Development of farmed fish: a nutritionally necessary alternative to meat

The projected stagnation in the catch from global fisheries and the continuing expansion of aquaculture is considered against the background that fishmeal and fish oil are major feed stocks for farmed salmon and trout, and also for marine fish. The dietary requirement of these farmed fish for high-quality protein, rich in essential amino acids, can be met by sources other than fishmeal. However, the highly-polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) present in high concentrations in fish oil are essential dietary constituents for marine fish and highly-desirable dietary constituents for salmonids. Currently, there is no feasible alternative source to fish oil for these nutrients in fish feeds. Vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid (18:2n-6) can partially substitute for 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in salmonid and marinefish feeds. However, this is nutritionally undesirable for human nutrition because the healthpromoting effects of fish-derived 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 reflect a very high intake of 18:2n-6 relative to linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in Western diets. If partial replacement of fish oils in fish feeds with vegetable oils becomes necessary in future, it is argued that 18:3n-3-rich oils, such as linseed oil, are the oils of choice because they are much more acceptable lrom a human nutritional perspective, especially given the innate ability of freshwater fish, including salmonids, to convert dietary 18:3n-3 to 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. In the meantime, a more judicious use of increasinglyexpensive fish oil in aquaculture is recommended. High priorities in the future development of aquaculture are considered to be genetic improvement of farmed fish stocks with enhanced abilities to convert C18 to C20 and C22n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, enhanced development of primary production of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 by single-cell marine organisms, and continuing development of new species.

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Cardioprotective role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/oh.2008.28296 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 149 (14) ◽

pp. 627-637 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zsuzsa Varga

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Receptor Protein ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Nuclear Factor ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3

Cardioprotective action of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in fish and α-linolenic acid in plants was demonstrated in primary and secondary clinical trials. Fish oil therapy causes a marked decrease in serum triacylglycerol and very low density lipoprotein levels and increases moderately high density lipoprotein levels without any adverse effects. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease slightly, but significantly blood pressure, enhance endothelial function, they have anti-aggregator, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects as well. These beneficial effects are in connection with modification of gene transcription levels of some key molecules such as nuclear factor-κB and sterol element binding receptor protein-1c, which regulate for example expression of adhesion molecules or several receptors involved in triglyceride synthesis (hepatocyte X receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, farnesol X receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors). On the basis of these observations, the supplementation of the diet with omega-3 fatty acids (fish, fish oil, linseed, and linseed oil or canola oil) is advisable in primary and secondary prevention.

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Impact of the partial replacement of fish meal with a chloroplast rich fraction on the growth and selected nutrient profile of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/c8fo02109k ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 733-745 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mohamed A. Gedi ◽

Kieran J. Magee ◽

Randa Darwish ◽

Patchaniya Eakpetch ◽

Iain Young ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Danio Rerio ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Feed Ingredients ◽

Nutrient Profile ◽

Aquaculture Production

Increasing global aquaculture production, is putting pressure on fishmeal and fish oil supply. There is therefore a growing search for more sustainable sources of proteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids as fish feed ingredients.

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Biohydrogenation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rumen and their effects on microbial metabolism and plasma fatty acid concentrations in sheep

Animal Science ◽

10.1079/asc50040239 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 239-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

L. A. Sinclair ◽

S. L. Cooper ◽

S. Chikunya ◽

R. G. Wilkinson ◽

K. G. Hallett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Marine Algae ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Microbial Efficiency ◽

