Shariʿa and State in the Modern Muslim Middle East

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Brown

The Islamic shariʿa is central to Islam in the minds of most Muslims and non-Muslim scholars. In many ways, the centrality of the Islamic shariʿa has increased in recent decades. Yet despite—or perhaps because of—this centrality, the precise, even the general, role of the shariʿa in Islamic societies is the subject of contentious debate among Muslims. Outside of and underlying such debates are more subtle and rarely articulated differences about the meaning of the Islamic shariʿa. In this essay, I will put forward a general intellectual map for those varying meanings. More critically, I will suggest that important shifts in the meaning of the Islamic shariʿa have taken place in the Muslim world, and that these shifts are closely connected to the nature and viability of legal and educational institutions associated with the Islamic shariʿa in the past. As the Islamic shariʿa has become disconnected from these institutions, its meaning has changed in some fundamental ways. Most important, the shariʿa is approached less for its process than for its content. And because the shift in institutions and understanding has received much less attention from Muslims, widespread attempts to re-create older relationships (particularly involving the relationship between the Islamic shariʿa and the state) in fact involve a deepening rather than a counteracting of the transformation in the Islamic shariʿa.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6222
Author(s):  
Kacper Szewczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Chojnacka ◽  
Magdalena Górnicka

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are natural compounds of plant origin, available in the nature. They are supplied in various amounts in a diet, mainly from vegetable oils, some oilseeds, and nuts. The main forms in the diet are α- and γ-tocopherol, due to the highest content in food products. Nevertheless, α-tocopherol is the main form of vitamin E with the highest tissue concentration. The α- forms of both tocopherols and tocotrienols are considered as the most metabolically active. Currently, research results indicate also a greater antioxidant potential of tocotrienols than tocopherols. Moreover, the biological role of vitamin E metabolites have received increasing interest. The aim of this review is to update the knowledge of tocopherol and tocotrienol bioactivity, with a particular focus on their bioavailability, distribution, and metabolism determinants in humans. Almost one hundred years after the start of research on α-tocopherol, its biological properties are still under investigation. For several decades, researchers’ interest in the biological importance of other forms of vitamin E has also been growing. Some of the functions, for instance the antioxidant functions of α- and γ-tocopherols, have been confirmed in humans, while others, such as the relationship with metabolic disorders, are still under investigation. Some studies, which analyzed the biological role and mechanisms of tocopherols and tocotrienols over the past few years described new and even unexpected cellular and molecular properties that will be the subject of future research.


1987 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen Pugach ◽  
Mara Sapon-Shevin

The calls for educational reform that have dominated the professional and lay literature for the past few years have been decidedly silent in discussing the role of special education either as a contributor or a solution to the problems being raised. As an introduction to this “Special Focus” on the relationship between general educational reform and special education, this article summarizes some of the more prominent reports with regard to their treatment (and nontreatment) of special education. The impact of proposed reforms for the conceptualization and operation of special education is the subject of the five articles that follow.


Author(s):  
José De La Cruz Diaz-Ledezma

This article presents a vision of the relationship that can be established between education and art in our country, starting from the analysis of the objectives of teacher education and the role it plays in the educational process, presents a critical analysis of the intentionality of Basic education and teacher training. It is an intentional study of the role of the teacher in a country where the role of the educating State takes on the functions of designing, orienting, organizing and directing, through the school the destinies of the new generations, forming them in an educational process according to the interests and needs of. Objective: to identify the influence that the State exerts through education, in active teachers, in the training of teachers and in students of the different educational levels of our country. Methodology: qualitative documentary research, where different moments of teacher training are analyzed in the light of theory, educational laws and others related to the subject. Contribution: originate discussion points around the educational process and the State's aims in educational matters, from the training of teachers and their performance in the classroom as an agent not of transformation, but as a reproductive agent of the wishes of the State.


Author(s):  
Lilia BURANBAEVA ◽  
◽  
Rimma GILMUTDINOVA ◽  
Elvira DUBININA ◽  
Ekaterina ZHILINA ◽  
...  

