The effect of environmental temperature and humidity on the skin temperature of Ayrshire calves

1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Beakley ◽  
J. D. Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Skin Temperatures

1. The skin temperatures at each of eight positions on the trunks of three 4-month-old Ayrshire bull calves were measured at 5 min. intervals in individual 6 hr. daily exposures to dry-bulb temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40° C. at 17 mg./l. absolute humidity, and 30, 35 and 40° C. at 7 mg./l. saturation deficit in a modified form of Latin square arrangement of environmental temperature. The schedule of experiments on each calf lasted 45 consecutive days and consisted of five replications of each of the nine environmental conditions.2. The skin temperatures of the calves all rose with increasing environmental temperature, humidity and time of exposure.

The effect of environmental temperature and humidity on the respiration rate of Ayrshire calves

1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Beakley ◽  
J. D. Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Experimental Animal ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Frequency Of Respiration

1. The respiration rates of three 4-month old Ayrshire bull calves were measured in individual 6 hr. daily exposures to 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40° C. dry bulb temperatures at 17 mg./l. absolute humidity and at 7 mg./l. saturation deficit at temperatures of 30, 35 and 40° C. in a planned sequence of environmental temperature. The schedule of experiments on each animal lasted 45 days consisting of five replications of these nine environmental conditions. Throughout the experimental programme the respiration rates of these three animals and of three control animals were measured in a holding room just before the experimental animal of each pair was transferred to the hot room.2. The frequency of respiration of all the calves increased with increasing environmental temperature and humidity.

The effect of environmental temperature and humidity on the rectal temperature of calves

1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Beakley ◽  
J. D. Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Low Humidity

1. The rectal temperatures of three 4-month-old Ayrshire bull calves were measured in individual 6 hr. daily exposures to 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40° C. dry-bulb temperature at low humidity (17 mg./l. absolute humidity) and to 30, 35 and 40° C. at high humidity (7 mg./l. saturation deficit). The experiments on each animal lasted 45 consecutive days and consisted of five replications of these nine environmental conditions. Measurements of rectal temperature were made every 5 min.2. The rectal temperatures of the animals rose with increasing environmental temperature and humidity.

The effect of environmental temperature and humidity on the ear temperatures of Ayrshire calves

1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Beakley ◽  
J. D. Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

1. The surface temperature of the right and left ears of 4-month-old Ayrshire bull calves subjected to temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40° C. at a low humidity of 17 mg./l. absolute humidity and to 30, 35 and 40° C. at a high humidity of 7 mg./l. saturation deficit, have been measured in a climatic room.2. From 20 to 40° C. at both humidities, but excluding 40° C. at high humidity, the ear-surface temperatures behaved exactly as did the mean surface temperature of the trunk as expressed in the relation

The effect of environmental temperature and humidity on the temperature of the skin of the scrotum in ayrshire calves

1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Beakley ◽  
J. D. Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Scrotal Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Low Humidity

1. The temperature of the surface of the scrota of three 4-month-old Ayrshire calves has been measured in environments of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40° C. at a low humidity of 17 mg./l. absolute humidity and in environments of 30, 35 and 40° C. at a high humidity of 7 mg./l. saturation deficit. Five replicate experiments were performed at each environment on each animal and the animals were exposed to each environment for 6 hr.; measurements of scrotal temperature were made once every 5 min.2. The scrotal surface temperature increased with increasing environmental temperature ranging from 32° C. at 15° C. to 39° C. at 40° C. The rates of increase in scrotal surface temperature with environmental temperature were curvilinear for two of the animals and rectilinear for the other. For the two whose rates of increase were curvilinear the rate of increase was constant at 0·2° C./° C. environmental temperature in the range 15–25° C.

The effect of environmental temperature and humidity on the frequency of the heart beat of Ayrshire calves

1955 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Beakley ◽  
J. D. Findlay
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Paired Control ◽  
Temperature Controlled ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

1. The heart rates of 4-month-old Ayrshire bull calves were measured in individual 6 hr. daily exposures to 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40° C. dry bulb temperatures at 17 mg./l. absolute humidity and at 7 mg./l. saturation deficit at temperatures 30–40° C. The schedule of experiments on each animal lasted 45 days and consisted of five replications of these nine environmental conditions. Throughout the experimental schedule the heart rates of three paired control animals were measured in a temperature-controlled holding room.2. The heart rates of all experimental animals increased with increasing environmental temperatures above 20° C. and with increasing humidity above 30° C.

Influence of Mixing Environmental Conditions on Flowability of Lactose Blends

2014 ◽  
Vol 633 ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Yun Lu ◽  
Lan Chen ◽  
Rui Lin Heng ◽  
Yun Zhang Cheng ◽  
Umezuruike Linus Opara
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Dry Powder ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Powder Flowability ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Powder flowability is one of the most important properties affecting the filling and delivering processes of dry powder inhalations. When the powder is exposed to different environmental (temperature, relative humidity (RH)) conditions, the interaction between particulates would influence the flowability of powders. Blends of 83% coarse lactose (D50=126μm) and 17% fine lactose (D50= 7μm) were prepared at three different mixing environments and the effects of temperature and humidity on powder flowability were investigated. Results indicated that mixing under relatively higher temperature and lower RH environmental conditions improved the flowability of lactose blends.

