Hydatidosis in slaughtered sheep and goats in India: prevalence, genotypic characterization and pathological studies

Abstract The present study determined the prevalence of hydatid cysts in different organs of slaughtered hilly ‘Gaddi’ breed small ruminants—sheep (n = 230) and goats (n = 197)—in Kangra Valley of the north-western Himalayas, India. Hydatid cysts were found in 12.2% (n = 28) of sheep and 10.7% (n = 21) of goats. Pulmonary echinococcosis was more prevalent in slaughtered sheep and goats (sheep 56.36%; goats 62.90%) than hepatic echinococcosis (sheep 43.64%; goats 37.10%). Fertility rates were higher in hepatic (81.25%) and pulmonary cysts of sheep (83.87%) compared to goats. Molecular identification and genotypic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus isolates were based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (mtCO1). The genotypic characterization identified the isolated strain to be closely related to the G7 genotype. Histopathological examination revealed a thick coat of granulation tissue, causing fibrosis and inflammatory reaction composed of fibroblasts and mononuclear cells around the cysts. In the liver, hepato-cellular degeneration was prominent at the periphery of the cysts. The present study highlights the molecular confirmation and phylogenetic analysis of E. granulosus isolates with the prevalence of hydatidosis in a naïve host species and in an unexplored region. The findings are of significant medical and veterinary importance regarding development of control measures to check dissemination of hydatidosis.

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Prevalence of Pneumonia in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered at Elfora Bishoftu Export Abattoir, Ethiopia: A Pathological Investigation

Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/5169040 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Berhanu Mekibib ◽

Tadesse Mikir ◽

Amene Fekadu ◽

Rahmeto Abebe

Keyword(s):

Histopathological Examination ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Effective Interventions ◽

Ancillary Test ◽

Pulmonary Adenomatosis ◽

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia

Accurate clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, the leading cause of mortality in small ruminants, is difficult and usually requires postmortem examination of the lungs. An active abattoir survey was conducted between November 2017 and April 2018 to estimate the prevalence and characterize the gross and histopathological lesions of pneumonic lungs in 864 clinically healthy young small ruminants (490 sheep and 374 goats aged 1.5 to 3 years) raised for meat in different parts of the country and slaughtered at Elfora Bishoftu export abattoir, Ethiopia. Out of the total lungs examined grossly, pneumonic lesions were found in 158 (18.29%) lungs. On histopathological examination of the lungs with gross pneumonic lesion, however, typical pneumonic lesions were diagnosed in 148 (17.13%) lungs only. No significant (p>0.05) difference was noted in the prevalence of pneumonia between sheep (17.14%) and goats (17.11%) in histopathological examination. Based on the predominant histopathological findings, the pneumonic lesions were characterized as interstitial pneumonia (41.9%), acute suppurative bronchopneumonia (25.7%), acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia (24.3%), chronic bronchopneumonia (6.1%), aspiration pneumonia (4.7%), bronchointerstitial pneumonia (3.4%), and ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (3.4%). The study further showed the spread of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis and ovine progressive pneumonia (Maedi) from the central highlands to areas that were previously free from these diseases. Due to its better diagnostic capacity, histopathology should be employed routinely as an ancillary test in the major abattoirs and regional veterinary laboratories to generate additional epidemiological data for a better disease control and prevention measures. Further studies are also recommended to identify the etiological agents of pneumonia in sheep and goats and thereby to formulate feasible and cost-effective interventions.

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The global molecular epidemiology of microsporidia infection in sheep and goats with focus on Enterocytozoon bieneusi: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Tropical Medicine and Health ◽

10.1186/s41182-021-00355-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ali Taghipour ◽

Saeed Bahadory ◽

Ehsan Javanmard

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Global Scale ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Control Measures ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Prevalence Studies ◽

