scholarly journals School Protests and the Making of the Post-Ottoman Mediterranean: Student Politicization as a Challenge to Italian Colonialism in Rhodes, 1915–1937

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Andreas Guidi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Student Activism ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
New Schools ◽  
Colonial Governance ◽  
Colonial Order ◽  
School Issues ◽  
Student Unrest

Abstract Student unrest under Italian rule in Rhodes reveals youth's contribution to the transformation of Mediterranean politics in the 20th century. A condition of possibility for this unrest was the precolonial infrastructure of Rhodes, where new schools emerged in the last decades of Ottoman rule. During the Italian military occupation (1912–23), schools reflected identifications such as Ottoman patriotism and Greek irredentism. Student activism expanded beyond school issues and intersected with Italy's uncertain attitude concerning Rhodes's future, the warfare ravaging the Eastern Mediterranean, and the unmaking of Ottoman authority. Italian governors considered youth politicization to be influenced by elder politicians and limited to communal factionalism. After a decade of reforms under Italian sovereignty following the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), unrest reappeared in the 1930s. Students sympathized with ideas like pro-fascist Zionism and anticolonial Greek nationalism. They addressed issues of loyalty and belonging linked to Italian rule's dilemmas of fascist assimilation and colonial separation. Contrary to the 1910s, the authorities repressed student unrest and admitted that youth politicization was autonomous from the influence of the elders, conflicting with the fascist colonial order. Discussing student activism during this imperial transformation goes beyond narratives centered on state policies or one exclusive confessional group, highlighting interconnections between communal affairs, colonial governance, and regional geopolitics.

Dynamics of Student Activism'

1977 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-296
Author(s):  
Prayag Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
New York ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Student Activism ◽  
Student Leaders ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Political Consciousness ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Student Unrest

Student unrest was rampant on the Indian, campuses in the sixties and several studies have been published which probe into the socio-economic background of the student leaders, attitudes and value patterns among students, and leadership styles. Reviewing three works on this subject, Dr. Mehta stresses that student activism in developing countries stems from economic difficulties and that it indicates a desire to reform the educational system to bring it in line with socio-economic aspirations. Ross, Aileen D., Student Unrest in India: A Comparative Approach (Montreal: McGill Queen's University Press, 1969). Altbach, Philip G. (ed.), Turmoil and Transition: Higher Education and Student Politics in India (New York: Basic Books, 1968). Shinde, A. B., Political Consciousness among College Students (Bombay: Thackers, 1972).

scholarly journals Dendroclimatology in the Eastern Mediterranean

Radiocarbon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (04) ◽  
pp. S61-S68
Author(s):  
Ramzi Touchan ◽  
David M. Meko ◽  
Kevin J. Anchukaitis
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Climatic Variation ◽  
Ring Network ◽  
The Past

Dendroclimatology in the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) region has made important contributions to the understanding of climate variability on timescales of decades to centuries. These contributions, beginning in the mid-20th century, have value for resource management, archaeology, and climatology. A gradually expanding tree-ring network developed by the first author over the past 15 years has been the framework for some of the most important recent advances in EM dendroclimatology. The network, now consisting of 79 sites, has been widely applied in large-scale climatic reconstruction and in helping to identify drivers of climatic variation on regional to global spatial scales. This article reviews EM dendroclimatology and highlights contributions on the national and international scale.

scholarly journals Ethnographic Trailblazers: Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Robert Prus ◽  
Matthew Burk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Greek Literature ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Participant Observer

