scholarly journals Informal Cooperative State-Federal Avalanche-Warning System and Public Education Program for South-Central Alaska, U.S.A.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (94) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve W. Hackett ◽  
Douglas Fesler
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Snow Avalanches ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
South Central ◽  
Avalanche Warning ◽  
Outdoor Educators

Abstract The sagas of Alaskan winter outdoor activities contain increasing accounts of sudden deaths from snow avalanches. Over 100 documented fatalities have occurred within Alaska since 1898 ; 22 people died in south-central Alaska in the past 8 years. With increases in population, development, and use of the mountainous areas, avalanche warning and public education have acquired a new and very important function in Alaska. Some efforts towards establishing an avalanche warning system for south-central Alaska have been initiated by state and federal agencies. Snow-avalanche education programs presented by Alaska Division of Parks, local rescue groups, and outdoor educators have helped to increase the overall avalanche awareness in the Anchorage community. Formalization and expansion of current efforts are aimed to reduce future snow-avalanche accidents and fatalities.

scholarly journals Informal Cooperative State-Federal Avalanche-Warning System and Public Education Program for South-Central Alaska, U.S.A.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (94) ◽  
pp. 497-500
Author(s):  
Steve W. Hackett ◽  
Douglas Fesler
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Snow Avalanches ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
South Central ◽  
Avalanche Warning ◽  
Outdoor Educators

AbstractThe sagas of Alaskan winter outdoor activities contain increasing accounts of sudden deaths from snow avalanches. Over 100 documented fatalities have occurred within Alaska since 1898 ; 22 people died in south-central Alaska in the past 8 years. With increases in population, development, and use of the mountainous areas, avalanche warning and public education have acquired a new and very important function in Alaska.Some efforts towards establishing an avalanche warning system for south-central Alaska have been initiated by state and federal agencies. Snow-avalanche education programs presented by Alaska Division of Parks, local rescue groups, and outdoor educators have helped to increase the overall avalanche awareness in the Anchorage community. Formalization and expansion of current efforts are aimed to reduce future snow-avalanche accidents and fatalities.

scholarly journals Dropstones in Lacustrine Sediments as a Record of Snow Avalanches—A Validation of the Proxy by Combining Satellite Imagery and Varve Chronology at Kenai Lake (South-Central Alaska)

Quaternary ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sien Thys ◽  
Maarten Van Daele ◽  
Nore Praet ◽  
Britta Jensen ◽  
Thomas Van Dyck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Lake Sediments ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Snow Avalanches ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Varve Chronology ◽  
South Central

Snow avalanches cause many fatalities every year and damage local economies worldwide. The present-day climate change affects the snowpack and, thus, the properties and frequency of snow avalanches. Reconstructing snow avalanche records can help us understand past variations in avalanche frequency and their relationship to climate change. Previous avalanche records have primarily been reconstructed using dendrochronology. Here, we investigate the potential of lake sediments to record snow avalanches by studying 27 < 30-cm-long sediment cores from Kenai Lake, south-central Alaska. We use X-ray computed tomography (CT) to image post-1964 varves and to identify dropstones. We use two newly identified cryptotephras to update the existing varve chronology. Satellite imagery is used to understand the redistribution of sediments by ice floes over the lake, which helps to explain why some avalanches are not recorded. Finally, we compare the dropstone record with climate data to show that snow avalanche activity is related to high amounts of snowfall in periods of relatively warm or variable temperature conditions. We show, for the first time, a direct link between historical snow avalanches and dropstones preserved in lake sediments. Although the lacustrine varve record does not allow for the development of a complete annual reconstruction of the snow avalanche history in the Kenai Lake valley, our results suggest that it can be used for long-term decadal reconstructions of the snow-avalanche history, ideally in combination with similar records from lakes elsewhere in the region.