Global Estimate ◽

Meta Analyses

Abstract Background Microsporidia is a zoonotic pathogen with health consequences in immunocompromised patients. Small ruminants are a potential reservoir of microsporidia for humans in their vicinity. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the molecular prevalence of microsporidian infections with emphasis on Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes among sheep and goats at a global scale through systematic review and meta-analysis approach. Methods The standard protocol of preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Eligible prevalence studies on small ruminant microsporidiosis, published from 1 January 2000 until 15 April 2021 were gathered using systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The point estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects model. The variance between studies (heterogeneity) was quantified by I2 index. Results In total, 25 articles (including 34 datasets) were included for final meta-analysis. The pooled molecular prevalence of microsporidia in sheep and goats was estimated to be 17.4% (95% CI: 11.8–25%) and 16% (95% CI: 11.2–22.4%), respectively. Likewise, the overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was estimated to be 17.4% (95% CI: 11.8–25%) for sheep and 16.3% (95% CI: 11.3–22.8%) for goats. According to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene analysis, E. bieneusi with genotypes BEB6 (15 studies) and COS-1 (nine studies) in sheep, and CHG3 (six studies) and BEB6 (five studies) in goats were the highest reported genotypes. Conclusion The present results highlight the role of sheep and goats as reservoir hosts for human-infecting microsporidia. Therefore, this global estimate could be beneficial on preventive and control measures.

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RNAseq Reveals the Contribution of Interferon Stimulated Genes to the Increased Host Defense and Decreased PPR Viral Replication in Cattle

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12040463 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 463

Author(s):

Krishnaswamy Tirumurugaan ◽

Rahul Pawar ◽

Gopal Dhinakar Raj ◽

Arthanari Thangavelu ◽

John Hammond ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Control Measures ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Type I Interferons ◽

Type I ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Interferon Stimulated Genes

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is known to replicate in a wide variety of ruminants causing very species-specific clinical symptoms. Small ruminants (goats and sheep) are susceptible to disease while domesticated cattle and buffalo are dead-end hosts and do not display clinical symptoms. Understanding the host factors that influence differential pathogenesis and disease susceptibility could help the development of better diagnostics and control measures. To study this, we generated transcriptome data from goat and cattle peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) experimentally infected with PPRV in-vitro. After identifying differentially expressed genes, we further analyzed these immune related pathway genes using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) and selected candidate genes were validated using in-vitro experiments. Upon PPRV infection, we identified 12 and 22 immune related genes that were differentially expressed in goat and cattle respectively. In both species, this included the interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) IFI44, IFI6, IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, ISG15, Mx1, Mx2, OAS1X, RSAD2, IRF7, DDX58 and DHX58 that were transcribed significantly higher in cattle. PPRV replication in goat PBMCs significantly increased the expression of phosphodiesterase 12 (PDE12), a 2′,5′-oligoadenylate degrading enzyme that contributes to the reduced modulation of interferon-regulated gene targets. Finally, a model is proposed for the differential susceptibility between large and small ruminants based on the expression levels of type-I interferons, ISGs and effector molecules.

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Clinical, histopathological, and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma species in sheep and goats in Egypt

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.2561-2567 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2561-2567

Author(s):

Walid S. Mousa ◽

Ahmed A. Zaghawa ◽

Ahmed M. Elsify ◽

Mohamed A. Nayel ◽

Zarroug H. Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Systemic Reaction ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Mycoplasma Species ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Sheep And Goats

Background and Aim: Mycoplasma infection in small ruminants is a serious problem in sheep and goat herds around the world. It is responsible for high economic losses and decreased animal productivity. This study aimed to highlight the clinical, histopathological, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma species in sheep and goats in Menoufiya Governorate, Egypt. Materials and Methods: A total of 234 samples were collected; 104 samples were collected from pneumonic lung tissues from the abattoir, in addition, 10 and 20 samples collected from apparently and diseased sheep, respectively, and 40 and 60 samples were collected from apparently and diseased goats, respectively, which were subjected to isolation onto pleuropneumonia-like organism medium. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), histopathological examination, and determination of the MIC were also performed. Results: Of 104 samples of lung tissues showing pneumonic lesions, 56 (53.84%) were positive for Mycoplasma isolation. The positive isolation of Mycoplasma from 10 and 20 samples from apparently and diseased sheep was 30% and 40%, respectively as well as the positive isolation of Mycoplasma was 17% and 56.66% out of 40 and 60 apparently healthy and diseased field goat's cases, respectively. All the diseased sheep and goats showed respiratory manifestations, including cough, bilateral nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and systemic reaction. Evaluation of the MIC for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae revealed that lincospectin and tylosin were the most effective antibiotics at 2.5 μg/mL. Histopathological examination of affected lung tissue showed extensive hemorrhagic pneumonia with extensive alveolar hemorrhage. The PCR technique proved to be a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for the detection of M. ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini at 390 and 326 bp, respectively. Conclusion: M. ovipneumoniae and M. arginini were the most prevalent species associated with respiratory infections in sheep and goats in the study area. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of these species in dissemination of the disease within herds of small ruminants.

