Growth patterns in sheep: wool growth during weight loss and subsequent compensatory growth

SummaryWool growth rates (WGR) of individual sheep were measured by a patch-sampling technique, during periods of developmental growth, body-weight loss (which ranged from 21 to 34% of original body weight, at rates between 60 and 150g/day) and subsequent compensatory growth under ad libitum feeding.There was a ‘lag phase’ of about 30 days before WGR appeared to be affected by changes in direction of the animals' growth paths.During body-weight loss WGR declined about 300% more than the percentage change in body weight, with the duration of nutritional stress exerting a greater influence than the rate of body-weight loss.During compensatory growth in body weight, the relationship between WGR and rate of body-weight change was initially negative. Sheep required between 11 and 14 weeks to reach the WGR of 21 g/day found during developmental growth. Compensatory growth of wool did not occur.Duration of the nutritional stress, rather than its severity (as indicated by rate of body-weight loss), was the more important determinant of the time taken for the sheep to regain normal levels of wool growth after the commencement of ad libitum feeding.

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Developmental growth and body weight loss of cattle. V. Changes in the alimentary tract

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9690405 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 405 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

AB Carnegie ◽

NM Tulloh ◽

RM Seebeck

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Alimentary Tract ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Developmental Growth ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

This paper describes an investigation of the effects of developmental growth and body weight loss on the alimentary tract of Angus steers. Two groups of steers were used: group A which grew continuously, and group B which grew like group A and were then subjected to a period of weight loss before slaughter. Corresponding animals in both groups were killed at the same body weights. Group A animals (and group B animals before the commencement of weight loss) were fed on a high quality ration ad libitum. During their period of weight loss the group B animals were given a restricted intake of oaten straw. Statistical analysis was by analysis of covariance of the weights of components converted to logarithms. As empty body weight (EBW) increased, the weight of the empty, fat-trimmed alimentary tract (GT), the weight of each component of GT (oesophagus, rumenreticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, caecum, colon-rectum), and the weight of contents in each component of GT decreased as proportions of EBW. Apart from the oesophagus and the caecum, GT and each of its components did not change significantly in weight as the live body weight of the animals increased from 250 to 400 kg. Thus, developmental growth of the alimentary tract had almost finished when the experiment began. The effect of weight loss on the components of the alimentary tract was independent of EBW except for weight of the rumen-reticulum. This component lost weight in all animals but the loss was relatively smaller in the heavier animals than in the lighter ones. When group A and group B animals were compared at the same EBW, the weight of GT in group B animals was significantly less than in the group A animals. However, the components of GT did not all behave in the same way. Thus the weight of the oesophagus was greater, weights of the abomasum and small intestine were less, and weights of the omasum, caecum, and colon-rectum were not significantly changed in group B animals when compared with group A. Also, there was more digesta and its dry matter percentage was less in group B than in group A. The overall loss of weight of GT during body weight loss was an indication that GT was used as a source of protein and energy. The changes in the weights and relative proportions of the components of GT during weight loss were thought to be a reflection of the change both to a poor quality ration and to a reduced food intake.

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Developmental growth and body weight loss of cattle. II. Dissected components of the commercially dressed and jointed carcass

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9680477 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 477 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

RM Seebeck ◽

NM Tulloh

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Carcass Weight ◽

Unit Weight ◽

Developmental Growth ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

The effects of developmental growth and of body weight loss on the carcass composition of Angus steers, as measured by dissection of butcher's joints, are described. Two groups of steers were used: group A, which grew continuously, and group B, which grew like group A and was then subjected to a period of weight loss before slaughter. Animals in both groups were killed at the same body weights. Statistical analysis consisted of analyses of covariance of weights of components converted to logarithms.The proportions of muscle and bone decreased significantly as carcass weight increased, while the proportions of all fat components (particularly subcutaneous fat and kidney and channel fat) increased. Developmental growth also influenced the distribution of the components in the carcass, particularly muscle, subcutaneous fat, and intermuscular fat. These changes in weight and distribution of components appeared to be detrimental to carcass value per unit weight. During body weight loss, the weights of bone and of connective tissue remained relatively constant, although with bone the rate of change varied significantly with the size of the animal before weight loss. All other components lost weight, approximately reversing the pattern of development during body weight increase (as estimated from the group A animals). The muscle content of the group B animals was, however, significantly lower than in group A animals at the same carcass weight. Kidney and channel fat also tended to be lower in group B than in group A, but this depended on the size of the animal before undergoing body weight loss. When all fat tissues were considered together, group B carcasses were only slightly lower in fat content than group A carcasses at the same carcass weight, and this difference was not statistically significant. Changes in the distribution of dissected components were also shown to occur with body weight loss. The changes in both weight and distribution of the dissected components appeared to be detrimental to carcass value per unit weight.

