The quality factor in feeding stuffs

1933 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alan Murray
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Quality Factor ◽  
Linear Function ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Gross Energy

SummaryNutritive values can be resolved into two factors-quantity and quality. The former is represented by the gross energy and the latter by the coefficient of availability (D/T – 0·35), where T is total and D digestible organic matter.In the natural, vegetable feeding stuffs the gross energy of the total organic matter is practically the same in all cases except those which are peculiarly rich in oil and protein (cakes, etc.). The coefficient may therefore be applied directly to the total organic matter and, subject to a correction in the case of cakes, nutritive values may be expressed in terms of available organic matter (D–0·35T). These terms may be translated into energy values or starch equivalents by simple multiplication.The method is simple and illuminating. It shows that the nutritive value of the total organic matter depends almost entirely upon its digestibility and, except in the case of cakes, only to a negligible extent upon its chemical composition. Nutritive value is not proportional to digestibility but a linear function of the same, and in substances of low digestibility, slight change in digestibility may cause manifold alteration in nutritive value.

scholarly journals The nutritive value of silages Digestion of organic matter, gross energy and carbohydrate constituents in the rumen and intestines of sheep receiving diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Thomas ◽  
N. C. Kelly ◽  
D. G. Chamberlain ◽  
M. K. Wait
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Molar Proportion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Two experiments were conducted to study the digestion of organic matter, gross energy and carbohydrate constituents in the rumen, small intestine and caecum and colon of sheep given grass silage diets. Three silages made from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with formic acid as an additive were used. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring and the others from regrowth grass cut from a single sward in either early autumn or late autumn. Expt I involved a comparison between the spring silage given alone or supplemented with barley (silage:barley, 4:I dry matter (DM) basis). Expt 2 involved a comparison between the early-cut and late-cut autumn silages.In Expt I, supplementation of the silage with barley resulted in a non-significant (P > 0.05) reduction in the proportion of digestible energy (DE) and digestible organic matter digested in the rumen and an increase in the proportions digested in the small intestine. There were also pronounced effects of barley on ruminal cellulolysis and the proportion of digestible cellulose broken down in the rumen was reduced (P < 0.05) from 0.90 to 0.77. There was an increased passage of α-linked glucose polymers to the duodenum but even with the supplemented diet 0.91 of the dietary polymers were digested in the rumen. The molar proportion of propionic acid in the rumen tended to be reduced and there were increases in the proportions of butyric acid (P < 0.01) and acetic acid.In Expt 2, the digestibility of organic matter, gross energy and cellulose in the early-cut silage was higher (P < 0.01) than in the late-cut silage but there were no significant (P < 0.05) differences between silages in the sites of digestion of these constituents. However, the molar proportion of acetic acid in the rumen was higher (P < 0.01) and the molar proportion of propionic acid was lower (P < 0.01) with the late-cut silage than with the early-cut silage.The results are discussed in relation to the voluntary intake and utilization of high-digestibility silages.

The comparative nutritive value for weaner sheep of stubble and grain of pea, vetch and lupin crops

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
SR Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Wheat Chaff ◽  
Linear Regressions

Weaner Merino wethers were used in three experiments to compare the nutritive value of lupin, pea and vetch grains and stubbles. In the first experiment, grain was offered either as the sole ration at 250 g day-1 or as a supplement of 0, 250 or 750 g day-1 to wheat chaff which was offered ad libitum. The grains were pea, vetch, lupin, barley and a 311 mixture of barley and lupin. The mixed grain was not offered as the sole ration, nor was barley offered as a supplement at more than 250 g day-1. There were only small differences in the nutritive value of the grains. The sheep ate less chaff when offered lupin or barley plus lupin grain than when offered pea or vetch grain. However, because the digestibility of the diets was higher with lupins, digestible organic matter intakes were similar within a level of feeding for the three legume grains. Substitution of barley for 75% of the lupins resulted in a lower intake of digestible organic matter than occurred with 100% lupins. In the second and third experiments the three legume grains were offered at 160 and 500 g day-1 respectively, in combinations with chaff of lupin, pea or vetch stubble offered ad libitum. Some differences in the value of the chaffs were found, but the grains had similar nutritive values when offered with any particular chaff. There were significant linear regressions between digestible organic matter intakes and liveweight gain, which were similar for the three experiments, with no differences between type of grain or type of chaff.