The subject of the research is to identify the place and role of personal subsidiary plots in social production in general and in agriculture in particular; object — personal subsidiary plots as a form of non-entrepreneurial activity for the production, processing and sale of agricultural products. The purpose of the study is to identify the importance of the functioning of personal subsidiary plots in ensuring the implementation of the state agrarian policy in terms of ensuring food security. The objectives of the study are to analyze the state of functioning of personal subsidiary plots, to identify their role in ensuring the country's food security. The novelty of the research: the relationship between consumer cooperation and personal subsidiary plots has been revealed. Conclusions: the role of consumer cooperatives in ensuring food security increases with the strengthening of their purchasing and marketing ties with personal subsidiary and peasant (farm) households.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
Natalie Zervou

Since 2009, the financial crisis in Greece has brought about a need to revisit the past and challenge previous historical assumptions in order to understand the socio-political present more effectively. Dance, and performing arts in general, have reflected this urge by giving voice to marginalized events and perspectives in Greek history, and by challenging the dominant rhetoric of ancient Greek lineage and continuity that often overlooked the significance of ethnic minorities. As such, the focus has shifted away from a sense of unity toward a fragmented understanding of Greek identity that is re-envisioning history and documenting the present by taking into consideration under-represented communities, such as ethnic minorities and immigrants.Drawing on a series of collaborative video-dance projects by Despina Stamos and Jill Woodward (passTRESpass and Bodies of Resilience), which engage with the subject position of immigrants in Greece during the crisis, this paper examines the relationship between marginality and dominant national histories, as well as the role of dance in (re)writing these “margins” and rendering them visible. Especially at a time when extreme nationalism and racism are on the rise in Greece, can dance provide the subjects of discrimination with agency, and create a space for them to “speak” against racist violence? How are these immigrants’ embodied histories in dialogue with the current rewriting of Greek identity and history?


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Muslih Hidayat

This paper seeks to describe the topic of Islamization and embryo of Islamic education institutions in Indonesia by exploring the sources of related literature. On the subject, the author tries to find and construct theories relating to the historical-sociological process of Islamization in Indonesia ?; what is the relationship between Islamization and the growth and development of Islamic institutions, especially Islamic education institutions ?; what is the role of the Islamic kingdom in Islamization and the early development of Islamic education in the archipelago? The development of Islamic education institutions has attracted the attention of experts both from within and outside the country to conduct comprehensive scientific studies. Now there are many research works by experts that inform about the growth and development of educational institutions, especially Islamic education. The aim is to enrich the treasure of Islamic nuances of knowledge as well as a reference and comparison for managers of Islamic education in the following periods.


Author(s):  
Ali Unsal

This article attempts to explain the state of contemporary Islamic Intellectualism. Additionally, it proposes a set of abilities, attributes, and responsibilities that Muslim scholars should possess to develop Islamic Intellectualism. To achieve this, this article first provides an analysis of the history of Islamic civilization, and the role of traditional Islamic Intellectualism in pushing the civilization towards new heights in the realms of societal organization, politics, culture, economics, and theology. Islam, as such, had experienced its first renaissance from the eighth to the sixteenth century. Today, the Muslim world is in need of a second renaissance. This is the context in which this article situates the ‘standards’ to which contemporary Muslim intellectuals must strive towards.


1903 ◽  
Vol 49 (204) ◽  
pp. 52-70
Author(s):  
J. Lougheed Baskin

There has been a considerable amount of attention called to the subject of phthisis in asylums lately, and since the publication of the report of the Tuberculosis Committee the subject has appeared in a broader light. Although much is being and has been done for the prevention of phthisis by means of the Sanatorium movement, and the varieties of the technique of hygiene which are included in that treatment, yet there are still many aspects of the disease (both in the sane and insane) which require precise investigation, such as the variations in the composition of the secretions and excretions when the body is in the state of phthisical toxæmia; the relationship of the tuberculous toxæmia to other toxæmias, such as the influenzal (27), gouty, etc.; the accumulation of toxins, and its relations to recurrent forms of disease. The number of deaths from tubercle here during the past year we find to be ten; in 1900 it was nine, and 1899 it was fifteen, so that from a percentage of 1.3 in 1899 it has dropped to 0'85 in 1901. On examining the position of this asylum in the tables drawn up by the Tuberculosis Committee (1) we find it tenth in the asylums in England and Wales which are classified under Division i, which asylums have a tubercular death-rate of from 0.5 to 2.2, the county asylum at Exminster having a percentage of 1.3. This compares favourably with other asylums, some in the Division 2 having a tubercular death-rate of 5.1 and 8 per cent. respectively.