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Prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in Sheep and Goats and Associated Risk Factors in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences ◽

10.36108/jvbs/9102.20.0201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

D. O. Esonu

Keyword(s):

Body Condition ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Fasciola Gigantica ◽

Control Measures ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Good Body Condition ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Prevention And Control Measures ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

And Control

Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease affecting ruminants. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Fasciola gigantica in sheep and goats in Zaria, Kaduna State. A total of 400 faecal samples were collected over a period of three months (July to September, 2018) and examined using the formal ether sedimentation technique. The overall intensity of the infection was one plus(1+) indicating low infection. The prevalence of F. gigantica in the small ruminants examined was 52(13.0%) with sheep having a higher prevalence of 34(17.0%) than in goats 18(9.0%). Higher prevalence of F.gigantica was also observed in adult sheep 28(22.2%) and goats 15(20.0%) than in young ones of sheep 6(8.1%) and goats 3(2.4%).Consequently, higher prevalence of F. gigantica was observed in female sheep and goats with respective prevalence rates of 23(24.2%) and 17(12.1%) than in male sheep and goats with rates of 11(10.5%) and 1(1.7%) respectively. The prevalence of F. gigantica was 8(21.6%), 23(17.0%) and 3(10.7%) for Uda, Yankasa, and Balami breeds of sheep respectively, and 17(10.4%) and 1(2.7%) for Kano Brown and Crosses of goats respectively. Higher prevalence of F. gigantica was observed in ruminants on non-settled farms 37(18.5%) than those on settled farms15(7.5%).The prevalence of F. gigantica was significantly (p<0.05) higher in animals with poor body condition 18(34.0%) than good body condition 1(1.8%) animals. This study has established the presence of F. gigantica in faecal sample of sheep and goats in farms within Zaria, therefore appropriate use of anthelmintics and awareness of the public on the prevention and control measures should be ensured.

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Infection levels of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in Papua New Guinea

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x12000594 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 409-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. Koinari ◽

S. Karl ◽

U. Ryan ◽

A.J. Lymbery

Keyword(s):

Papua New Guinea ◽

Management Practices ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

New Guinea ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽

Control Measures ◽

Parasite Control ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Faecal Samples

AbstractGastrointestinal parasites of livestock cause diseases of important socio-economic concern worldwide. The present study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats in lowland and highland regions of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Faecal samples were collected from a total of 165 small ruminants (110 sheep and 55 goats) from February to April 2011. Analysis by a modified McMaster technique revealed that 128 animals (72% of sheep and 89% of goats) were infected with one or more species of gastrointestinal parasites. The gastrointestinal parasites found and their prevalences in sheep (S) and in goats (G) were as follows: strongyle 67.3% (S), 85.5% (G); Eimeria 17.3% (S), 16.4% (G); Strongyloides, 8.2% (S), 23.6% (G); Fasciola, 5.5% (S), 18.2% (G); Trichuris, 1.8% (S), 3.6% (G); and Nematodirus, 1.8% (S), 3.6% (G). Two additional genera were found in goats: Moniezia (9.1%) and Dictocaulus (3.6%). This is the first study to quantitatively examine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in goats in PNG. The high rates of parasitism observed in the present study are likely to be associated with poor farming management practices, including lack of pasture recovery time, lack of parasite control measures and poor-quality feed.

