Liver weight and its N and vitamin A contents in piglets from sows fed two levels of protein and food

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Frape ◽  
K. L. Wolf ◽  
J. Wilkinson ◽  
L. G. Chubb
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Liver Vitamin

SUMMARYGestating female pigs received either a low or a high intake per day of diets containing either a low or high protein concentration. A change in the composition of both diets occurred after 2 years, when the protein quality of the high protein diet was improved and the energy content of both diets was increased. Vitamin A determinations were carried out on 245 piglet livers and 32 pairs of kidneys and lungs at birth from 47 sows. The livers, kidneys and lungs of 16 sows were also analysed for vitamin A after approximately 4 years on experiment. Vitamin A was detected at birth with antimony trichloride in the liver of the piglet, but not in the kidney or lung. The sow's kidney was found to contain only small amounts and lung tissue only traces.A dietary vitamin A level of 4800 i.u./kg during the breeding life of healthy sows, or 8600 i.u./day during gestation, was adequate from the point of view of both a constant storage in piglet livers at birth over eight to ten parities and a relatively high concentration remaining in sow livers after that period. This conclusion is in line with recommendations of the Agricultural Research Council (1966).As a consequence of differences in both the condition of the sows and in their responses in the two periods, the results for each period are presented separately. In the first 2-year period, when the sows received a relatively low intake of dietary protein during gestation (between 248 and 317 g protein/sow/day), and a low energy intake; that is, when protein was used for energy production, the liver vitamin A storage of the piglet at birth was increased by raising either the daily protein intake during gestation to 352 g, or the food intake from 1·8 to 2·3 kg/sow/day. Liver vitamin A and N concentrations were negatively correlated with liver weight, but increasing dietary protein concentration raised liver weight and its vitamin A content. Liver vitamin A per piglet was not affected by litter size.A conclusion may not be drawn concerning the contribution of dietary energy to the differences in response between periods, because in addition to dietary changes other differences occurred between periods. Nevertheless, in the second 2-year period, when energy intake during gestation was adequate for normal growth and development, a difference of 150 g in protein intake/sow/day (363 g against 208 g) had no effect on liver weight or its vitamin A content. Furthermore, there was no significant treatment effect on total protein or albumin concentrations in the serum of the sow.

Calcium absorption and bone density in immature horses fed two levels of crude protein

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
H.S. Spooner ◽  
G.D. Potter ◽  
P.G. Gibbs ◽  
E.M. Eller
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Faecal Ph

Research in other animal models indicate that high protein diets increase urinary calcium (Ca) excretion and may lead to a negative Ca balance and reduced bone density. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of two common levels of dietary protein intake on physiological parameters, Ca absorption, and bone density in immature horses. Sixteen 10-month old horses were blocked by age and sex into two dietary treatments. The control diet (C) was formulated using common ingredients to provide 100% of the National Research Council (NRC) for crude protein (CP), while the high protein diet (H) was formulated at 150% of NRC recommendations. Lower than expected dietary intake resulted in mean protein intake of 769±16 g/d in C and 978±18 g/d in H, equivalent to 91% and 116% of NRC, respectively. Blood, urine, and faeces were collected during the 112-day study to determine pH and mineral balance. Radiographs of the left third metacarpal were used to estimate bone density via radiographic bone aluminum equivalence (RBAE). Although urine pH decreased over time (P<0.001), no change in blood or urine pH was observed due to diet. Faecal pH, normalised to day 0, was significantly lower in H (P<0.02). Faecal Ca loss was greater in H (P<0.005); while Ca absorption and absorption as a percent of intake were lower for H (P<0.02). RBAE of dorsal and palmar cortices increased over time (P<0.001), but no differences were observed between diets. While excess dietary protein decreased faecal pH, increased faecal Ca excretion, and decreased Ca absorption, there appeared to be no effect on bone density over the course of this study.

scholarly journals Effects of food or nutrient restriction on milk vitamin A transfer and neonatal vitamin A stores in the rat

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Maria ◽  
G. Pasatiempo ◽  
A. Catharine Ross
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Serum Retinol ◽  
Total Food Intake ◽  
Affect Transfer ◽  
Liver Vitamin

We have investigated the effects of maternal diets low in fat or protein, or restricted in total food intake on vitamin A transfer from the dam to her pups. When animals were fed on diets moderately restricted in fat or protein, minimal differences in milk, serum, and liver vitamin A concentrations were observed compared with animals fed on a control diet. In a second study, dams were fed on diets more severely restricted in protein, or fat, or both, or were fed on a control diet equal to 50% of the intake of control rats but containing an equal amount of vitamin A. The quantity of milk obtained from these more severely restricted dams' nipples or the pups' stomachs was greatly reduced; however, there were no differences in milk vitamin A concentration. Body-weight, liver weight, and total liver vitamin A stores of undernourished pups were just half those measured for control pups, although serum vitamin A and serum retinol-binding protein were nearly normal in concentration. We conclude that (a) moderate restrictions in fat or protein in the maternal diet are insufficient to affect transfer of vitamin A to the suckling pup; (b) further dietary restrictions could cause decreased milk production with little change in milk vitamin A concentration and, hence, (c) the neonates' hepatic retinol accumulation during the suckling period is markedly reduced when maternal diets are severely deficient in fat or protein or of normal composition but restricted in amount.