Author(s):  
Adalberto SCORTEGAGNA

A pesquisa busca analisar as atividades de campo na disciplina de Geologia Introdutória nos cursos de Geografia no Estado do Paraná. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com os professores responsáveis pela disciplina, nas instituições de ensino que mantêm o curso de Geografia no Estado. A análise dos resultados possibilitou caracterizar a prática dos professores nas atividades de campo, desde a preparação até a execução, além de constatar as diferentes visões de ensino dos diferentes profissionais que atuam nesta disciplina. Os depoimentos dos professores foram examinados a partir de duas categorias de análise: as características das saídas de campo e as concepções sobre a disciplina de Geologia Introdutória. A análise demonstrou que não há diferenças significativas entre os professores no que diz respeito aos trabalhos realizados em campo, independentemente da formação, titulação e instituição onde atuam. As diversas alternativas de trabalhos de campo ainda estão distantes da prática da maioria dos professores, que optam por atividades voltadas ao reconhecimento no campo de conteúdos desenvolvidos em sala de aula. Entretanto, revelaram-se duas concepções distintas quanto ao papel da disciplina no curso e os conteúdos que deve abranger: a visão do professor geólogo e a visão do professor geógrafo. Em que pese tais diferenças, as concepções de ambos os profissionais não são, de modo geral, compatíveis com as características e conteúdos dos trabalhos de campo que promovem. Fieldwork on the Courses of Introductory Geology: Courses of Geography in the State of Paraná Abstract The research aims at analyzing the activities of field in courses of Introductory Geology in the Geography Schools in the State of the Paraná. The data had been collected by means of interviews with the responsible professors for the course, in the educational institutions that keep the course of Geography in the State. The analysis of the results made possible to characterize the practical one of the professors in the activities of field, since the red tape until the execution, besides evidencing the different visions of education of the different professionals who act in this discipline. The professors ´ interviews were examined from two categories of analysis: the features of the field outputs and the conceptions in courses of Introductory Geology. The analysis demonstrated that there aren´t significant differences between the two kinds of professors in respect to the works carried through in field, independently of the formation, titulation and institution where they work . The diverse alternatives of field works are still distant from the practical one of the majority of the professors, who choose activities directed to the recognition in the field of contents developed in classroom. However, two conceptions had different views concerning the role of the subject in the Geography course and the contents that it must contain: the vision of both geology and geography professors. In spite of these differences, the conceptions of both the professionals are not, generally speaking, compatible with the features and contents of the field works that promote.


2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawfiq Alsaif

This paper tracks the relationship between religion and the state in Saudi Arabia during the past 50 years. This relationship is unique in the sense that the religious power (Wahabi) together with the ruling family (Al Sa'ud) were partners in founding the Kingdom. This cooperative relationship has been degenerating into mutual suspicion. Right now there are three main variants of religious stratification in Saudi Arabia vis-à-vis the state: the traditional Salafists who back the rulers come what may – the government is gradually reducing their prerogatives; and the opposition, which in turn is divided between Sahwa (who are discontented Salafists) and Tanweeris (advocates of enlightenment). The Sahwa current with its elderly leadership believes that the state is straying away from the teachings of religion and it recommends austere adherence to it; the dynamics of their activities are possibly pushing towards taking leadership from outside the Kingdom. The Tanweeris, on the other hand, have young leaders, the popular base is young and broad, and they are strong advocates of democracy. Despite their capacity for effective social mobilization, it seems too early to judge whether this religious stream will eventually push for reform or constrain it, especially given that it has not yet resolved its position on some key issues such as different national constituencies and women.


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