The metabolism of glucose byHaemonchus contortus, in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. V. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Oxygen Electrode ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Rate Of Absorption ◽  
Trichuris Vulpis

AdultHaemonchus contortusobtained from freshly killed sheep were incubated in a medium similar to Tyrode's saline containing known amounts of D-[U-14C]glucose. The worms appeared to remain in a healthy condition throughout the incubations which lasted for up to 6 h. All the radioactivity was recovered either within the worms or in the incubation vessel in the form of CO2, excretory products and unmetabolized glucose. An oxygen electrode in the incubation liquid showed that, because of their rapid oxygen consumption, the worms were under anaerobic conditions during all or nearly all of the incubation period, despite the presence of oxygen in the gas phase of the vessel. In terms both of quantity and radioactivity the main excretory products in solution were propan-1-ol, propionate and acetate. Smaller amounts of ethanol, lactate and succinate were excreted. Much radioactivity was associated with the expired CO2. At the end of the incubations glucose other than the initial radioactive glucose was detected indicating that the absorption of glucose byH. contortusis complex and needs further investigation. The present experiments suggest that the rate of absorption depends on the worm's need for nutrients. The results are compared with those found for other parasitic nematodes, particularlyAscaris lumbricoides, Heterakis gallinaeandTrichuris vulpis.The importance of CO2fixation in the utilization of energy from glucose byH. contortusis discussed.

Mitochondrial function in the presence of myoglobin

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1116-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Cole ◽  
P. C. Sukanek ◽  
J. B. Wittenberg ◽  
B. A. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Oxygen Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Electrode ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
The Difference

The effect of myoglobin on oxygen consumption and ATP production by isolated rat skeletal muscle mitochondria was studied under steady-state conditions of oxygen supply. A method is presented for the determination of steady-state oxygen consumption in the presence of oxygen-binding proteins. Oxygen consumed in suspensions of mitochondria was replenished continuously by transfer from a flowing gas phase. Liquid-phase oxygen pressure was measured with an oxygen electrode; the gas-phase oxygen concentration was held constant at a series of fixed values. Oxygen consumption was determined from the characteristic response time of the system and the difference in the steady-state gas- and liquid-phase oxygen concentrations. ATP production was determined from the generation of glucose 6-phosphate in the presence of hexokinase. During steady-state mitochondrial oxygen consumption, the oxygen pressure in the liquid phase is enhanced when myoglobin is present. Functional myoglobin present in the solution had no effect on the relation of mitochondrial respiration and ATP production to liquid-phase oxygen pressure. Myoglobin functions in this system to enhance the flux of oxygen into the myoglobin-containing phase. Myoglobin may function in a similar fashion in muscle by increasing oxygen flux into myocytes.

scholarly journals Comparison of two in vitro methods for the detection of ivermectin resistance in Haemonchus contortus in sheep

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Urda Dolinská ◽  
A. Königová ◽  
M. Babják ◽  
M. Várady
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Migration Inhibition ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Parasitic Helminths

SummaryGastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in sheep cause severe economic losses. Anthelmintics are the most commonly used drugs for prophylaxis and therapy against parasitic helminths. The problem of drug resistance has developed for all commercially available anthelmintics in several genera and classes of helminths. In vitro and in vivo tests are used to detect anthelmintic resistance. Two in vitro methods (larval migration inhibition test and micromotility test) for the detection of ivermectin (IVM) resistance were compared using IVM-resistant and IVM-susceptible isolates of Haemonchus contortus. The degree of resistance for each test was expressed as a resistance factor (RF). The micromotility test was more sensitive for quantitatively measuring the degree of resistance between susceptible and resistant isolates. The RFs for this test for IVM and eprinomectin ranged from 1.00 to 108.05 and from 3.87 to 32.32, respectively.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic activity of Cymbopogon citratus against Haemonchus contortus

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo ◽  
Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira ◽  
Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro ◽  
Jessica Maria Leite dos Santos ◽  
Kaline das Chagas Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Egg Hatching