The effect of variation in dietary protein concentration and energy intake on mineral accretion in early-weaned lambs

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Davidson ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Mineral Analyses

SUMMARYMineral analyses for calcium and phosphorus were carried out on lambs which had been fed diets contrasting in protein or energy or calcium concentration and had been slaughtered at defined live weights. Despite considerable variation in rates of growth arising from the widely different nutritional programmes, the mineral content of these lambs at a given weight remained remarkably stable on practical diets.

Abstract P100: Dietary Protein Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease in American Population with Hypertension and Diabetes

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Liern Hong ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Charles Poole
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Prevalence Odds Ratio ◽  
Renal Disease Progression

Background: Dietary protein intake has been associated with renal disease progression in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Little is known about the renal impact of protein intake in persons with hypertension or diabetes who are at high risk for CKD. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate protein intake in relation to CKD in a representative sample of US adults, stratified by hypertension and diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the US NHANES 2003-2008. Subjects were excluded if they were pregnant, with known weak kidney, or following on special diet. There were 9,284 eligible participants age 20-80 with data from two 24-hour dietary recall questionnaires. Protein intake was adjusted for energy intake and categorized into four evenly spaced groups. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60mL/min/1.73m 2 . Logistical regression model was used to estimate the prevalence odds ratio (POR). Analyses were further stratified by hypertension and diabetes. Results: The median protein intake was 77 g/day (interquartile range, 66 to 89 g/day) in the study population, and was 59, 72, 83, and 100 g/day for the lowest to the highest quarter of protein intake, respectively. The prevalence of CKD was 4%. For a 25-g increase in protein intake, the POR was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.93 to 1.50), adjusting for age, sex, race, income adequacy, education level, energy intake, physical activity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. The adjusted POR comparing the highest and the lowest quarter of protein intake was 1.12 (95%CI: 0.73 to 1.72). The stratified analysis showed the highest quarter is associated with CKD among persons with both hypertension and diabetes ( Table ). No association was found in persons with hypertension only, diabetes only, or neither. Conclusion: We observed a positive association between protein intake and CKD among American adults with both hypertension and diabetes. This finding adds to the concern of dietary protein intake in persons at high-risk for CKD. Table. Adjusted POR of CKD comparing the highest and the lowest quarter of protein intake. Disease Status Hypertension - + Diabetes - 1.05 (0.45 - 2.45) 0.80 (0.44 - 1.47) + 4.63 (0.33 - 65.70) 3.04 (1.13 - 8.19)

scholarly journals Protein Intake at Twice the RDA in Older Men Increases Circulatory Concentrations of the Microbiome Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell ◽  
Milan ◽  
Mitchell ◽  
Gillies ◽  
D’Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
The Impact

Higher dietary protein intake is increasingly recommended for the elderly; however, high protein diets have also been linked to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a bacterial metabolite derived from choline and carnitine abundant from animal protein-rich foods. TMAO may be a novel biomarker for heightened CVD risk. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a high protein diet on TMAO. Healthy men (74.2 ± 3.6 years, n = 29) were randomised to consume the recommended dietary allowance of protein (RDA: 0.8 g protein/kg bodyweight/day) or twice the RDA (2RDA) as part of a supplied diet for 10 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected pre- and post-intervention for measurement of TMAO, blood lipids, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory biomarkers. An oral glucose tolerance test was also performed. In comparison with RDA, the 2RDA diet increased circulatory TMAO (p = 0.002) but unexpectedly decreased renal excretion of TMAO (p = 0.003). LDL cholesterol was increased in 2RDA compared to RDA (p = 0.049), but no differences in other biomarkers of CVD risk and insulin sensitivity were evident between groups. In conclusion, circulatory TMAO is responsive to changes in dietary protein intake in older healthy males.

The Influence of Dietary Protein Concentration and Energy Intake on Mitogen Response and Tumor Growth in Melanoma-Bearing Mice

1979 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent L. Erickson ◽  
M. Eric Gershwin ◽  
Nancy L. Canolty ◽  
David D. Eckels
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Mitogen Response

Dietary Protein Intake and Distribution Patterns of Well-Trained Dutch Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna B. Gillen ◽  
Jorn Trommelen ◽  
Floris C. Wardenaar ◽  
Naomi Y.J. Brinkmans ◽  
Joline J. Versteegen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake

