Relationships between energy intake, nutritional state and lamb birth weight in Greyface ewes

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
T. J. Maxwell ◽  
A. R. Sibbald ◽  
D. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
The Mean

SummaryIndividual feed intakes of housed mature Greyface (Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface) ewes were adjusted weekly to maintain plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations during the final 6 weeks of pregnancy at the following values: treatment 1 (adequately nourished; 17 ewes) less than 0·7 mmol/1; treatment 2 (moderately undernourished; 15 ewes) at about 1·1 mmol/1; treatment 3 (severely undernourished; 15 ewes) at about 1·6 mmol/1.The mean energy intakes (MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/day) required to maintain the prescribed nutritional states in single- and twin-bearing ewes were: treatment 1, 14·3 and 16·3; treatment 2, 10·6 and 11·6; treatment 3, 8·1 and 10·0 respectively.The moderate degree of undernourishment had no significant effect on the birth weight of single lambs, but reduced the birth weight of twins by 8·2%, while the more severe undernourishment reduced the birth weights of singles and twins by 21·5 and 25·8% respectively.Foetal energy requirements, estimated by regression analysis, appeared to decrease from more than 2 MJ ME/kg/24 h at 35 days prepartum to 1·54 MJ ME/kg/24 h in the week before parturition.The amounts of energy required to sustain the nutritional states of treatments 1–3 in non-pregnant ewes were calculated to be 348, 271 and 231 kJ ME/kg0.75/24 h, compared with a maintenance requirement, determined in this experiment, of 344 kJ ME/kg0.75/24h.It is concluded that in individually fed ewes a nutritional state characterized by plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of 1·1 mmol/1 would constitute an acceptable compromise between an uneconomically high energy input and an excessive reduction in lamb birth weight.

The effect of level and pattern of energy intake during late pregnancy on the performance of housed Scottish Blackface ewes

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Constant Energy

SUMMARYSixty Scottish Blackface ewes were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment in which two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) were given during the final 6 weeks of pregnancy. In two treatments 1600 and 2000 kcal M E were given daily over the total period while in the remaining treatments daily ME intakes were 1200 and 1600 kcal ME during the first 3 weeks of the feeding period and 2000 and 2400 kcal ME during the last 3 weeks. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intakes were constant at approximately 30 g per head daily in the constant energy treatments and 15 and 45 g per head daily in the first and second periods respectively for the low-high energy treatments.Energy intake had no statistically significant effect on lamb birth weight nor on ewe net body-weight change (change from the start of the experimental feeding period to immediately post partum). Ewes on low-high energy intakes had a significantly lower net body-weight loss than did ewes on constant energy intakes. Pattern of feeding had no significant effect on lamb birth weights. Negative nitrogen balances were found during the first feeding period where the daily DCP intake was approximately 15 g per head.

Based on Comparable Price Energy Input-Output Table of Xinjiang to Research Low Carbon Economic Development Strategy

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 1573-1576
Author(s):  
Yuan Sheng Huang ◽  
Lu Tong Li
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Table ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Advanced Production

Based on the input-output theory, the paper using the comparable price energy input-output table,quantitatively estimates the implicit carbon emissions of each industrial department,and analyzes the growth of the implicit carbon emissions of the resident consumption through the structure decomposition.Conclusion indicates:From 1992 to 1997, the mean of the implicit carbon emissions of each industrial department in Xinjiang had been rising; From 1997 to 2007, the mean of the implicit carbon emissions of each industrial department had been declining;The implicit carbon emissions of Hydropower industry, the fire power and other seven similar industrial department were higher than that of each industrial department so that Xinjiang should strengthen monitoring on the high energy consumption.The implicit carbon emissions of the resident consumption was still in the trend of ceaseless growth and all of that states clearly that the economic grows at the cost of the increase of the greenhouse gas emissions.Xinjiang should introduce foreign advanced production technology,further optimizing the structure of the resident consumption.

