The Relationship between the Maximum Temperature and the Seasonal Longevity of Glossina submorsitans, Newst., and G. tachinoides, Westw., in Northern Nigeria

1936 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. M. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Cold Season ◽  
Temperature Curve ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Cold Spell ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Average Longevity ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
The Relationship

1. There is considerable seasonal variation in the longevity of G. submorsitans and G. tachinoides, and these variations are negatively correlated with the fluctuations in the maximum temperature curve, i.e., as the temperature rises longevity decreases, as the temperature falls so longevity increases.2. The cycle is as follows:—The rains commence and temperature falls, longevity increases and remains high throughout the rains. The wet season ends, temperature rises and longevity descreases. The cold spell intervenes and longevity becomes maximal. The cold weather ends, the temperature soars up and longevity becomes minimal, remaining low until the new rains commence.3. Maximum temperature is considered to be the dominant factor; favourable humidity cannot increase longevity unless the maximum temperature is favourable.4. The oldest individuals occur in the rains, but the average longevity is highest in the cold season, when both temperature and humidity are favourable.5. In both species females tend to live longer than males.6. In the field G. tachinoides males appear to live rather longer than the males of G. submorsitans.7. It is doubtful whether wild flies of either species live much more than 2½ to 3 months under the most favourable conditions; it is probable that in the hottest weather longevity is curtailed to a month or less, and that the production of puparia is seriously affected when the rains are late and the hot weather is prolonged.

A Study of Thermal Conductivity Property of Socks

2020 ◽  
Vol 1007 ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
Wen Yi Wang ◽  
Kwok Tung Hui ◽  
Chi Wai Kan ◽  
Krailerck Visesphan ◽  
Saowanee Areechongchareon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Standard Condition ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Physical Test ◽  
Conductivity Property ◽  
Yarn Count ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Foot Disease ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Relationship

Socks fabrics seem a minor clothing in apparel categories but are indispensable item for daily activities for users. The function of socks is either for heat insulation of body temperature in cold weather or heat releasing to keep thermal neutral for foot in hot weather. Socks with good quality are conducive to prevent foot disease or smelly odor from foot. The wearing comfort of socks can be affected by the fabric properties of thermal transfer. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the fabric parameters and thermal conductivity property of knitted socks fabric. The physical test on commercial socks fabric was carried out in standard condition atmosphere. It was found that the thermal conductivity of fabric was positively proportional to yarn count and thickness.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON INCIDENCE OF PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 516-520
Author(s):  
Punit Hans ◽  
◽  
Anjana Sinha ◽  
Uday Kumar ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Hot Weather

Background:Preeclampsia and eclampsia continue to be the one of leading causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity worldwide. As global warming has become major concern all over the world ,there is need of studies to know its impact on womens health. Aim of this study is To observe the effect of environmental temperature on incidence of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Methods and Material: This is a comparitive study to know the effect of hot and cold months on incidence of preeclampsia and eclampsia , conducted in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at a tertiary health centre . All the patients admitted in Labor room emergency were included in the study, making total number of 33,267 admissions in 47 months. All records of the patients admitted were reviewed. All the data were arranged month wise on Microsoft excel 2010∙Ink , and calculations were done on this spread sheet. Months were divided into two groups : Hot weather group[ N = 11] comprising of months with average maximum temperature >30ºC and Cold weather group[N=9] comprising of months with average maximum temperature ≤ 18ºC. Temperature range for Hot and Cold weather were in accordance with WHO. Statistical analysis used: Statistic tests used were Chi-square. Results: Of total admissions incidence of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia cases was 2.8%(927/33267).There was no significant effect of hot weather on incidence of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia cases (p > 0.05) while significant effect of cold weather was seen leading to increased incidence of pre-eclapmsia and eclampsia cases (p <0.05). Conclusions: Trend of global warming warrants the need to study the effect of environmental changes on maternal health on large scale.

LOYALITAS PELANGGAN: PERAN CITRA MEREK DAN KUALITAS PRODUK

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-400
Author(s):  
Machmed Tun Ganyang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Brand Image ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Consumer Loyalty ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the relationship between brand image and product quality on customer loyalty in sports products. Data were collected through a questionnaire of 68 respondents. Through regression analysis, the results show that brand image and quality can explain variations in consumer loyalty with the brand image as a dominant factor. This finding implies that producers can increase consumer loyalty by enhancing brand image. Companies need to think about how to develop key messages so that consumers can clearly understand the position of the product. The unique aspects of the product need to be improved to create a special impression on the customer. Keywords: brand image, produk quality, customer loyalty

scholarly journals Overland Flow Resistance Law under Sparse Stem Vegetation Coverage