While ethnographic research is often envisioned as a 19th or 20th century development in the social sciences (Wax 1971; Prus 1996), a closer examination of the classical Greek literature (circa 700-300BCE) reveals at least three authors from this era whose works have explicit and extended ethnographic qualities. Following a consideration of “what constitutes ethnographic research,” specific attention is given to the texts developed by Herodotus (c484-425BCE), Thucydides (c460-400BCE), and Xenophon (c430-340BCE). Classical Greek scholarship pertaining to the study of the human community deteriorated notably following the death of Alexander the Great (c384-323BCE) and has never been fully approximated over the intervening centuries. Thus, it is not until the 20th century that sociologists and anthropologists have more adequately rivaled the ethnographic materials developed by these early Greek scholars. Still, there is much to be learned from these earlier sources and few contemporary social scientists appear cognizant of (a) the groundbreaking nature of the works of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon and (b) the obstacles that these earlier ethnographers faced in developing their materials. Also, lacking awareness of (c) the specific materials that these scholars developed, there is little appreciation of the particular life-worlds depicted therein or (d) the considerable value of their texts as ethnographic resources for developing more extended substantive and conceptual comparative analysis.  Providing accounts of several different peoples’ life-worlds in the eastern Mediterranean arena amidst an extended account of the development of Persia as a military power and related Persian-Greek conflicts, Herodotus (The Histories) provides Western scholars with the earliest, sustained ethnographic materials of record. Thucydides (History of the Peloponnesian War) generates an extended (20 year) and remarkably detailed account of a series of wars between Athens and Sparta and others in the broader Hellenistic theater. Xenophon’s Anabasis is a participantobserver account of a Greek military expedition into Persia. These three authors do not exhaust the ethnographic dimensions of the classical Greek literature, but they provide some particularly compelling participant observer accounts that are supplemented by observations and open-ended inquiries. Because the three authors considered here also approach the study of human behavior in ways that attest to the problematic, multiperspectival, reflective, negotiated, relational, and processual nature of human interaction, contemporary social scientists are apt to find instructive the rich array of materials and insights that these early ethnographers introduce within their texts. Still, these are substantial texts and readers are cautioned that we can do little more in the present statement than provide an introduction to these three authors and their works.

«POLITICAL COMPRADOR» AS A PHENOMENON IN THE PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Colonial Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
Colonial Order ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Global Agenda ◽  
Historical Past

The main factors of the comprador phenomenon as an actor of globalization are analyzed. The global liberal democracy that took shape during the second half of the 20th century is now being transformed. New actors are entering on the geopolitical space. Geopolitical order in the first decades of the XX s. faces the challenges of both the past century and the new. The issues of the new agenda and factors of new challenges are highlighted; shows the prospects for overcoming geopolitical turbulence. Attention is focused on the intensification of the challenges of the 20th century. along with the emergence of new ones in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Among these challenges - the Covid-19 pandemic and, accordingly, the global quarantine, which led to an increase in social tension in societies of different regions of the world, put on question the ability of state structures to ensure national security and the health of their citizens, which in general can have unexpected consequences, both for individual regions and countries, and the world as a whole. Due to the closure of state borders, the curtailment of transport links between continents and countries, between the internal national regions, a situation that is atypical for a globalized world has been created, which is familiar to us from the historical past, namely, the recreation of the world of fragmented feudalism, where other mechanisms of social and political interaction operate. It is indicated that from the point of view of the world-systems analysis, a small number of them belong to the capitalist center, that is, to the core, where the global agenda and the methods of protecting national security are formed. But the overwhelming majority of countries and states are in the periphery and semi-periphery groups. The phenomenon, which was the result of the colonial policy of nascent capitalism, persists to this day, but in other forms, retaining its functions. At the same time, the need to support the neo-colonial order remains, and therefore there is still a political interest in the formation of such groups in the third world (periphery) countries.

Zakaz nabywania terytorium państwa przez zawojowanie (debellatio) – perspektywa historyczna" - Prohibition of the acquisition of a state territory through deballatio – a historical perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol II (II) ◽  
pp. 50-65
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Masło
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
State Territory