Dietary protein intake should be optimized in all athletes to ensure proper recovery and enhance the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training. In addition to total protein intake, the use of specific proteincontaining food sources and the distribution of protein throughout the day are relevant for optimizing protein intake in athletes. In the present study, we examined the daily intake and distribution of various proteincontaining food sources in a large cohort of strength, endurance and team-sport athletes. Well-trained male (n=327) and female (n=226) athletes completed multiple web-based 24-hr dietary recalls over a 2-4 wk period. Total energy intake, the contribution of animal- and plant-based proteins to daily protein intake, and protein intake at six eating moments were determined. Daily protein intake averaged 108±33 and 90±24 g in men and women, respectively, which corresponded to relative intakes of 1.5±0.4 and 1.4±0.4 g/kg. Dietary protein intake was correlated with total energy intake in strength (r=0.71, p <.001), endurance (r=0.79, p <.001) and team-sport (r=0.77, p <.001) athletes. Animal and plant-based sources of protein intake was 57% and 43%, respectively. The distribution of protein intake was 19% (19±8 g) at breakfast, 24% (25±13 g) at lunch and 38% (38±15 g) at dinner. Protein intake was below the recommended 20 g for 58% of athletes at breakfast, 36% at lunch and 8% at dinner. In summary, this survey of athletes revealed they habitually consume > 1.2 g protein/kg/d, but the distribution throughout the day may be suboptimal to maximize the skeletal muscle adaptive response to training.

scholarly journals Long-term oral refeeding of patients with cirrhosis of the liver

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Nielsen ◽  
Jens Kondrup ◽  
Lars Martinsen ◽  
Henrik Døssing ◽  
Benny Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Validation Study ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Protein Balance ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Duplicate Portion

A previous study has shown that malnourished, clinically stable patients with liver cirrhosis are in protein and energy balance at their spontaneous dietary intake and that an improvement in nutritional status cannot be anticipated at this intake (Nielsen et al. 1993). In the present study we examined to what extent oral intake could be increased by nutritional support, and to what extent dietary protein would be retained with increased intake. The techniques used for balance studies were also validated since this information is not available for patients with liver cirrhosis. Fifteen malnourished patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis were given increasing amounts of a balanced ordinary diet for 38 (SE 3) d. Intakes of protein and energy were recorded by weighing servings and leftovers on food trays. Protein intake was calculated from food tables. Total N disposal was calculated after measurement of urinary N excretion, and protein balance was calculated from the N balance. A validation study of protein balance in a subgroup of patients (analysis of N in food by the duplicate portion technique, correction for incomplete recovery of urine by measurement of urinary para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) after administration of PABA tablets, and measurement of faecal N) did not change protein balance values. Protein intake increased from 1. 0 (SE 0.1) g/kg per d to 1·8 (SE 0·1)g/kg per d. With increasing protein intake, 84 (SE 8)% of the increase in intake was retained. The rate of protein retention was not saturated at the intakes obtained in this study. Protein intolerance was only encountered in one patient. Available evidence indicates that the requirement for achieving N balance is increased in these patients but protein retention is highly efficient with increased intake. Protein retention is dependent on energy balance. Energy intake was calculated from food tables and total energy expenditure was calculated by the factorial method. A validation study was performed in a subgroup of patients. The energy contents of food sampled by the duplicate portion technique, and of urine and faeces were measured by bomb calorimetry. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry before and at the end of the study, and O2 uptake during bicycle exercise was measured before and at the end of the study. The measured intake of metabolizable energy was on average 13% lower than the value given in food tables. Calculated energy expenditure was not changed by the validation study. Mean energy intake was 163 (SE 10) kJ/kg per d and mean energy expenditure was 134 (SE 5) kJ/kg per d (P = 0·007), indicating that the protein retention described occurred at a positive energy balance. It is concluded that a substantial retention of dietary protein can be obtained by oral nutrition support over a prolonged period of time in patients with liver cirrhosis. Requirements of protein for maintenance and repletion in these patients are discussed.

Adequacy of Nutrient Intakes in Elite Junior Basketball Players

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Nikić ◽  
Željko Pedišić ◽  
Zvonimir Šatalić ◽  
Saša Jakovljević ◽  
Danielle Venus
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Absolute Energy

Purpose:The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient intakes of elite junior basketball players in comparison with nonathletes.Methods:A previously designed food frequency questionnaire was undertaken by 57 male elite junior basketball players 15 to 16 years of age and 53 nonathlete peers.Results:Mean estimated energy intake was more than 700 kcal higher in basketball players than in the nonathletes (p = .002). In both groups estimated energy intake was ~14% from protein, 38% from fat, and ~48% from carbohydrates. For the basketball players, estimated protein intake was below 1.4 g/kg in 32% of the group and above 1.7 g/kg in 51%, while carbohydrate intake was below 6 g/kg in 56%. Percentages of participants who apparently failed to meet the estimated average requirement for micronutrients were higher in the nonathlete group. The nutrients most likely to fail to meet the recommendations for nutrient density were vitamin A (~70%), zinc (49% in basketball players and 30% in nonathletes), niacin and calcium (~30% for both micronutrients in both groups).Conclusion:Within the limitations of the survey methodology, elite junior basketball players appear to consume higher absolute energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes than nonathletes, but the contribution of macronutrients to daily energy intake and the nutrient density of food choices was similar for both groups. Elite junior basketball players might benefit from nutrition education targeting carbohydrate and protein intake. Dietary modifications that increase intakes of vitamin A, zinc, calcium and niacin in the diets of both groups might also be of value.

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