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1657
Author(s):  
Jingzhou Zhang ◽  
Shengtang Zhang ◽  
Si Chen ◽  
Ming Liu ◽  
Xuefeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Hydraulic Parameters ◽  
Slope Condition ◽  
Manning Roughness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Manning Roughness Coefficient

To explore the characteristics of overland flow resistance under the condition of sparse vegetative stem coverage and improve the basic theoretical research of overland flow, the resistance characteristics of overland flow were systematically investigated under four slope gradients (S), seven flow discharges (Q), and six degrees of vegetation coverage (Cr). The results show that the Manning roughness coefficient (n) changes with the ratio of water depth to vegetation height (h/hv) while the Reynolds number (Re), Froude number (Fr), and slope (S) are closely related to vegetation coverage. Meanwhile, h/hv, Re, and Cr have strong positive correlations with n, while Fr and S have strong negative correlations with n. Through data regression analysis, a power function relationship between n and hydraulic parameters was observed and sensitivity analysis was performed. It was concluded that the relationship between n and h/hv, Re, Cr, Q, and S shows the same law; in particular, for sparse stem vegetation coverage, Cr is the dominant factor affecting overland flow resistance under zero slope condition, while Cr is no longer the first dominant factor affecting overland flow resistance under non-zero slope condition. In the relationship between n and Fr, Cr has the least effect on overland flow resistance. This indicates that when Manning roughness coefficient is correlated with different hydraulic parameters, the same vegetation coverage has different effects on overland flow resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to study overland flow resistance under the condition of sparse stalk vegetation coverage.

scholarly journals Seasonal Trends for Environmental Illness Incidence in the U.S. Army

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W DeGroot ◽  
Catherine A Rappole ◽  
Paige McHenry ◽  
Robyn M Englert
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Medical Surveillance ◽  
Piecewise Regression ◽  
Exertional Heat Illness ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Icd Codes ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Introduction The incidence of and risk factors for exertional heat illness (EHI) and cold weather injury (CWI) in the U.S. Army have been well documented. The “heat season”, when the risk of EHI is highest and application of risk mitigation procedures is mandatory, has been arbitrarily defined as May 1 through September 30, while the “cold season” is understood to occur from October 1 to April 30 each year. The proportions of EHI and CWI that occur outside of the traditional heat and cold seasons are unknown. Additionally, it is unknown if either of the seasonal definitions are appropriate. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of EHI and of CWI that occur within the commonly accepted seasonal definitions. We also report the location-specific variability, seasonal definitions, and the demographic characteristics of the populations. Methods The U.S. Army installations with the highest frequency of EHI and of CWI from 2008 to 2013 were identified and used for analysis. In total there were 15 installations included in the study, with five installations used for analysis in both the EHI and CWI projects. In- and out-patient EHI and CWI data (ICD-9-CM codes 992.0 to 992.9 and ICD codes 991.0 to 991.9, respectively) were obtained from the Defense Medical Surveillance System. Installation-specific denominator data were obtained from the Defense Manpower Data Center, and incidence rates were calculated by week, for each installation. Segmental (piecewise) regression analysis was used to determine the start and end of the heat and cold seasons. Results Our analysis indicates that the heat season starts around April 22 and ends around September 9. The cold season starts on October 3 and ends on March 24. The majority (n = 6,445, 82.3%) of EHIs were diagnosed during the “heat season” of May 1 to September 30, while 10.3% occurred before the heat season started (January1 to April 30) and 7.3% occurred after the heat season ended (October 1 to December 31). Similar to EHI, 90.5% of all CWIs occurred within the traditionally defined cold season, while 5.7% occurred before and 3.8% occurred after the cold season. The locations with the greatest EHI frequency were Ft Bragg (n = 2,129), Ft Benning (n = 1,560), and Ft Jackson (n = 1,538). The bases with the largest proportion of CWI in this sample were Ft Bragg (17.8%), Ft Wainwright (17.2%), and Ft Jackson (12.7%). There were considerable inter-installation differences for the start and end dates of the respective seasons. Conclusions The present study indicates that the traditional heat season definition should be revised to begin  ∼3 weeks earlier than the current date of May 1; our data indicate that the current cold season definition is appropriate. Inter-installation variability in the start of the cold season was much larger than that for the heat season. Exertional heat illnesses are a year-round problem, with ∼17% of all cases occurring during non-summer months, when environmental heat strain and vigilance are lower. This suggests that EHI mitigation policies and procedures require greater year-round emphasis, particularly at certain locations.

scholarly journals Relationship between daily suicide counts and temperature in England and Wales

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Page ◽  
Shakoor Hajat ◽  
R. Sari Kovats
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Series Regression ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundSeasonal fluctuation in suicide has been observed in many populations. High temperature may contribute to this, but the effect of short-term fluctuations in temperature on suicide rates has not been studied.AimsTo assess the relationship between daily temperature and daily suicide counts in England and Wales between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2003 and to establish whether heatwaves are associated with increased mortality from suicide.MethodTime-series regression analysis was used to explore and quantify the relationship between daily suicide counts and daily temperature. The impact of two heatwaves on suicide was estimated.ResultsNo spring or summer peak in suicide was found. Above 18 °, each 1 ° increase in mean temperature was associated with a 3.8 and 5.0% rise in suicide and violent suicide respectively. Suicide increased by 46.9% during the 1995 heatwave, whereas no change was seen during the 2003 heat wave.ConclusionsThere is increased risk of suicide during hot weather.