A war is inevitably linked to changes in state borders, and the fighting armies were often occupying a territory of a hostile state by extending their power onto them. In the past, the areas occupied by a hostile state were often integrated to the victorious state (by the so-called deballatio) or subjected to various forms of dependence (e.g. a fief). Starting from the 19th century, a concept has been developed, according to which territorial changes between two belligerent countries are impermissible until the termination of military activities and the conclusion of a peace treaty . As a result of the Hague Conference of 1899 and 1907, an institution of an occupied territory was introduced into the language of international law, i.e. a state territory occupied by an enemy. An annexation, being the result of war, has a different character from the institution of an occupied territory, and a military occupation has not replaced a deballatio. They both coexisted, although they stem from a similar factual situation – a state of war and a consequent intrusion of an enemy on another state's territory. They also bring a similar effect, which is to establish the political system of the occupying state in this territory. As long as war was a legal mean of settling international disputes, the resulting transfer of a territory could not be illegal. During the ‘20s and ‘30s of the 20th century, the states were applying the practice of integrating the conquered territories rather than establishing a military occupation regime, and this met with the appreciation of the then countries. However, the author of this article puts forth a thesis that at the turn of the ‘30s and ‘40s of the 20th century, there was a prohibition of deballatio effected in violation of the then international law, and therefore with the Kellogg – Briand Pact. Territorial annexations, carried out by the Third Reich and the USSR against the territory of the Republic of Poland and other European countries after 1939, were therefore illegal. The purpose of this article is neither to comprehensively discuss the institution of military occupation, nor the prohibition of acquisition of a state territory through the use or a threat to use armed forces, or in particular – to discuss the current nature of the prohibition of deballatio. The intention of the author is to show how the prohibition of deballatio has finally emerged in the international law. When addressing this issue, it is impossible not to discuss the institution of deballatio and the international practice of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and the institution of military occupation, whose introduction to the international law related to the analysed issue. Only when the military occupation is presented, we will discuss the attempts aiming at prohibiting deballatio which have been made since the 19th century.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 237-246
Author(s):  
Daniel-Joseph MacArthur-Seal
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Peace Treaty

The conclusion shows how Britain extracted itself from its military occupation of Istanbul with the success of the Lausanne negotiations for a new peace treaty for the region. It goes on to assess Britain’s military expansion and contraction in the eastern Mediterranean against the broader literature on the rise and fall of empires. It summarises the argument presented across the course of the book, claiming that such a short-lived imperium cannot be explained without accounting for the mental image of the Levant constructed by British servicemen and statesmen. It then shows how the consequences of occupation shaped the later histories of Istanbul, Alexandria, and Thessaloniki, making their integration into a common imperial project of the type seen in the years 1914–1923 increasingly unfeasible.

URBAN IDENTITY IN COLONIAL TUNISIA: THE MAQĀMĀT OF SALIH SUWAYSI AL-QAYRAWANI

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-712
Author(s):  
Kimberly Katz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Urban Identity ◽  
Language Structure

AbstractThis article presents a microhistory of an early 20th-century Tunisian intellectual, Salih Suwaysi, within the context of cross-regional (Maghrib–Mashriq) literary and intellectual trends. Analyzing Suwaysi's use of the conventional literary genre of maqāmāt illustrates his deep understanding of the problems caused by France's occupation of Tunisia and highlights the significance of historical and contemporary urban space for the author. Revitalized during the nahḍa period, maqāmāt were employed by writers to address issues and problems facing contemporary society, in contrast to some of the earlier maqāmāt that focused on language and language structure more than on narrative content. Suwaysi followed his eastern Mediterranean, especially Egyptian, contemporaries in turning to this genre to convey his critical commentaries on social, religious, and political life under the French Protectorate in Tunisia.

scholarly journals Henri Lefebvre on education: Critique and pedagogy

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Middleton
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Student Activism ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Spatial Turn ◽  
Student Protests ◽  
Government Grants ◽  
20Th Century History ◽  
Work Production

