The Invasion of Helminth Eggs by Chytridiacean Fungi

1929 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. C. Buckley ◽  
Phyllis A. Clapham
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Catenaria Anguillulae ◽  
Material Forming ◽  
Water Tanks

The material forming the basis of this paper consists of the two fungi, Catenaria anguillulæ Sorokin and Rhizophidium carpophilum Zopf, which were found parasitic on the eggs of Dibothriocephalus latus in the Helminthology Department in March, 1927. The stool containing the eggs had been washed in laboratory tap water and this was evidently the vehicle of the fungus infection. A sediment obtained from one of the water tanks from which the laboratory is supplied was found to contain infusoria, rotifers and other forms likely to act as hosts for the fungi, and that this was the source of the original infection was proved on more than one occasion by placing some of the sediment in a petri dish along with some uninfected eggs of D. latus, when a new infection of both the fungi appeared in the eggs.In the following paper the fungi are described and an account is given of some experimental work that was carried out with a view to determining the possibility of employing such parasites as a control measure in helminthiasis.

scholarly journals Screening of Fungal Isolates Against Diamondback Moth Larvae, 1995

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 420-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Vandenberg ◽  
Mark Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Spray Tower ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Sterile Petri Dish

Abstract Fifty-five isolates of four fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Fursarium sp.,Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm ex SF Gray) Brown & Smith, were obtained from the USDA-ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures (Ithaca, NY). Isolates were subcultured once after retrieval from liquid nitrogen storage. Cultures were maintained on Subouraud dextrose agar plus 2% yeast extract (SDAY) at 24° Cunder a photoperiod of 15:9 h (L:D) for 14 to 21 d. Conidia were scraped from the culture surface and suspended in 0.01 % Tween 80 by vortexting for 2 min. Suspensions were filtered through 16 layers of sterile cheesecloth to remove conidial clumps and hyphal fragments. Spore concentrations were estimated using a hemacytometer and then adjusted to 312,500 spores/ml. Three to 7 isolates were screened against isolate ARSEF 4543 as a standard derived from a single infected DBM larva collected in Ontario County, NY, in 1994. First instars of DBM maintained on wheat germ diet. Fifteen 2nd instars were placed 2–3 h prior to inoculation in a petri dish containing filter paper moistened with deionized water and incubated at 4° C. Dishes were assigned randomly to treatments with 4 replicates each for each isolate. Insects were inoculated at room temperature (–22° C) using a Bergergon spray tower equipped with a Spraying Systems 2850 noz-zle, calibrated to deliver 312.5 spores/cm2 using 5 ml suspension at a concentration of 312,500 spores/ml. DBM larvae treated only with the suspending medium (0.01% Tween 80) served as checks. (Mortality in the checks was minimal and no evidence of fungal infection was detected.) After spraying the insects, two discs of DBM larval diet (Bioserv Premix) were placed in each dish which was then sealed with parafilm and incubated at 25° C in darkness for 24 h. Thereafter, the insects were transferred to a sterile petri dish with fresh diet and incubated at 25° C under a photoperiod of 15:9 h (L:D). Larvae were monitored daily and diet was replaced as needed for 7 d. Dead larvae were transferred to petri dishes containing a piece of moistened filter paper. Mycosis was confirmed by observing characteristic mycelial eruption from cadavers and subsequent sporulation. To confirm viability of spore suspensions and dosage, 5 ml of each was sprayed on SDAY plates which were incubated at 25° Cunder a photoperiod of 15:9 h (L:D) for 3 d until identifiable fungal colonies were counted. To estimate the potency of each isolate relative to the standard (ARSEF 4543), the percentage mortality due to fungus infection was divided by the percentage mortality due to infection by the standard within that experiment. Average survival times were also estimated for all fungus-killed larvae for each isolate from records of the number of days from inoculation to death.

The Fungus Chondrostereum purpureum as a Silvicide to Control Stump Sprouting in Hardwoods

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron E. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Fungus Infection ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Stump Sprouting ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Chondrostereum Purpureum

Abstract Cultures of the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum (Fr.)Pouzar were applied to cut surfaces of hardwood stumps immediately after the trees were felled in late spring and summer and the stumps monitored for fungus infection and adventitious sprouting during the ensuing 2 years. Hardwood species inoculated were red maple, sugar maple, yellow birch, paper birch, pin cherry, trembling aspen, and beech. The fungus was applied as wheat bran cultures in a mineral oil slurry or by inverting petri dish cultures on the stump. All treatments resulted in development of sporophores of the fungus on the stump within 2 years and a concomitant reduction, as compared to the uninoculated controls, of the number of stump sprouts. The speed of stump invasion by the fungus and reduction of sprouting varied both among and within species. The feasibility of using this fungus as a biological control of regrowth after stand cleaning is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):17-19, March 1990.

scholarly journals SEED GERMINATION OF GUNDELIA TOURNEFORTII L. UNDER DIFFERENT DORMANCY BREAKING TREATMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (No 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vian Dler Ali ◽  
Farhad Hassan Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Mean Germination Time ◽  
Breaking Seed Dormancy ◽  
Germination Value ◽  
Peak Value