Total Fatty Acids

AbstractSix cannulated wether sheep weighing 57 (s.d. 4·3) kg were used to investigate the susceptibility of unprotected and protected n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from different sources to biohydrogenation in the rumen, their uptake into plasma and effects on ruminal metabolism. The sheep were assigned to one of six dietary treatments formulated to have a similar fatty acid content (60 g/kg DM) and containing: linseed oil (LO), linseed oil absorbed into vermiculite (VLO), formic acid-formaldehyde treated whole linseed (FLS), fish oil (FO), fat encapsulated fish oil (PFO) or a mixture of fish oil and marine algae (1: 1 on an oil basis; AF), in six periods of 28 days duration in a Latin-square design. Biohydrogenation of C20:5(n-3) and C22:6(n-3) was high in FO at approximately 870 g/kg, but reduced to 625 and 625 g/kg respectively for PFO, and 769 and 601 g/kg respectively for AF. Ruminal biohydrogenation of C18:3(n-3) was similar across treatments based on linseed, averaging 860 g/kg, but C18:2(n-6) was lower (P< 0·05) in animals given VLO or FLS at 792 and 837 g/kg respectively, compared with LO (907 g/kg). Duodenal flow of C18:1trans in animals given any of the diets containing fish oil averaged 8·4 g/day compared with 2·8 g/day in animals given diets based on linseed (P< 0·001), whilst cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid was not significantly different among treatments. Plasma C20:5(n-3) and C22:6(n-3) proportions were highest in animals given the AF diet (11·8 and 8·2 g per 100 g of the total fatty acids respectively) and lowest in animals given LO (2·8 and 2·7 g per 100 g of the total fatty acids respectively;P< 0·001). By contrast, plasma C18:3(n-3) proportions were highest in animals given the LO or VLO diets at approximately 6·9 g per 100 g of the total fatty acids, and lowest in the AF treatment at 0·9 g per 100 g (P< 0·001). Duodenal non-ammonia-N flow was similar among treatments at 21·0 g/day except in animals given FLS which had the highest flow (25·9 g N per day;P< 0·01). Microbial N flow was also similar among treatments whilst microbial efficiency (g N per kg OM truly degraded in the rumen) was higher (P< 0·05) in animals given FLS than LO, FO or AF. By contrast, ruminal fibre digestion was higher (P< 0·05) in animals given LO or FO than those offered VLO, FLS, PFO or AF. In conclusion, compared with linseed oil, absorption of linseed oil into vermiculite improved duodenal flow but not plasma levels of C18:3(n-3), whilst formic acid-formaldehyde treatment of linseed had little effect on protecting C18:3(n-3) in the rumen, although duodenal non-ammonia nitrogen flow and microbial efficiency were improved. Compared with fish oil, the provision of marine algae or fat encapsulated fish oil resulted in a lower biohydrogenation of C22:6(n-3) and C20:5(n-3), and an increased duodenal flow and plasma concentration and offers the potential to favourably manipulate the n-3 fatty acid composition of sheep meat.

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Effect of fish feeds with high vegetable oil and low fish oil content on the growth performance and innate immune system of common carp (preliminary results)

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/37/2775 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 7-12

Author(s):

László Ardó ◽

Galina Jeney ◽

András Rónyai ◽

István Csengeri

Keyword(s):

Fish Oil ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Common Carp ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Fish Meal ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Fish Feeds

Fish meal and fish oil are very important components of fish feeds used by aquaculture. They contain poly-unsaturated fatty acids, which are essential nutrients both for fish and human nutrition. However, sources of fish meal and fish oil are limited, there is a need for new feed components to supply the increasing fish production and the increasing demand for fish feed. The aim of AQUAMAX project, supported by the European Union is to replace the fish meal and fish oil with vegetable oils. As a participant of this project, group of immunology in ResearchInstitute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI) examined the effect of three different fish feeds on the growth performance, innate immune response and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection of common carp in an in vivo experiment. Fish feed supplemented with Camelina oil, but still containing fish oil significantly increased growth performance of experimental fish and their resistance against the infection. Fish feed containing linseed oil only did not enhance the growth performance, and it had a negative effect on resistance against infection. Based on the experimental results it can be concluded that fish oil used in fish feeds cannot be replaced effectively with vegetable oils, but can be supplemented with them.

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Marine fish oil is more potent than plant-based n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of mammary tumors

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.12.011 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 55 ◽

pp. 41-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jiajie Liu ◽

Salma A. Abdelmagid ◽

Christopher J. Pinelli ◽

Jennifer M. Monk ◽

Danyelle M. Liddle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Marine Fish ◽

Mammary Tumors

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ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY AND FOOD SAFETY OF VEGETABLE OILS PRODUCED IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN

REPORTS ◽

10.32014/2021.2518-1483.41 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 5-11

Author(s):

Gulnar Aidarkhanova ◽

Zhuldyz Satayeva ◽

Marita Dzhakanova ◽

Тulegen Seilkhanov

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Food Safety ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Sunflower Oil ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