The ‘spatial turn’ in education policy studies fuelled interest in Lefebvre’s work: initially, in his work Production of Space and, more recently, Rhythmanalysis and Right to the City. Yet, although in these texts Lefebvre critiques universities and schools and introduces original pedagogical concepts, their educational strands have attracted little attention. Lefebvre’s other works available in English have been largely overlooked in education literature. As France’s first Professor of Sociology, Lefebvre was passionately engaged with education: in particular, teaching, competing for government grants and leading student activism. Critiques of education are threaded through Lefebvre’s three-volume Critique of Everyday Life, his writings on architecture and anthologies. Lefebvre’s work, The Explosion, is surprisingly neglected. A critique of French universities, it analyses student protests across Paris in 1968 – events in which Lefebvre was a leading activist. In geography and philosophy there are burgeoning secondary literatures on Lefebvre. Laying groundwork for such a literature in education, I survey Lefebvre’s references to education in all the works available in English. Arguing that Lefebvre was an educational thinker in his own right, this paper sketches a ‘roadmap’ for educational readings of Lefebvre’s prolific and largely sociological writing. This paper falls into three parts. The first uncovers core Marxist and phenomenological foundations of Lefebvre’s critiques of universities and schools. Building on these, it introduces Lefebvre’s pedagogical concepts. The second part contextualises these in relation to ‘New’ (or ‘Progressive’) education movements at ‘critical moments’ of 20th-century history. It includes a case study of one such moment – the 1968 Parisian student uprising – then outlines Lefebvre’s summation of education in the late 20th century. The third part draws together four ‘Lefebvrian’ pedagogical principles and considers their relevance today. Educational readings of Lefebvre, I suggest, can help educationists identify ‘cracks or interstices’ in ‘technocratic rationality’, suggesting strategies for resisting contemporary neo-liberal regimes.

Arabic-Speaking Migrants in 19th- and 20th-Century Latin America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Pearl Balloffet
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Arabic Speaking

Global transoceanic migration booms of the 19th century brought with them more than a quarter of a million migrants from the Arabic-speaking eastern Mediterranean destined for Latin American cities, towns, and rural outposts across the region. Over the course of the early 20th century, a near-constant mobility of circulating people, things, and ideas characterized the formation of immigrant identities and communities with roots primarily in the Levantine area of the Middle East. Over time, historians of this migration have come to interpret as central the transnational and transregional nature of the ties that many individuals, families, and institutions in Latin America carefully maintained with their counterparts across the Atlantic. As the 20th century progressed, Middle Eastern migrants and their subsequent generations of descendants consolidated institutions, financial networks, and a plethora of other life projects in their respective Latin American home places. Meanwhile, they continued to seek meaningful participation in the realities of a Middle East-North Africa region undergoing deep shifts in its geopolitical, social, and cultural landscapes from the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the end of World War I, through the tumultuous century that followed.

scholarly journals El rol de las estatalidades en la construcción de sujetos asociados a la gestión hídrica del Chile reciente

2019 ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Felipe Trujillo Bilbao
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Siglo Xx

La historia ambiental es entendida aquí como una invitación a observar en la naturaleza indicios de las transformaciones sociotécnicas del Chile contemporáneo. Se revisan los principales hallazgos de la producción historiográfica y científico-social actual sobre la gestión de los diversos tipos de agua en Chile. Entendida ésta en su condición de material, política y biopolítica, se da cuenta de cómo ha transitado por tres estatalidades orquestadas paralelamente por distintos órganos del Estado chileno: un movimiento constante de zigzag entre la conservación, la desregulación y la tecnificación. Se defiende la propuesta de que, en el entrecruce entre medioambiente y política, está la clave para interrogar, de manera histórica, a la gestión hídrica como decidora de una serie de problemas directamente vinculados a la construcción del Chile contemporáneo y no como relegada a otros problemas clásicos, comola Reforma Agraria, para la segunda mitad del siglo XX, o los agronegocios, para fines del siglo XX, sin desconocer por ello el rol que estos procesos han tenido en la gestión hídrica del país. The Role of State Policy in the Construction of Subjects Associated with Water Management in Contemporary Chile AbstractEnvironmental history is understood here as an invitation to observe in nature indications of the sociotechnical transformations of contemporary Chile. This article looks at the main findings of current historiographic and scientific-social production on the management of different types of water in Chile. Understanding water as a political and biopolitical material, this paper looks at how it has been subject to three state policies orchestrated in parallel by different bodies of the Chilean Government: a constant zigzag movement between conservation, deregulation and technification. It defends the proposal that at the intersection of the environment and politics is the key to a historical inquiry into water management as a deciding factor for a number of problems directly related to the construction of contemporary Chile, and not relegated to other classical problems like the Agrarian Reform of the second half of the 20th century or agribusiness at the end of the 20th century, without fully disregarding the role that these processes have played in the country’s water management.Keywords: Water management, statehoods, neo-liberalization, contemporaryChile.

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