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Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Rift Valley Fever in Domestic Small Ruminants in the North Region of Cameroon

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2019/8149897 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Poueme ◽

F. Stoek ◽

N. Nloga ◽

J. Awah-Ndukum ◽

M. Rissmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Rift Valley ◽

Rift Valley Fever ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

The North ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic vector borne infectious disease of major medical and veterinary importance particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is dearth of epidemiological knowledge of the disease in Cameroon. We conducted a cross-sectional study (January 2016–January 2017) to investigate the seroprevalence and potential risk factors of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in sheep and goats in the North region of Cameroon. Stratified sampling approach was used to select herds where sera were collected from 680 randomly selected small ruminants (355 goats and 325 sheep) in eight localities (Kismatari, Lagdo, Pitoa, Garoua, Bocklé, Dembo, Poli and Touboro) within three administrative divisions (Bénoué, Mayo-Rey and Faro) in the North region. Anti-RVFV antibodies were detected using a competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), while a capture ELISA was used for the detection of specific RVFV-Immunoglobulin M (Ig-M) antibodies. We evaluated the associated potential risk factors of RVF in small ruminants based on observations of animal-related intrinsic and extrinsic factors in combination with serological results. The results revealed that 3.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2–5.1%) of sampled animals and 24.6% (95% CI: 15.1–37.1%) of 65 sampled herds were seropositive for anti-RVFV antibodies and no difference in seropositivity between sheep and goats at individual animal as well as at herd levels was observed. Localities along hydrographic or large water banks such as Kismatari (OR: 14.333, (95% CI: 1.436–145.088)) and Pitoa (OR = 11.467 (95% CI: 1.249–50.306)) were significantly associated to RVFV antibody seroprevalence in a simple logistic regression. In addition, the multiple regression analysis showed that age and access to water points significantly influenced RVFV antibody seroprevalence in small ruminants. This study revealed that anti-RVFV antibodies are present in sheep and goats in the North region of Cameroon. It highlights the likely endemic circulation of RVFV in the considered localities despite the absence of clinical cases reported in animals or humans. Under these conditions, it is necessary to set up an early warning, surveillance and control strategy based on epizootic risk.

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Global Distribution and Genetic Heterogeneity of Border Disease Virus

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13060950 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 950

Author(s):

Cecilia Righi ◽

Stefano Petrini ◽

Ilaria Pierini ◽

Monica Giammarioli ◽

Gian Mario De Mia

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Control Measures ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Border Disease Virus ◽

Diarrhea Virus ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Border Disease

Border disease virus (BDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Interspecies transmission of BDV between sheep, cattle, and pigs occurs regularly, sometimes making diagnosis a challenge. BDV can yield substantial economic losses, including prenatal and postnatal infections in lambs, which are the primary source of infection and maintenance of the virus in the population. Since BDV is antigenically and genetically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), it might pose a significant risk to cattle, influencing BVDV eradication campaigns. Similarly, the presence of BDV in swine herds due to pestivirus spillover between small ruminants and pigs might cause uncertainty in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) diagnostics. Therefore, knowledge of BDV epidemiology in different geographical regions will help prevent its spread and optimize control measures. Previous epidemiological studies have shown that various BDV genotypes are predominant in different countries. This review provides an overview of the spread of BDV world-wide in different host species.

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Molecular Detection and Phylogeny of Anaplasmaphagocytophilum and Related Variants in Small Ruminants from Turkey

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11030814 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 814

Author(s):

Münir Aktaş ◽

Sezayi Özübek ◽

Mehmet Can Uluçeşme

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pcr Rflp ◽

First Time ◽

Japan And China ◽

Apparently Healthy

Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes tick-borne fever in small ruminants. Recently, novel Anaplasma variants related to A. phagocytophilum have been reported in ruminants from Tunisia, Italy, South Korea, Japan, and China. Based on 16S rRNA and groEL genes and sequencing, we screened the frequency of A. phagocytophilum and related variants in 433 apparently healthy small ruminants in Turkey. Anaplasma spp. overall infection rates were 27.9% (121/433 analyzed samples). The frequency of A. phagocytophilum and A. phagocytophilum-like 1 infections was 1.4% and 26.5%, respectively. No A. phagocytophilum-like 2 was detected in the tested animals. The prevalence of Anaplasma spp. was comparable in species, and no significant difference was detected between sheep and goats, whereas the prevalence significantly increased with tick infestation. Sequencing confirmed PCR-RFLP data and showed the presence of A. phagocytophilum and A. phagocytophilum-like-1 variant in the sampled animals. Phylogeny-based on 16S rRNA gene revealed the A. phagocytophilum-like 1 in a separate clade together with the previous isolates detected in small ruminants and ticks. In this work, A. phagocytophilum-like 1 has been detected for the first time in sheep and goats from Turkey. This finding revealed that the variant should be considered in the diagnosis of caprine and ovine anaplasmosis.

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