Tree-ring dating of snow avalanche history in Parâng Mountains (Southern Carpathians, Romania)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Todea ◽  
Olimpiu Pop
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Snow Avalanches ◽  
The Past ◽  
Avalanche Hazard ◽  
Hiking Trails ◽  
Traumatic Resin Ducts ◽  
Tree Ring Data ◽  
Southern Carpathians

&lt;p&gt;In high mountainous areas worldwide, snow avalanches represent one of the main morphodynamic processes which influence the morphology of steep slopes. They usually disturb the forests, and represent a significant natural hazard that may endanger the safety of tourists exposed along the hiking trails crossing the avalanche-prone slopes. In the context of the growing tourism activities in the area where tourist become exposed to snow avalanche hazard, there is need for detailed analysis for documenting the past activity of this geomorphic process, especially in remote areas where historical data is lacking. Such mountainous area without snow avalanche monitoring and archival records is in Par&amp;#226;ng Mountains (Southern Carpathians, Romania). On forested slopes, trees disturbed by snow-avalanches may record in their growth rings information about the past event occurrence. The main aim of this study is to improve the knowledge about the past snow avalanche history using tree-rings approach. To this end, 57 disturbed spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees growing along an avalanche path located on the western slopes of the Par&amp;#226;ng Mountains were sampled and their growth disturbances (scars, traumatic resin ducts, compression wood and growth suppression sequences) served to reconstruct the snow-avalanche history back to 1950. Tree-ring analyses allowed reconstructing a minimum of 14 snow avalanche events which occurred in the past along the investigated path. The tree-ring approach presented in this study proved to be a valuable tool in reconstructing snow avalanche history and compliting the snow avalanche database in Par&amp;#226;ng Mountains. The number and spatial extent of documented snow avalanches evidence the potential snow avalanche hazards in the study area. The tree-ring data from the present study, together with those presented by the previous studies in the study area may further contribute to the snow avalanche hazard assessment.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Avalanche zoning in alaska, U.S.A.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (94) ◽  
pp. 377-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve W. Hackett ◽  
Henry S. Santeford
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Terrain Analysis ◽  
Snow Pack ◽  
Climatological Data ◽  
South Central ◽  
Hazard Zoning ◽  
Data Compilation

AbstractOver 30% of Alaska’s 586 400 squares miles (1 518900 km2) is subject to snow-avalanche activity. For a state-wide avalanche hazard evaluation, Alaska has been divided into six major snow— avalanche regions on the basis of topography, climatological data, dominant snow—pack conditions, and typical avalanche activity. They are: Arctic Slope, Brooks Range, Western, Interior, South—central, and South—east.Mountainous terrain was studied at scales of 1 : 250 000 and 1 : 1 584000; final compilation was at a scale of 1 : 2 500 000. Regional snow—pack and climatic conditions were cross—correlated with relief zonation of each avalanche region to produce a map of Alaska's provisional snow—avalanche potential.Most of the mountainous areas in the South—central and South—east regions, because of their northern latitude, closeness to large masses of water, and large orographic and cylonic weather processes, are susceptible to major avalanche activity. For areas near population centers, the potential avalanche terrain has been identified from data on known and suspected avalanche activity through air photographs, terrain analysis, and documented snow—avalanche occurrences compiled at scales of 1 : 250 000 and 1 : 63 360.The state—wide regional data compilation and study are initial steps toward avalanche zoning in Alaska. Local land—use planning and detailed investigations are needed to establish effective natural—hazard zoning in municipal areas as related to snow avalanche activity.

Two Case Studies of Collaborations Between Aquariums and Research Institutions in Exploration and Education

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Marcia McNutt ◽  
Robert D. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
First Century ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Monterey Bay ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Public Outreach ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Institutions

Aquariums and "blue water" oceanographic institutions in America have traditionally had completely separate missions, with the former concentrating on public outreach and education and the latter undertaking basic research. Recently, two new institutions, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) and the Mystic Aquarium/Institute for Exploration (MA/IFE), were founded for the expressed purpose of bridging the gap between basic ocean discovery and public education. In both cases, the ability to bring the excitement of undersea exploration to the public has been enabled by sophisticated undersea vehicles that permit the aquarium audience to participate in the research enterprise via telepresence. The fact that the research is constantly in the public eye provides researchers with frequent opportunities to explain the importance and the relevancy of their work for the benefit of society. Despite the efforts over the past 50 years, over 95 percent of the oceans remain unknown and unexplored. This fact combined with the realization that all citizens of the twenty-first century must be well informed on the consequences of their actions on the health of this ocean planet makes it likely that such partnerships between research and educational institutions will proliferate.

scholarly journals Historical patterns of wildfire ignition sources in California ecosystems