Parasitic nematodes are of major economic importance in livestock. An alternative for the control of parasites is phytotherapy. This study evaluated the efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus decoction (CcD), C. citratus essential oil (CcEo) and citral against Haemonchus contortus using in vitro egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT) and an in vivo test using a Meriones unguiculatus (gerbil) model. The effect of 800 mg/kg CcEo was evaluated in gerbils that had been artificially infected with 5,000 third-stage H. contortus larvae. The effective concentrations required to inhibit 50% (EC50) of egg hatching were 0.46, 0.14 and 0.13 mg/mL for CcD, CcEo and citral, respectively. The EC50 values in the LDT were 5.04, 1.92 and 1.37 mg/mL for CcD, CcEo and citral, respectively. H. contortus population in the group treated with C. citratus essential oil was reduced by 38.5% (P< 0.05) in comparison to the control group. These results suggest that it may be possible to use C. citratusessential oil to control of H. contortus parasite of small ruminant.

Effect of Acetaldehyde on the Isolated, Non-working Guinea-Pig Heart: Independence of the Coronary Flow Increase from Changes in Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 602-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minh-Hau Nguyen ◽  
L. Gailis
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Coronary Flow ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Guinea Pig Heart ◽  
Bicarbonate Buffer

Guinea-pig hearts were perfused at constant pressure with Krehs–Henseleit bicarbonate buffer equilibrated with 95% O2 – 5% CO2. Acetaldehyde at 1 and 5 mM increased coronary flow, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. At 0.2 mM, it increased coronary flow and oxygen consumption only. In the rapidly paced heart, 1 mM acetaldehyde increased coronary flow, but not heart rate or oxygen consumption. Acetaldehyde increased coronary flow and oxygen consumption of the potassium-arrested heart. Acetaldehyde increased all parameters of the hypoxic heart (25% O2 gas phase), but the anoxic heart was not affected (coronary flow was already maximal).Reserpine (in vivo) and catecholamine β blockers (dichloroisoproterenol and propranolol) (in vitro) blocked the heart rate increases and moderated the rise in oxygen consumption. Dichloroisoproterenol plus phentolamine blocked the increases of both heart rate and oxygen consumption. None of the compounds affected the increase of coronary flow produced by acetaldehyde. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and tyramine increased the heart rate and oxygen consumption, but not the coronary flow. Theophylline increased all three parameters. Neither tranylcypromine nor atropine modified the acetaldehyde effect. We conclude that the increase in heart rate is mediated by catecholamine β receptors. The increase in coronary flow is independent of the increase in heart rate or oxygen consumption and is not mediated by catecholamines.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Rhodanese Homologue from Haemonchus Contortus and its Immune-Modulatory Effects on Goat Immune Cells in Vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujian Wang ◽  
Muhammad Ehsan ◽  
Jianmei Huang ◽  
Kalibixiati Aimulajiang ◽  
RuoFeng Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background: Suppression and modulation of the immune response of the host by nematode parasites have been reported widely. Rhodaneses or thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferases are present in a wide range of organisms, such as archea, bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Previously, it was reported that a rhodanese homology could bind by goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vivo.Results: In the present study, we cloned and produced recombinant rhodanese protein originated from Haemonchus contortus (rHCRD), which was one of the parasitic nematodes of small ruminants. The effect of this protein on modulating the immunity of goat PBMC and monocyte was studied in the current work. The predominant localization of the natural HCRD protein was verified as the bowel wall and body surface of worms, according to the immunohistochemical tests. It was proved in this study that the serum produced by artificially infecting goats with H. contortus successfully recognized rHCRD which conjugated goat PBMCs. The rHCRD was co-incubated with goat PBMCs to observe the immunomodulatory effect on proliferation, apoptosis and secretion of cytokines exerted by HCRD. The results showed that the interaction of rHCRD suppressed proliferation of goat PBMCs stimulated by ConA but did not induce the apoptosis of goat PBMCs. After rHCRD exposure, the production of TNF-α and IFN-γ were significantly decreased, however, it significantly increased the secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in goat PBMCs. Phagocytotic assay by FITC-dextran internalization showed that rHCRD inhibited the phagocytosis of goat monocytes. Moreover, rHCRD could down-regulate the expression of MHC-II on goat monocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: These discoveries proposed a possible target as immunomodulator, which was potentially beneficial to illuminate the interaction between parasites and hosts in the molecular level and hunt for innovative protein species as candidate targets of drug and vaccine.