The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYThe results of 80 calorimetric experiments with sheep and cattle, mostly conducted in Scotland, were analysed using a generalization of the Mitscherlich equation R = B(l–exp(–pG))–l, where R is daily energy retention and G daily gross energy intake, both scaled by dividing by the fasting metabolism. The relations between gross energy and metabolizable energy were also examined. Methods of fitting the Mitscherlich equation and the errors associated with it are presented.It is shown that the gross energy of the organic matter of feed can be estimated from proximate principles with an error of ±2·3% (coefficient of variation) and that provided different classes of feed are distinguished, the metabolizable energy of organic matter can be estimated from gross energy and crude fibre content with an error of ±6·9%. Parameters of the primary equation made with cattle agreed with those made with sheep and there was no evidence of non-proportionality of responses on substitution of feeds in mixtures.The efficiency of utilization of gross energy for maintenance and for body gain of energy was related to the metabolizability of gross energy and, in addition, to fibre or to protein content. Prediction equations are presented which describe these relationships.It is shown that the primary equation can be manipulated to express a number of biological concepts and that its two parameters B and p can be simply derived from estimates of the two efficiency terms for maintenance and production.The results are discussed in relation to the design of feeding systems for ruminant animals and to the derivation of optima in their feeding.

Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of nine plant species from Semnan rangeland for camel in Iran

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 233-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Towhidi ◽  
Farnoush Rostami ◽  
Reza Masoumi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Arid Rangelands

In Iran, Javan (2001) has reported the digestibility some arid rangelands plants by bovine rumen liquor. The determination of in vivo digestibility of wheat straw implies that camel apparently digested poor quality roughages more than cattle and sheep (Cianci et al., 2004). Therefore, It is required to measure the in vitro digestibility of herbages by camel rumen liquor. In province of yazd, nutritive value of 11 different plant species for camel were determined (Towhidi, 2007). The objectives of the current study were to determine 1) the chemical composition, gross energy of the most consuming plant species from rangeland of Semnan province including Seidlitzia rosmarinu, Tamarix tetragyna, Tamarix strica, Halostachys spp, Saudea fruticosa., Alhagi camelorum, Haloxylon ammondendron., Salsola arbescola, Hammada salicornica and, 2) in vitro digestibility of the plants by camel rumen liquor.

scholarly journals Rejuvenation affects nutritive value of long-established tame forages

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Lardner ◽  
S. B. M. Wright ◽  
R. D. H. Cohen ◽  
P. Curry ◽  
L. MacFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Burn Treatment ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Site

Rejuvenation of forage stands is probably the most economic and practical method to improve production and quality of forage stands. Animal data are ultimately needed to validate the viability of the rejuvenation technique. This study determined animal responses to changes in forage nutrient composition following three methods of rejuvenation. Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay was harvested from rejuvenated plots on Black Chernozemic and Gray Luvisolic soils in Saskatchewan and fed to 24 ram lambs. The hay was harvested at two stages of maturity from plots that underwent the following rejuvenation techniques, selected to provide a range of responses: deep-banded liquid plus broadcast granular fertilizer (providing 200 kg N ha-1, 90 kg P2O5 ha-1, 46 kg K2O ha-1, 24 kg S ha-1), spring burn, and control. As maturity advanced, digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) (g d-1 kg-0.75) decreased (P < 0.05) for all diets harvested from burn and fertilizer plots. DMI (g d-1) and DOMI were always greater (P < 0.05) for hay (both early or late harvest) from the rejuvenated plots than from control plots. Grass-legume hay harvested early from spring burn treatment from the Gray Luvi solic soil site had a greater (P < 0.05) voluntary intake, (85.4 g d-1 kg-0.75) as compared with forage from control plots (76.2 g d-1 kg-0.75). Apparent digestibilities of DM and organic matter were greater (P < 0.01) for early harvested forage from control plots at the Gray Luvisolic soil site than early harvested hay from the fertilized plots. Metabolizable energy content was higher (P < 0.05) for early harvested hay from burn and fertilized plots at the Black soil site than hay from control plots. These results suggest that existing forage species, if harvested early, can be responsive to rejuvenation, resulting in improved animal performance. Key words: Rejuvenation, fertilizer, burn, lamb, grass-legume hay

Biomass and nutritive value of forage soybean lines [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] in northwestern Puerto Rico.

1969 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Alfredo Aponte ◽  
Elide Valencia-Chin ◽  
James Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soybean Line ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Glycine Max L