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E. Keeley ◽  
Alexandra D. Syphard
Keyword(s):  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
The State ◽  
United States Forest Service ◽  
The Past ◽  
Design Fire ◽  
Fire Ignition ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Marked Drop

State and federal agencies have reported fire causes since the early 1900s, explicitly for the purpose of helping land managers design fire-prevention programs. We document fire-ignition patterns in five homogenous climate divisions in California over the past 98 years on state Cal Fire protected lands and 107 years on federal United States Forest Service lands. Throughout the state, fire frequency increased steadily until a peak c. 1980, followed by a marked drop to 2016. There was not a tight link between frequency of ignition sources and area burned by those sources and the relationships have changed over time. Natural lightning-ignited fires were consistently fewer from north to south and from high to low elevation. Throughout most of the state, human-caused fires dominated the record and were positively correlated with population density for the first two-thirds of the record, but this relationship reversed in recent decades. We propose a mechanistic multi-variate model of factors driving fire frequency, where the importance of different factors has changed over time. Although ignition sources have declined markedly in recent decades, one notable exception is powerline ignitions. One important avenue for future fire-hazard reduction will be consideration of solutions to reduce this source of dangerous fires.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis of the structure and dynamics of material and human resources in public education over the past two academic years in Bacau

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Harja
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Public University ◽  
University Education ◽  
Public Higher Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Material Basis

The public university education in Bacau, represented by “Vasile Alecsandri” University from Bacau has developed over the past two years not only in terms of student numbers, but as human and material resources available to them. After the number of students per teacher, public higher education from Bacau is situated on the second place after Iasi, the number of teachers representing 1% of the country. The structure by scientific degrees of teachers has improved in the last year, reaching over 36% professors and lecturers and 144 PhDs. Over 55% of the teachers are younger than 40 years. The material basis has improved both quantitatively and qualitatively by putting into use a new building, bringing an additional 27 classrooms and 11 seminar rooms and providing the conditions of modern higher education.

scholarly journals New Potential Solutions for Mentors in the Development of Physical Education Teachers

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
István Győri ◽  
József Márton Pucsok ◽  
Melinda Biró
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Professional Development ◽  
Teacher Education ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Physical Education Teachers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Special Factors

  The Hungarian Educational System, the Higher Education also Teacher Education have been constantly changing over the past decades. According to the results of international and domestic examinations, there is an increasing need for new standards and approaches,  in the entire Public Education, especially Teacher Education sector. The purpose of our study was to examine the key aspects of the mentoring process in physical education. We were trying to identify those special factors and identify new trends in the area of physical education. What is the role of these factors in the process of professional development of a teacher.  

scholarly journals DETERMINATION AND MAPPING OF THE TERRESTRIAL GRAVITY ANOMALIES IN THE MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF IRAQ

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (24) ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
Shazad Jamal Jalal ◽  
Tajul Ariffin Musa ◽  
Ami Hassan Md Din ◽  
Wan Anom Wan Aris
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Data ◽  
Physical Geodesy ◽  
Gravity Anomalies ◽  
Gravity Survey ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Terrestrial Gravity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Regional Gravity ◽  
Entire Study Area

Gravity data and computing gravity anomalies are regarded as vital for both geophysics and physical geodesy fields. The mountainous areas of Iraq are characterized by the lack of regional gravity data because gravity surveys are rarely performed in the past four decades due to the Iraq-Iran war and the internal unstable political situation of this particular region. In addition, the formal map of the available terrestrial gravity which was published by the French Database of Bureau Gravimetrique International (International Gravimetric Bureau-in English) (BGI), introduces Iraq and the study area as a remote area and in white color because of the unavailability of gravity data. However, a dense and local (not regional) gravity data is available which was conducted by geophysics researchers 13 years ago. Therefore, the regional gravity survey of 160 gravity points was performed by the authors at an average 11 km apart, which was covers the whole area of Sulaymaniyah Governorate (part of the mountainous areas of Iraq). In spite of Although the risk of mine fields within the study area, suitable safe routes as well as a helicopter was used for the gravity survey of several points on the top of mountains. The survey was conducted via Lacoste and Romberg geodetic gravimeter and GPS handheld. The objective of the study is to determine and map the gravity anomalies for the entire study area, the data of which would assist different geosciences applications.

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