Gundelia tournefortii L. is adapted to mountains area climate, and the germination of this plant is not easily. This research conducted to study the effect of different seed treatments in various treatment durations in two experiments in petri dish in the laboratory and in seedling tray in the lath house to breaking seed dormancy and germination stimulus. Results indicated that there is significant enhancement of germination by all treatments and the maximum germination percentage was obtained by seed freezing 99.17% in the laboratory and 93.33% in the lath house for all treatment durations 12, 14, 48 and 72 hours. The other parameters of seed germination like germination speed, peak value, mean daily germination, mean germination time, germination value, radicle length, radicle elongation velocity, plumule length, plumule elongation velocity, seedling fresh and dry weight escalated by seed freezing and seed soaking in tap water at all soaking durations 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Gundelia tournefortii L. germinated seed was an anatomically examined by paraffin method and calculated diploid number of chromosomes 2n=2x=18 by aceto-carmine squash methods

A rapid phosphotungstic acid staining method on ultra-thin sections

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
K. Chien ◽  
R. L. Van de Velde ◽  
R.C. Heusser ◽  
H. Shiroishi ◽  
A.H. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Phosphotungstic Acid ◽  
Staining Method ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Hereditary Disease ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Staining Procedure ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Nail Patella Syndrome

The Nail-Patella Syndrome (NPS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease in which about 60% of the patients have glomerular abnormalities. Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) has been used successfully to demonstrate the specific collagen fibrils of NPS within the glomerular basement membrane and/or mesangial matrix in ultra-thin sections. However, in our laboratory we had difficulty staining Eponate 12 sections with PTA. A modified staining procedure which makes use of the microwave has been developed as follows:1. Glutaraldehyde/osmium fixed kidney specimens were embedded in Eponate 12 and ultra-thin sections collected on Gilder 400 mesh copper grids. Grids were stained using a RTV 700 silicone rubber staining pad. This pad contains shallow, round wells (5mm in diameter and 2mm deep) with slots in the center bottom of each well. By bending the pad, the rim of a grid can be inserted into the slot. On release, the grids adhere securely to the wall of the slot.2. 10% aqueous phosphotungstic acid was dropped into the staining wells around each grid. The staining pad was then placed in a moisture chamber consisting of a pre-heated Petri dish containing wetted filter paper and placed in Pelco 3400 laboratory microwave oven for 110 seconds at 80% power. A Tripour beaker containing 200ml room temperature tap water was placed in the microwave oven as a heat sink.

scholarly journals Effects of plumbing systems on human exposure to disinfection byproducts in water: a case study

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakhawat Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Plumbing Systems ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Water Tanks

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in water distribution systems (WDS) are monitored for regulatory compliance, while populations are exposed to DBPs in tap water that may be different due to stagnation of water in plumbing pipes (PP) and heating in hot water tanks (HWT). This study investigated the effects of water stagnation in PP and HWT on exposure and risk of DBPs to humans. Trihalomethanes (THMs) in PP and HWT were observed to be 1.1–2.4 and 1.6–3.0 times, respectively, to THMs in the WDS, while haloacetic acids (HAAs) were 0.9–1.8 and 1.2–1.9 times, respectively, to HAAs in the WDS. The chronic daily intakes of DBPs from PP and HWT were 0.6–1.8 and 0.5–2.3 times the intakes from WDS. The cancer risks from PP and HWT were 1.46 (0.40–4.3) and 1.68 (0.35–5.1) times the cancer risks from WDS. The findings may assist in regulating DBPs exposure concentrations.

scholarly journals Numerical Calculation of Sink Velocities for Helminth Eggs in Water

Computation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Ali Cemal Benim
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Numerical Calculation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Helminth Eggs

The settling velocities of helminth eggs of three types, namely Ascaris suum (ASC), Trichuris suis (TRI), and Oesophagostomum spp. (OES), in clean tap water are computationally determined by means of computational fluid dynamics, using the general-purpose CFD software ANSYS Fluent 18.0. The previous measurements of other authors are taken as the basis for the problem formulation and validation, whereby the latter is performed by comparing the predicted sink velocities with those measured in an Owen tube. To enable a computational treatment, the measured shapes of the eggs are parametrized by idealizing them in terms of elementary geometric forms. As the egg shapes show a variation within each class, “mean” shapes are considered. The sink velocities are obtained through the computationally obtained drag coefficients. The latter are defined by means of steady-state calculations. Predicted sink velocities are compared with the measured ones. It is observed that the calculated values show a better agreement with the measurements, for ASC and TRI, compared to the theoretical sink values delivered by the Stokes theory. However, the observed agreement is still found not to be very satisfactory, indicating the role of further parameters, such as the uncertainties in the characterization of egg shapes or flocculation effects even in clean tap water.