The Effect of Climate Change on the Health of Aged People in Ibadan, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. J. Kehinde ◽  
A. T. Adeboyejo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Aged People ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Component Scores ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

Susceptibility to ill health among aged people had been linked with climate change impacts in rapidly urbanising cities. Therefore, this study evaluates to the vulnerability of aged people to the health impacts of climate change in Ibadan, Nigeria. Data on clinically diagnosed climate related diseases (CRDs) (2000 – 2014) among aged people (>50 years) and temperature and rainfall parameters (1970 – 2007) in Ibadan were obtained and projected to year 2050. Also, the relationship between the climatic parameters and incidence of the five most prevalent CRDs were analysed using multiple regression. The increasing trend of mean maximum temperature (r = 0.47) and rainfall (r = 0.15) is associated with incidences of hypertension (34.4%), respiratory diseases (21.2%) and diarrhoea (14.3%) among aged people (> 60 years), mostly male folk (67.2%). The linear composite of disease communalities extracted 84.0% variance of the data set with the following component scores: skin disease (0.98), hypertension (0.96), respiratory disease (0.92), diarrhoea (0.89) and malaria (0.45). Further, CRDs (R2 = 27%, p = 0.012) in Ibadan among aged people could be significantly attributed to influences of climatic parameters. The study suggests building aged peoples’ resilience to emanating impacts through health and nutritional improvement programs, and re-introduction of neighbourhood parks and gardens.

An ecological explanation for hyperallometric scaling of reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomos Potter ◽  
Anja Felmy
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn wild populations, large individuals have disproportionately higher reproductive output than smaller individuals. We suggest an ecological explanation for this observation: asymmetry within populations in rates of resource assimilation, where greater assimilation causes both increased reproduction and body size. We assessed how the relationship between size and reproduction differs between wild and lab-reared Trinidadian guppies. We show that (i) reproduction increased disproportionately with body size in the wild but not in the lab, where effects of resource competition were eliminated; (ii) in the wild, the scaling exponent was greatest during the wet season, when resource competition is strongest; and (iii) detection of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction is inevitable if individual differences in assimilation are ignored. We propose that variation among individuals in assimilation – caused by size-dependent resource competition, niche expansion, and chance – can explain patterns of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction in natural populations.

The ecology of immature phases of Trichostrongyle nematodes: II. The effect of climatic factors on the availability of the infective larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis to the host

Parasitology ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Crofton
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
High Death ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation

1. Eggs and larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis were used.2. The rate of hatching of eggs was shown to be mainly related to temperature. From November to March, when maximum temperatures were below 50° F., there was no hatching. When maximum temperatures of 50–55° F. occurred eggs hatched on or before the fifteenth day, but never during the first 8 days. Eggs hatched in 8 days or less when maximum temperatures of 60–80° F. occurred.3. When the rate of evaporation in the air was high, eggs still hatched and reached the infective stage, the grass blades reducing the rate of loss of moisture from the faecal pellet. Laboratory experiments show that eggs may not develop to the infective stage if the faecal pellets are on a grassless portion of the pasture. This is most likely to occur when the rate of evaporation is high and the temperature low.4. Hatching may be delayed by cold conditions, but some eggs remain viable for long periods and they hatch when the temperature rises. Eggs passed by the host in the autumn can survive a cold winter and hatch in the spring, but eggs passed during the coldest period die.5. During periods when the maximum temperature never exceeded 55° F., little or no migration of larvae occurred. When temperatures rose above 55° F. the number of larvae migrating increased; but rise of temperature was associated with increase in the rate of evaporation. High rates of evaporation reduced the number of larvae migrating on the grass blades.6. Some infective larvae died soon after exposure on grass plots, but a small number survived long periods. In cold weather some larvae were still alive after 20 weeks. A high death-rate occurred in warm weather. A large proportion of the larvae died during periods in which the rate of evaporation was high; in one of these periods 95% of the larvae were dead at the end of 4 weeks' exposure.7. The number of larvae on grass blades of a pasture was shown to be dependent, at any time, upon the climate at that time, and upon past conditions which had influenced hatching and survival:

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