpose: the influx of patients to medical practitioners in this speciality is observed closer to the mid-autumn, after the first cold snap.

Energy and Energy Efficiency

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Nuclear Power Engineering ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The World

Originally, coal was the main source of energy. It remains so throughout the 18th century during the period of the rapid industry development. Later on, oil and naphtha began to be used as energy sources and their usage expanded especially in 19th century. A special feature of the above mentioned fossil fuels is their long creation period – requiring millennia. They are a result of rotting of different plant and animal kinds. In comparison to the period of their formation, the period of their utilization is far shorter. In accordance with a number of existing statistics about 2050 year it may be talked about a depletion of the liquid fossil fuels, also, the world coal supplies are considered to last within the next 200 years. Therefore, the development of nuclear power engineering is considered to be one of the alternatives to generate energy. Recently, the nuclear power energy generation has been denied in many countries because of the risks associated with its generation and because these risks have been confirmed by serious accidents throughout the World. The storage of worked nuclear waste is also a problem and risky. The renewable energy sources are another possibility to generate energy.

Introduction

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Cook ◽  
Chris M. Carleton
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
The World ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes ◽  
First Time

As pointed out in the Foreword, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (the Convention) is, by any measure, a remarkable document, which for the first time provides a comprehensive framework of governance for a large part of the world ocean. It covers such issues as delimitation, environmental impact and management, scientific research, economic and commercial issues, and technology transfer and provides a regime for the peaceful settlement of disputes. The resolution of disputes is especially important, given that there are 151 coastal States, all with sovereign rights to the adjacent seas and shelf. Under the Convention, those rights cover a total area of about 60 million km2 or around 20% of the world ocean within the 200-nauticalmile (M) limit. But there is perhaps an additional 5% (15 million km2) which lies beyond the 200-M limit, to which sovereign rights may also extend under the terms of the Convention. Up to 54 coastal States may be able to claim extensions of their continental shelf beyond 200 M (figure 1.1). What is intended is that over the next 10 years or so, nations will document and lay claim to an area of around 75 million km2, equal to more than half the Earth's land surface. Viewed against the background of human history and land conquest extending over thousands of years, the magnitude of the undertaking is extraordinary. What is also remarkable is the key role that science and technology will play. Science and technology have always played a role in exploration and documentation of the oceans in the past. The development of an accurate chronometer by Harrison in the 18th century was critical to developing an accurate means of establishing longitude (Sobel, 1995). This in turn made it possible to accurately chart the oceans for the first time, which then enabled nations to lay claim to newly explored areas, establish trade routes, document marine hazards, and exploit ocean resources. Parts of the world's territorial sea baselines are and will continue to be based on 19th-century data. As will be evident from this book, such data are sufficiently important in some areas that we have felt it necessary to document just how those "historical data" were gathered so that we can establish their reliability.

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