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277 Effects of timing and amount of feed prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance under commercial conditions

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.174 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 100-101

Author(s):

Kiah M Gourley ◽

Analicia J Swanson ◽

Rafe Royall ◽

Jason C Woodworth ◽

Joel M DeRouchey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Weaning Weight ◽

Once Daily ◽

Feeding Management ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Piglet Survival

Abstract A total of 727 mixed parity (mean=3.8) sows were used to evaluate the effects of timing and amount of meals before farrowing on sow and litter performance. Upon entry to the farrowing house (d 113), sows were blocked by weight within parity and allotted to one of three feeding management treatments until farrowing: 1) 2.7 kg lactation diet (1.15% SID lysine and 2,153 Kcal/kg NE) once daily at 0700 h; 2) 4 daily meals of 0.67 kg (0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, 1900 h); 3) ad libitum lactation diet and encouraged to consume feed at 0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, and 1900 h. Data was analyzed using the lme function (lmer package of R, version 3.5.2). Feeding sows ad libitum before farrowing tended to reduce sow body weight loss (P=0.077) and reduce backfat loss (P=0.003) from entry to weaning compared to sows fed 4 daily meals, with sows fed once daily intermediate. Litter gain from 24 h to weaning tended to be greater (P=0.073) in sows fed ad libitum or 4 times daily prior to farrowing compared to sows fed one meal. Piglet weaning weight increased (P=0.050) in sows fed ad libitum before farrowing, compared to those fed one meal, with those fed 4 times daily intermediate. There was no evidence for difference in farrowing duration, stillborn rate, colostrum yield, or 24 h piglet survival regardless of treatment. However from 24 h to weaning, sows fed one daily meal had higher (P=0.012) percentage of fall-behind pigs compared to sows fed ad libitum, and increased (P=0.027) preweaning mortality compared to sows fed four daily meals, resulting in reduced (P=0.006) weaned percentage compared to sows fed four daily meals. There was no evidence for a negative impact when sows were fed ad libitum from 2 to 3 days before farrowing.

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Effects of prior or concurrent food restriction on amylin-induced changes in body weight and body composition in high-fat-fed female rats

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00395.2007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 293 (4) ◽

pp. E1112-E1117 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Jonathan D. Roth ◽

Heather Hughes ◽

Todd Coffey ◽

Holly Maier ◽

James L. Trevaskis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Food Restriction ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Specific Weight ◽

Female Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

High Fat ◽

Ad Libitum

Amylin infusion reduces food intake and slows body weight gain in rodents. In obese male rats, amylin (but not pair feeding) caused a preferential reduction of fat mass with protein preservation despite equal body weight loss in amylin-treated (fed ad libitum) and pair-fed rats. In the present study, the effect of prior or concurrent food restriction on the ability of amylin to cause weight loss was evaluated. Retired female breeder rats were maintained on a high-fat diet (40% fat) for 9 wk. Prior to drug treatment, rats were either fed ad libitum or food restricted for 10 days to lose 5% of their starting body weight. They were then subdivided into treatment groups that received either vehicle or amylin (100 μg·kg−1·day−1 via subcutaneous minipump) and placed under either a restricted or ad libitum feeding schedule (for a total of 8 treatment arms). Amylin 1) significantly reduced body weight compared with vehicle under all treatment conditions, except in always restricted animals, 2) significantly decreased percent body fat in all groups, and 3) preserved lean mass in all groups. These results indicate that amylin's anorexigenic and fat-specific weight loss properties can be extended to a variety of nutritive states in female rats.