Effect of air temperature and energy intake on body mass, body composition and energy requirements in sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ALLAN DEGEN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body

Body mass was measured and body composition and energy requirements were estimated in sheep at four air temperatures (0 °C to 30 °C) and at four levels of energy offered (4715 to 11785 kJ/day) at a time when the sheep reached a constant body mass. Final body mass was affected mainly by metabolizable energy intake and, to a lesser extent, by air temperature, whereas maintenance requirements were affected mainly by air temperature. Mean energy requirements were similar and lowest at 20 °C and 30 °C (407·5 and 410·5 kJ/kg0·75, respectively) and increased with a decrease in air temperature (528·8 kJ/kg0·75 at 10 °C and 713·3 kJ/kg0·75 at 0 °C). Absolute total body water volume was related positively to metabolizable energy intake and to air temperature. Absolute fat, protein and ash contents were all affected positively by metabolizable energy intake and tended to be related positively to air temperature. In proportion to body mass, total body water volume decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and with an increase in air temperature. Proportionate fat content increased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to increase with an increase in air temperature. In contrast, proportionate protein content decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to decrease with an increase in air temperature. In all cases, the multiple linear regression using both air temperature and metabolizable energy intake improved the fit over the simple linear regressions of either air temperature or metabolizable energy intake and lowered the standard error of the estimate. The fit was further improved and the standard error of the estimate was further lowered using a polynomial model with both independent variables to fit the data, since there was little change in the measurements between 20 °C and 30 °C, as both air temperatures were most likely within the thermal neutral zone of the sheep. It was concluded that total body energy content, total body water volume, fat and protein content of sheep of the same body mass differed or tended to differ when kept at different air temperatures.

The effect of weight at mating and of nutrition during mid-pregnancy on the birth weight of lambs from primiparous ewes

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Russel ◽  
Janet Z. Foot ◽  
I. R. White ◽  
G. J. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Nutritional Treatment ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Positive Effect

SUMMARYForty-eight approximately 18-month-old Scottish Blackface ewes were used to study the effects of two levels of nutrition during mid-pregnancy (30–98 days of gestation) on the birth weight of lambs from ewes varying in weight, size and condition at first mating. The mean live weight (42–4 kg), size index (31–9) and condition score (2–4) at mating of the 26 ewes from flock A were all less than those of the 22 ewes from flock B (54–5, 39–4 and 2–9 respectively). Mean intakes of the low and high nutritional treatment ewes during mid-pregnancy were 10–6 and 22–0 g/kg/day respectively of a pelleted diet supplying 8–81 MJ metabolizable energy and 125–5 g crude protein/kg. These intakes produced estimated changes in net maternal weight of approximately – 5 and 0 kg respectively.Mean lamb birth weights from ewes on the low and high nutritional treatments were:flock A, 3–32 and 3–83 kg; flock B, 4–96 and 4–23 kg respectively. Analyses showed intake during mid-pregnancy to have a positive effect on lamb birth weight in the flock A ewes, and a negative effect in flock B ewes. Mating weight accounted for 78% of the variance in birth weight in the low nutritional treatment ewes but had little effect in those on the higher level of feeding.The practical implications of the results are discussed in relation to levels of juvenile nutrition.

The influence of energy intake on plasma levels of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and acetone in the pregnant ewe

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Davies ◽  
R. G. Johnston ◽  
D. B. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

SummaryForty cross-bred ewes were individually fed from the end of week 13 of pregnancy to parturition on two diets whioh were designed to provide intakes of metabolizable energy above (treatment El) and below (treatment E2) the maintenance requirement of the non-pregnant ewe.Energy intake had no significant influence on birth weight of single lambs but twin lambs from ewes on treatment E1 were 25% heavier than twins from ewes on treatment E2. A net loss of body weight occurred between week 13 of pregnancy and the day following parturition in all groups of ewes. These losses represented 5 and 10% of body weight in ewes carrying singles on treatments E1 and E2 respectively. In ewes carrying twin lambs losses represented 11 and 16% of body weight on treatments E1 and E2 respectively.Levels of plasma N.E.F.A. and acetone were used to characterize the state of nourishment of ewes at 16, 18 and 20 weeks pregnant. Values obtained indicated that ewes carrying one lamb on treatment El were ‘moderately’ undernourished. Ewes carrying one lamb on treatment E2 and those carrying twin lambs on treatment E1 were undernourished to a similar degree characterized as bordering between ‘moderate’ and ‘severe’. Ewes carrying twin lambs on treatment E2 and all those carrying triplets were ‘severely’ undernourished.

scholarly journals Ad lib. feeding during recovery from malnutrition

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
The Mean

1. Ten severely malnourished children were studied.2. During recovery the mean energy intake was 916 kJ (219 kcal)/kg per d when the children were fed ad lib. on a high-energy milk preparation.3. When a lower-energy milk preparation was given ad lib. the children voluntarily increased the volume consumed but the mean energy intake fell to 703 kJ (168 kcal)/kg per d.4. After recovery the children no longer consumed an increased volume when the lower-energy milk preparation was offered.5. The results provide further evidence of the importance of feeding with a high-energy preparation for the treatment of malnutrition, and demonstrate that additional benefits can be obtained by offering such mixtures ad lib.

Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and faecal and urinary losses of juvenile harp seals (Phoca groenlandica)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Keiver ◽  
K. Ronald ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Assimilation Efficiency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Phoca Groenlandica ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Gross Energy

Assimilation efficiency of energy in juvenile harp seals was 92.5–95.0% of gross energy intake when fed Atlantic herring and 72.2% when fed shrimp. Faecal energy losses increased directly with intake. Metabolizable energy (ME) ranged from 85.5 to 88.7% of gross energy intake for a diet of herring. Urinary energy losses increased directly with apparent digestible nitrogen intake. Faecal and urinary losses were not affected significantly by feeding frequency. Urine excretion indicated that feeding causes a diuresis, associated with increased energy, nitrogen, and ash excretion. A significant interaction was found for rate of weight change between feeding frequency and energy intake. Seals lost more weight at energy intakes below their maintenance level when fed four meals rather than two meals per day. Differences in rate of weight change with feeding frequency were not observed at other levels of energy intake. Maintenance energy requirements were estimated at 2658 kcal ME daily for seals fed two meals per day and 3514 kcal ME daily when fed four meals per day. Seals required approximately 3 times as much shrimp as herring of high lipid content to meet their energy requirements.

Lactational Energetics of a Marsupial Carnivore, the Eastern Quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus)

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Green ◽  
Jim Merchant ◽  
Keith Newgrain
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
The Mean

The rates of milk consumption by young of the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus), a polytocous medium- sized marsupial carnivore, were estimated by means of the 22Na-turnover technique. The mean individual daily rate of milk consumption at seven weeks of age was 0·6 mL, which increased to a peak of 16 mL at about 14 weeks, when the young weighed 130 g. The total amount of milk energy delivered to each young from birth to the commencement of weaning was 4·1 MJ. The digestible energy intake of lactating quolls (± s.d.), 740 ± 117 kJ kg-1 day-1, was nearly double that of non-lactating quolls, 333 ± 75 kJ kg-1 day-1. With such high energy demands during lacation, it is unlikely that a complete litter of six could be successfully reared unless prey are abundant.

scholarly journals Relative contributions of the correlates of stunting in explaining the mean length-for-age z-score difference between 24-month-old stunted and non-stunted children living in a slum of Dhaka, Bangladesh: results from a decomposition analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e025439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhasish Das ◽  
Md Ashraful Alam ◽  
Mustafa Mahfuz ◽  
Shams El Arifeen ◽  
Tahmeed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Weight Coefficient ◽  
Maternal Height ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Score Difference ◽  
Birth Characteristics ◽  
The Mean

ObjectiveUsing MAL-ED (Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health) Bangladesh birth cohort data, we sought to measure the relative contributions of the most predictive correlates of stunting to mean length-for-age z (LAZ) score difference between stunted and non-stunted children at 24 months of age.SettingDhaka, BangladeshParticipants211 slum-dwelling children enrolled within 17 days of their birth.Variables and methodThe explanatory variables were identified from the following groups: maternal characteristics, birth characteristics, macronutrient intake, socioeconomic status, morbidity and serum micronutrient level. At step 1, predictive correlates of stunting were identified longitudinally (from 9 to 24 months of age) using generalized estimating equations (GEE) model. Then, the relative contributions of the most predictive correlates of stunting to mean LAZ score difference between stunted and non-stunted children at 24 months of age was measured using Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysisResultsThe GEE multivariable model identified maternal height, birth weight, people per room, gender, having separate room for kitchen and energy intake as the most predictive correlates of stunting. At 24 months, mean LAZ score difference between stunted and non-stunted children was 1.48. The variable by variable decomposition of the LAZ gap identified maternal height (coefficient: −3.04; 95% CI: 0.35 to -6.44), birth weight (coefficient: −0.21; 95% CI: 0.88 to -1.30), people per room (coefficient: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.92 to -0.30) and energy intake (coefficient: −0.12; 95% CI: 0.22 to -0.46) as the top most factors responsible for the mean LAZ score difference between stunted and non-stunted children at 24 months of age.ConclusionsThe relative contributions of maternal height and birth weight to LAZ gap signifies that improvement in nutritional status of a women during her adolescence and pregnancy would have an impact on birth weight of her offspring, and ultimately, on linear growth of the child.

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