Ten lines of forage soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] were evaluated using two planting dates (PD) in September and January; and two crop harvest physiological stages (CHPS), R2 (full bloom) and R5.4 (most pods 51 to 75% full), a total area of 496 m2 with an Oxisol soil, under conditions of temperature and precipitation not limiting crop growth. The experimental design was one of split plots in randomized complete blocks, PD constituting the complete plots, CHPS the subplots, and soybean lines the sub-subplots. Dry matter yields (DMY) were higher (P menor que 0.01) for R5.4 than R2 (6,452 vs. 5,436 kg/ha), fluctuated (P menor que 0.058) from 5,300 to 6,573 kg/ha among the soybean lines and did not differ between the two PD. Plant populations were about 260,000 kg/ha and were not affected by the three principal factors. Plant height varied (P menor que 0.01) from 84.2 to 93.2 cm among the soybean lines; differed (P menor que 0.05) between the two PD (89.2 cm, September vs. 87.5 cm, January) and (P menor que 0.01) between the two CHPS (72.4 cm, R2 vs. 104.3 cm, R5.4); and was also affected by all of the double and the triple interactions of the three factors. The proportion of leaf in the total DM favored (P menor que 0.01) R2 over R5.4 (44.1 vs. 41.1%) and involved an interaction (P menor que 0.05) of CHPS x soybean line. Regarding the chemical composition of the forage, crude protein (CP) varied among the soybean lines (P menor que 0.05) and between the CHPS (P menor que 0.01) and was affected (P menor que 0.01) by an interaction of these two factors (29.6 to 33.6, R2 and 23.1 to 26.7, R5.4). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) behaved like a CP with respect to significance of the independent variables (21.0 to 25.6, R2 and 26.2 to 33.3, R5.4); whereas neutral detergent fiber (NDF) did not differ among soybean lines, but was higher (P menor que 0.01) for R5.4 than for R2 (41.0 vs. 33.5), and involved an interaction (P menor que 0.01) of CHPS x soybean line. It is concluded that, according to both agronomic characteristics and chemical composition, all the soybean lines evaluated performed adequately, but SF-6, SF-24, SF-50, SF-88 and SF-110 outperformed SF-1, SF-2, SF-22, SF-57 and SF-72; harvest at the R5.4 stage was advantageous in achieving greater DMY without unduly sacrificing the excellent chemical composition of R2 forage; and the magnitude of PD effects was not large.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF STAGE OF MATURITY ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF KOCHIA

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1111-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. KNIPFEL ◽  
J. A. KERNAN ◽  
E. C. COXWORTH ◽  
R. D. H. COHEN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Digestible Protein

A trial was conducted to determine the nutritive value for sheep of kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad) grown on saline soil and harvested at the early seed stage and the full bloom stage of maturity. There was a significant decrease in digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) and digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) with increasing kochia maturity (31.6 vs. 23.2 g DOMI kg−0.75 (SE = 0.6; P < 0.05) and 4.22 vs. 1.41 g DCPI kg−0.75 (SE < 0.001; P < 0.05)). Early cut kochia appears to be at least equivalent in digestible energy to alfalfa, but lower in digestible protein. Key words: Kochia, maturity, nutritive value, sheep

Effect of degradability of protein supplements on voluntary intake and nitrogen retention in young cattle fed grass silage

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gill ◽  
P. England
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Gross Energy

ABSTRACTGrass silage was offered ad libitum to twelve 4-month-old British Friesian steers in an incomplete Latin-square experiment. The silage was given either alone or supplemented isonitrogenously with 50 g fish meal or 63 g groundnut meal per kg silage dry matter.Both protein supplements significantly increased the intakes of dry matter and organic matter by an amount about equivalent to the (calculated) contribution of the supplement (P < 0·05); they also increased the intakes of digestible organic matter and nitrogen (P < 0·001) but with no significant difference between supplements. Protein supplementation had no effect on the intake of indigestible organic matter.The digestibility coefficients of dry matter and of organic matter were significantly increased by supplementation (P < 0·05) as were the digestibility coefficients of gross energy and of nitrogen (P < 0·001). Nitrogen retention was also increased from 1·4 to 8·2 g/day (P < 0·001), with no significant difference between supplements.

Nutritive value of the olive leaf: effects of cultivar, season of harvesting and system of drying

1992 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cabrera-Gomez ◽  
A. Garrido ◽  
J. E. Guerrero ◽  
V. Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Drying Procedures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Olive Trees

SUMMARYLeaves of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) of eight cultivars, Manzanilla, Picual, Hojiblanca, Edremit, Conservolia, Picholine-Marroqui, Chemlali and Frantoio, were collected in different seasons and years in Córdoba, Spain. Their chemical composition and in vitro organic matter digestibility values were determined. Differences in composition and nutritive value between cultivars, years and seasons were studied in Manzanilla, Picual and Hojiblanca, the three most important local cultivars. There were significant differences both between cultivars and seasons (P < 0·05) and a non-significant difference between years.The effect of various drying procedures (fresh, oven-dried, air-dried indoors or air-dried outdoors) on chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and in vivo digestibility in sheep was also examined. The in vivo organic matter digestibility of fresh leaves was significantly higher than that of dried leaves. No difference was found between leaves air-dried indoors and oven-dried leaves. However, leaves air-dried outdoors were significantly less digestible. Quick drying in an oven reduced the digestibility of crude protein and acid detergent fibres compared to air drying indoors. There was a significant decrease in digestibility of 11% when leaves were dried separated from the branches as compared to leaves dried on the branches.

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