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The effect of compensatory growth in sheep on empty body weight, carcass weight and the weights of some offals

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600027775 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 433-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

W. H. Winter ◽

N. M. Tulloh ◽

D. M. Murray

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Compensatory Growth ◽

The Body ◽

Carcass Weight ◽

Gut Contents ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Ad Libitum

SummaryThe effects on the body composition of Corriedale wethers of weight loss, compensatory gain and constant body weight are described. Three groups of sheep were grown from 35–63 kg by different paths. The first grew continuously (fed ad libitum). The second and third groups lost 20% and 28% of body weight (restricted intake), respectively, from 48 kg and were then fed ad libitum until they reached 63 kg. Pairs of animals were slaughtered at intervals in each group. A fourth group of sheep was maintained at 48 kg. Analyses of covariance comparing regression equations were used to determine differences in body composition between the first three groups.The compensatory growth rates of both groups which had lost weight were 1·5–2 times those during continuous growth. These increases were associated with an increased gut content of these animals and a concomitant reduction in the proportion of empty body weight (EBW) and carcass weight (CW) in t he full body weight (FBW). Thus, the apparent dressing percentage (CW/FBW x 100) was reduced by 2% during compensatory growth. The carcass length was not reduced during weight loss and its growth in relation to the CW was not affected by treatment. Thus compensatory growth animals had longer carcasses. Similar increases in gut contents and carcass length were found for animals maintained at constant body weight.During developmental growth the proportions of the external offals, organs and gut tissue decreased in relation to the EBW; notable exceptions were the large intestine and caul fat where the proportions remained constant and increased, respectively.The growth of the CW, lungs, large intestine and head were not reversed during weight loss whilst the liver, heart, hide and gut tissues (except the large intestine) all lost more weight during weight loss than they had gained during the growth phase. The proportions of these latter components were increased in relation to the EBW during the ensuing compensatory growth.In general, the composition of animals held at constant body weight was similar to that of animals experiencing compensatory growth at the same weight and age.

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Developmental growth and body weight loss of cattle. III. Dissected components of the commercially dressed carcass, following anatomical boundaries

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9680673 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 673 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

RM Seebeck ◽

NM Tulloh

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Differential Effect ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

The Other ◽

Anatomical Dissection ◽

Developmental Growth ◽

Intermuscular Fat ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

This paper describes part of an investigation of the effects of developmental growth and body weight loss on the carcass composition of Angus steers. A method of anatomical dissection was used on one half (the right side) of each carcass to find the weights of each carcass component. The results are compared with those obtained from a method of dissecting butcher's joints used on the other (left) half of each carcass. Two groups of steers were used in this experiment: group A, which grew continuously, and group B, which grew like group A and were then subjected to a period of weight loss before slaughter. Corresponding animals in both groups were killed at the same body weights. Statistical analysis was by analyses of covariance of weights of components converted to logarithms. As carcass weight increased, the proportions of muscle, bone, and fascia and tendons decreased, while the proportions of the fat components increased. This result was similar to that obtained. previously by joint dissection, but the changes differed in degree. Distribution of muscle and bone changed significantly as the total weights of these components increased. Distribution of the other components was known only in so far as they came from either the hindquarter or the forequarter; no changes were found in their distribution as their total weights increased. Comparison of group A and group B animals at the same carcass weight showed that body weight loss led to a significant increase in the proportion of bone in the carcass but only a slight decrease in the proportion of muscle. Body weight loss had a differential effect on the proportion of kidney and channel fat in the carcass, the result depending on the weight at which animals were killed. The weight of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat in the group B carcasses did not vary significantly from that of group A carcasses of the same weight. These results were similar to those found by joint dissection but there were differences in magnitude. In particular, the differences in muscle weight between group A and group B carcasses was more pronounced in the joint dissection, where it was statistically significant. Also bone weight from the joint dissection was affected differentially by the weight loss treatment at the different killing weights; however, there was no evidence of a differential effect on bone weight in the anatomical dissection. These differences were ascribed to more accurate separation of tissues in the joint dissection. Distributions of muscle, bone, and fascia and tendon were affected by loss of body weight. Unlike joint dissection, anatomical dissection did not show significant effects on the distribution of subcutaneous fat and intermuscular fat due to the weight loss treatment; these differences between results are ascribed to differences between the units used for assessing these distributions.