Heat-tolerance studies of fat-tailed sheep in the subtropics

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. E. Hafez ◽  
A. L. Badreldin ◽  
M. A. Sharafeldin
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Forty adult (15 months old) fat-tailed Egyptian rams and ewes of the Rahmani and Ossimi breeds were available at the Animal Breeding Research Farm, Giza, Egypt (30° N.). Body temperature and respiration rates were measured twice weekly throughout the year 1953–4. On days of observations, four readings were taken at 10 a.m., 12 noon, 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. Skin temperature was measured once weekly at noon for nine body regions, using a precision bridge thermometer. The effects of docking and pregnancy were also studied.1. There were seasonal variations in body temperature and respiration rate. The maximum values were during summer and the minimum during winter. The seasonal rate of change was greater in respiration rate than in body temperature.2. Body temperature was 39·1 and 39·0° C. for the Ossimi rams and ewes respectively, while it was 38·9° C. for both Rahmani sexes. Respiration rate per minute was 42·0, 39·3, for Ossimi rams and ewes and 38·2 and 35·9 for Rahmani rams and ewes respectively. Body temperature and respiration rate were higher in the Ossimi than in the Rahmani breed, and in the males than in the females. Breed differences may be related to anatomical differences such as body conformation, size of skull and tail, thickness of skin and subcutaneous fat and differences in coat characteristics. Sex differences may be associated with the live weight of the animals as well as differences in the hormonal system.3. Pregnancy had no effect on body temperature and respiration rate in either breed.4. Different experimental groups reacted similarly with respect to diurnal variations in body temperature and respiration rate; the lowest values being at 10 a.m. and the highest at 4 p.m. Maximum body temperature and respiration rate preceded maximum environmental temperature by 2–4 hr. The diurnal rate of change in respiration rate was higher than that in body temperature. The diurnal changes in body temperature and respiration rate of animals were mainly due to the changes in the environmental temperature throughout the day.5. (a) Skin temperature varied from 33·7 to 39·7° C., according to season and body region. Seasonal variations in skin temperature of different body regions showed the same trend.(b) Highest skin temperatures were recorded for middle and upper fat tail, back thoracic and middle scrotum regions, while the lowest were recorded in lower and upper scrotum, lower tail and neck ventral regions. The breast region had an intermediate skin temperature. The different skin temperatures were due to anatomical differences such as the thickness of subcutaneous fat, density of covering wool or to differences in the amount of blood supply.6. Docked rams had a lower skin temperature and respiration rate than controls, denoting better heat regulation. This may be due to metabolic differences or anatomical changes in the body such as the thickness of subcutaneous fat.

scholarly journals Ringtail in new-born Norway rats. A study of the effect of environmental temperature and humidity on incidence

1958 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Totton
Keyword(s):  
Wide Temperature Range ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
New Born ◽  
Infant Rats ◽  
Natural Nest ◽  
The University ◽  
Norway Rats

Ringtail in infant rats is shown to depend on humidity over a wide temperature range. It is not due to infection or diet, but probably to chronic cooling by evaporation, convection and conduction.Rats should either be bred in cages with solid floors, or else be given environmental conditions resembling those in the natural nest, which keep the young at a low saturation deficit during the early post-natal period.I am glad to express my thanks to M. Potter, Senior Animal Technician, for his invaluable aid in keeping the records of the experimental programmes, and to G. Dimmock for his help in building and maintaining apparatus. I am also grateful to the University of London for the loan of a Cambridge portable potentiometer.

scholarly journals Effects of Environmental Temperature and Humidity on the Geometry and Strength of Polycarbonate Specimens Prepared by Fused Filament Fabrication

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 4414
Author(s):  
Lichen Fang ◽  
Yishu Yan ◽  
Ojaswi Agarwal ◽  
Shengyu Yao ◽  
Jonathan E. Seppala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Model Material ◽  
Material System ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Printing Quality ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

It is widely known that the printing quality of fused filament fabrication (FFF) is heavily affected by environmental temperature and humidity, taking the form of warping and porosity. However, there is little understanding about the quantitative relations between environmental conditions, geometry, and the mechanical properties of printed parts. In this study, we systematically investigated those relations using bisphenol A polycarbonate as a model material system. For the environmental temperature, an in-situ infrared imaging analysis revealed the presence of an up to 5.4 °C/mm thermal gradient when printing using an open-chamber printer and a heated build plate. For the environmental humidity, an analysis of X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans showed an up to 11.7% porosity that was brought by polymer water content absorbed from environmental moisture. Meanwhile, tensile tests showed a mechanical performance loss associated with those defects, but, surprisingly, the transverse direction ductility had the potential to increase at a higher porosity. Furthermore, the experimental results were combined with analytical and parametrical studies to elucidate quantitative relations between environmental conditions and printing quality. Based on the results, quantitative guidelines for the estimation of printing quality based on environmental conditions are provided that would also help users to obtain desired printing results with a better understanding of the effects of environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Impact of elevated air velocity on subjective thermal comfort sensation under asymmetric radiation and variable airflow direction

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferenc Kalmár
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Facial Skin ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Buildings rarely have homogeneous thermal indoor environments. Transparent building elements are one of the sources of thermal asymmetry. Using advanced personalised ventilation systems, the discomfort caused by radiation asymmetry may be reduced. A series of measurements involving 20 subjects were carried out under controlled environmental conditions to investigate subjective thermal comfort in the case of asymmetric radiation combined with the personalised ventilation. Analysis showed that the subjective thermal comfort sensation without a personalised ventilation system is similar to the calculated predicted mean vote. However, there is a significant difference between the responses of female and male participants. The advanced personalised ventilation system lowers the subjective thermal comfort sensation, but does it differently for men and women. The skin temperatures of the hands of the women were significantly lower than that of the men. In the case of the men, radiation asymmetry led to significant differences in the facial skin temperature, while in the case of the women, the differences in the facial skin temperature were not significant.

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