First Grade ◽

Permissible Limits

Vegetable oils are a valuable multivitamin raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industry due to the content of effective biologically active organic components and mineral substances. To assess the quality and food safety of unrefined vegetable oils obtained from sunflower seeds and flax of Kazakhstan agro-formations by the method of «cold pressing,» we studied the basic indicators of their qualitative and quantitative composition. It was found that the organoleptic characteristics (transparency, color, smell and taste) of the tested vegetable oils correspond to unrefined sunflower oil of the highest grade, unrefined linseed oil of the first grade. Studies of the physicochemical parameters of sunflower and linseed oils: colored number (14,40 mg of iodine), acid number (1,4-1,5 mg KOH/g), weight fraction of phosphoruscontaining substances (0,18% and 0,5%), humidity (0,13%; 0,17%), peroxide number (6,7 and 9,0 mmol of active O2/g), iodine number (132 and 176 gJ2/100) and saponification number (188 and 187 mg/g) also correspond the requirements of regulatory documents and standards. In sunflower oil samples, the amount of oleic acid is 52,21%, linoleic acid 28,97% is determined, which are within the normal range, although they are adjacent to the levels of higher limits. Analysis of linseed oil fatty acids showed that samples contain linolenic acid 50,1%, All other fatty acids are noted within the permissible limits, and oleic acid 14,13%, linoleic acid 17,9% are close to the upper limits of permissible limits. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the optimal ratio of ω-6 andω-3 of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the composition of the studied vegetable oils correspond to their name in the ratio of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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Effects of Fish Oil with a High Content of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Mouse Gut Microbiota

Archives of Medical Research ◽

10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.03.008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 195-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Hai-Ning Yu ◽

Jing Zhu ◽

Wen-sheng Pan ◽

Sheng-Rong Shen ◽

Wei-Guang Shan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Mouse Gut Microbiota

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Apoptosis mediated chemosensitization of tumor cells to 5-fluorouracil on supplementation of fish oil in experimental colon carcinoma

Tumor Biology ◽

10.1177/1010428317695019 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 101042831769501 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Isha Rani ◽

Bhoomika Sharma ◽

Sandeep Kumar ◽

Satinder Kaur ◽

Navneet Agnihotri

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dna Damage ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Apoptotic Index ◽

Apoptotic Pathway ◽

Apoptotic Effect ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Apoptotic Pathways

5-Fluorouracil has been considered as a cornerstone therapy for colorectal cancer; however, it suffers from low therapeutic response rate and severe side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to increase the clinical efficacy of 5-fluorouracil. Recently, fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been reported to chemosensitize tumor cells to anti-cancer drugs. This study is designed to understand the underlying mechanisms of synergistic effect of fish oil and 5-fluorouracil by evaluation of tumor cell–associated markers such as apoptosis and DNA damage. The colon cancer was developed by administration of N,N-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride and dextran sulfate sodium salt. Further these animals were treated with 5-fluorouracil, fish oil, or a combination of both. In carcinogen-treated animals, a decrease in DNA damage and apoptotic index was observed. There was also a decrease in the expression of Fas, FasL, caspase 8, and Bax, and an increase in Bcl-2. In contrast, administration of 5-fluorouracil and fish oil as an adjuvant increased both DNA damage and apoptotic index by activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways as compared to the other groups. The increased pro-apoptotic effect by synergism of 5-fluorouracil and fish oil may be attributed to the incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in membrane, which alters membrane fluidity in cancer cells. In conclusion, this study highlights that the induction of apoptotic pathway by fish oil may increase the susceptibility of tumors to chemotherapeutic regimens.

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Effects of Dietary Addition of Linseed Oil on the Content of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Egg Yolk of Gallus domestiaus

Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy ◽

10.1166/jbmb.2021.2089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 565-570

Author(s):

Suhu Duan ◽

Zaiqiang Li ◽

Zhenzhen Fan ◽

Mengran Qin ◽

Xiaoxue Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Theoretical Basis ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Egg Yolk ◽

Free Food ◽

Control Group ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Group 1

In order to study the effect of dietary supplement of linseed oil on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in egg yolk of Gallus domestiaus, total 160 healthy Gallus domestiaus of 26-week old were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups, each of which included 40 chickens fed outdoors with an area of 63 m2 and free food and drinking water. The control group (CK) was fed the basic diet, and the experimental group was added 1, 3 and 5% of linseed oil in the fundamentals of diet (experimental group 1, 2 and 3, abbreviated as P1, P2, P3), respectively. The content of PUFA and the value of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA in egg yolk were determined by gas chromatography with 24 eggs randomly selected in each group after 10th, 25th and 40th days of the commence of the experiment. We found that the levels of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3, ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3, DHA) in egg yolk were clearly higher than the CK when 3% linseed oil or 5% linseed oil were added in the diet during the three experiment periods, in which the contents of linoleic Acid (18:2n6c, LA) and arachidonic acid (C20:4n6, ARA) in egg yolk differ little between P1, P2 and P3 and the CK while the value of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA in egg yolk of the P2 and P3 groups decreased significantly. The comprehensive comparisons suggested that the content of C18:3n3 and C22:6n3 in egg yolk could be clearly increased in the P2 while the value of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA decreased. This study provides theoretical basis for the production of functional eggs enriched with C22:6n3 and C18:3n3.

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