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Growth Patterns of Neonates Treated with Thermal Control in Neutral Environment and Nutrition Regulation to Meet Basal Metabolism

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11030592 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 592 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shiro Kubota ◽

Masayoshi Zaitsu ◽

Tatsuya Yoshihara

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Thermal Control ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Basal Metabolism ◽

Peak Weight

Little is known about the growth patterns of low birth weight neonates (<2500 g) during standardized thermal control and nutrition regulation to meet basal metabolism requirements compared to those of non-low birth weight neonates (2500 g and above). We retrospectively identified 10,544 non-low birth weight and 681 low birth weight neonates placed in thermo-controlled incubators for up to 24 h after birth. All neonates were fed a 5% glucose solution 1 h after birth and breastfed every 3 h (with supplementary formula milk if applicable) to meet basal metabolism requirements. Maximum body-weight loss (%), percentage body-weight loss from birth to peak weight loss (%/day), and percentage body-weight gain from peak weight loss to day 4 (%/day) were assessed by multivariable linear regression. Overall, the growth curves showed a uniform J-shape across all birth weight categories, with a low mean maximum body-weight loss (1.9%) and incidence of neonatal jaundice (0.3%). The body-weight loss patterns did not differ between the two groups. However, low birth weight neonates showed significantly faster growth patterns for percentage body-weight gain: β = 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.46 to 0.58). Under thermal control and nutrition regulation, low birth weight neonates might not have disadvantages in clinical outcomes or growth patterns.

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Developmental growth and body weight loss of cattle. I. Experimental design, body weight growth, and the effects of developmental growth and body weight loss on the dressed carcass and the offal

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9671015 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 1015 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

RM Seebeck

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Weight Loss ◽

Carcass Weight ◽

Weight Growth ◽

Developmental Growth ◽

Body Weights ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

Full Body

At the age of approximately 11 months, 19 Angus steers were allotted to two experimental groups, namely, 10 to group A and 9 to group B. Group A animals were grown in pens and fed ad libitum. They were killed, two at each of the following of body weights: 250, 281, 316, 356, 400 kg. Group B animals were grown under similar conditions and killed at the same body weights as corresponding animals in group A; however, they were grown to weights 15% above their killing weights (growing-on phase) and then made to lose weight at 0.5 kg per day by restricting food intake until they reached their planned killing weights (weight loss phase). Huxley's (1932) allometric equation was used in logarithmic form as the basis for covariance analyses of the data. Empty body weight (EBW) increased as a proportion of full body weight as full body weight increased. EBW was higher in group A animals than in group B animals at the same full body weight, reflecting differences in weight of contents of the digestive tract. Dressed carcass weight increased as a proportion of EBW as EBW increased. Dressed carcass weight was higher in group B animals than in group A animals at the same EBW, indicating that the increase in carcass weight that occurred during the growing-on phase was not completely lost during the weight loss phase. During developmental growth, the weights of hide, feet, head, liver, gall bladder, heart, lungs, kidneys, and gut tissue decreased as proportions of EBW. The weight of abdominal fat increased as a proportion of EBW, while the weights of tail, spleen, and blood did not change significantly as proportions of EBW. During body weight loss, the weights of the feet, head, and tail remained close to the weights they had reached at the end of the growing-on phase, although, with the head, this varied considerably with the size of the animal before undergoing body weight loss. All other components lost weight during the weight loss phase. The hide, heart, lungs, and abdominal fat all reversed, approximately, the pattern of development that occurred during body weight growth. The liver, gall bladder, kidneys, gut tissue, spleen, blood, and thymus gland all lost more weight during the weight loss phase than they put on during the growing-on phase. With the liver, kidneys, and gut tissue, the proportion of weight lost varied according to the size of the animal before undergoing body weight loss.

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