SEM of shell-free cysts of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana (anostraca) in the process of hatching

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 922-923
Author(s):  
James R. Rosowski ◽  
Mark A. Gouthro ◽  
Denton Belk ◽  
Kit W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Salt Solution ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Fibrous Layer ◽  
Cuticular Membrane ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Scanning Electron

Air-dried, shell-free cysts of brine shrimp occasionally are used in aquaculture as a food substitute for live nauplii hatched from shelled cysts. Imbibed embryos of shell-free cysts are surrounded by an embryonic cuticle 1 (ECl) composed of an outer and inner cuticular membrane with a fibrous layer in between. Such imbibed embryos, when never air dried but used immediately or dehydrated and stored in a hypertonic salt solution, retain high viability. Although the hatching stages of shelled cysts have been documented with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), no SEM study has examined the hatching of nauplii from cysts without shells, which was the purpose of the present study.Great Salt Lake shelled cysts (Sanders Brine Shrimp Company, Ogden, Utah, U.S.A.) were treated with a mixture of bleach and sodium hydroxide to dissolve their shells. After washing in tap water, the shellfree cysts were placed in a Petri dish on a filter paper that had been saturated with a salt solution consisting of 28 g NaCl plus 6 g of NaHCO3 / liter, for 15 hr at 28° C in a lighted incubator.

scholarly journals Epidemiologic Impacts in Acute Infectious Disease Associated with Catastrophic Climate Events Related to Global Warming in the Northeast of Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4433
Author(s):  
Jesus Santos-Guzman ◽  
Francisco Gonzalez-Salazar ◽  
Gregorio Martínez-Ozuna ◽  
Victor Jimenez ◽  
Andrea Luviano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Projection Data ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Water Tanks

Rising global temperatures and seawater temperatures have led to an increase in extreme weather patterns leading to droughts and floods. These natural phenomena, in turn, affect the supply of drinking water in some communities, which causes an increase in the prevalence of diseases related to the supply of drinking water. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the effects of global warming on human health in the population of Monterrey, Mexico after Hurricane Alex. We interpolated data using statistical downscaling of climate projection data for 2050 and 2080 and correlated it with disease occurrence. We found a remarkable rise in the incidence of transmissible infectious disease symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms predominated and were associated with drinking of contaminated water like tap water or water from communal mobile water tanks, probably because of the contamination of clean water, the disruption of water sanitation, and the inability to maintain home hygiene practices.

scholarly journals Microspheres as Surrogate Helminth Eggs: A Comparative Labscale Sedimentation Study for Tap- and Wastewater

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1192
Author(s):  
Barbara Arthur ◽  
Edith Nettmann ◽  
Andrea Rademacher ◽  
Manfred Lübken ◽  
Bernd Marschner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
T Test ◽  
Polystyrene Latex ◽  
Surface Coatings ◽  
Colloidal Transport ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Helminth Eggs

Re-use of water containing helminth eggs during irrigation for agricultural purposes poses health risks, and likewise during research, due to the potential of spreading on contact. Therefore, polystyrene latex microspheres could be used as surrogates for chemical or biological species during colloidal transport. The aim here is to compare the settling velocities of microspheres having varied surface coatings—that is, proteins A, G and A/G; with that of real helminth eggs obtained from literature. The settling velocities of the microspheres were experimentally determined in tap- and wastewater, as well as theoretically in tap water; which was found to be within the range of mean values for those experimentally determined. There were no differences amongst the microspheres types used for settling in wastewater (i.e., A = 0.072 ± 0.02; G = 0.060 ± 0.03; A/G = 0.053 ± 0.01 mm/s). The same applied for settling in tap water (i.e., A = 0.068 ± 0.02; G = 0.047 ± 0.004; A/G = 0.095 ± 0.02 mm/s), except for microsphere G being different from microsphere A/G. All three types of microspheres settled at velocities lower than that of the wastewater particles (=0.118 ± 0.03). T-test analyses of settling velocities of microspheres in both tap- and wastewater, versus that from literature (i.e., Ascaris, Trichuris and Oesophagostomum), showed that microsphere A and A/G may surrogate for Ascaris in tap water, the same as A/G for Oesophagostomum. In wastewater however, both microspheres A and G are a good fit for Trichuris.

Designing and Implementing the Technology of the «Inverted Lesson» in Higher School

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
М. Прохорова ◽  
M. Prohorova ◽  
О. Ваганова ◽  
O. Vaganova
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Standards ◽  
The University ◽  
Independent Work ◽  
Experimental Group

The article describes the results of experimental work on applying the technology of the "inverted lesson" in higher education. The reasons and prerequisites for using the technology of the "inverted lesson" in the domestic vocational education are described, such as an increase in the proportion of independent work in educational standards and the development of the capacities of the electronic educational environment of higher education institutions. The design procedure and the content of didactic and educational-methodical materials necessary for the implementation of this technology in the educational process are described. Presented are the results of experimental work using the technology of "inverted learning" in the educational process in the direction of training 44.03.02 "Vocational training". The results of the comparison of the performance of the control and experimental groups during the semester and the results of the control measure are presented, the time for performing the tasks of the audit work is compared, conclusions are drawn about the high potential of the "inverted lesson" technology as a way of organizing the independent work of students with a wide use of the electronic educational medium of the university. The obtained results are confirmed by the data of the survey of the students of the experimental group who highly appreciated the effectiveness of the "inverted lesson" technology.

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