scholarly journals Comparative anthelmintic efficacy of Arundo donax, Areca catechu, and Ferula assa-foetida against Haemonchus contortus

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Nadeem Badar ◽  
Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Sajid ◽  
Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan ◽  
Muhammad Shareef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Better Than

Abstract In the present study, anthelmintic activities of Arundo (A.) donax L., Areca (Ar.) catechu L., and Ferula (F.) assa-foetida L. were determined. Leaves of A. donax L., latex of F. assa-foetida L. and seeds of Ar. catechu L. in different solvent fractions were subjected to in vitro (egg hatch assay; EHA, and adult motility assay; AMA) and in vivo (faecal egg count reduction test; FECRT) tests of anthelmintic activity using Haemonchus contortus model. In the AMA, crude aqueous methanol extracts (CAME) and ethyl acetate fractions of F. assa-foetida at 10 hr post-treatment showed maximum mortality of H. contortus at 12.5-50 mg mL-1. In the EHA, CAME of F. assa-foetida was identified as a potent ovicide based on its low LC50 (16.9 µg mL-1), followed in order by Ar. catechu and A. donax. Results from the FECRT also showed the extract of F. assa-foetida L. to be more effective than those of Ar. catechu L. and A. donax L., against the gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes. Chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed better anthelmintic activities against the adult worms in vitro, while CAME of these plants were better than their crude powders in vivo. It is recommended to document and investigate indigenous knowledge of possible medicinal plants to plan scientific trials that may justify their endorsement.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic Activity of Hymenodictyon pachyanta Stem Bark Extracts against Haemonchus Contortus

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
D. O. Olayemi ◽  
M. M. Onakpa ◽  
O. C. Jegede
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The development of host resistance to anthelmintics and the increasing cost of commercial anthelmintics have encouraged the need for the in vitro anthelmintic evaluation of crude extract and fractions of Hymenodictyon pachyanta plant as alternative drugs against Haemonchus contortus. H. contortus is one of the most prevalent and highly pathogenic parasitic nematodes in small ruminant farming globally. H. pachyanta stem bark is a prospective plant used by the local and indigenous farmers of Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria. The stem bark of H. pachyanta were collected, dried, pulverized and extracted with 80 % methanol. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro anthelmintic effects of these crude extract and fractions against H. contortus in sheep and goats. The two extracts (crude and fractions) of H. pachyanta were tested by the egg hatch assay (EHA) and the larval development inhibition assays (LDIA) and to compared the results with albendazole (as the positive control). The concentrations for the crude extract and albendazole used for this study were 0.78, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25 and 12.5 mg.ml−1. The results demonstrated that the crude extracts, fractions and albendazole all at the concentration doses of 12.5 mg.ml−1 produced 100 % inhibition of egg hatching and larval development. Statistically, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean percentage inhibition of egg hatching and larval development inhibition of the crude extracts and fractions when compared with albendazole. However, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed with n-butanol fraction which inhibited 96.17 % of egg hatchability. All of the extracts and albendazole showed ovicidal and larvicidal effects and were able to induce over 50 % of the egg hatching and mortality of larvae at the concentration ranges of 0.78—12.5 mg.ml−1. The results obtained from our study suggest that H. pachyanta had ovicidal and larvicidal activity against H. contortus and that the bioactive plants compounds responsible for this effect could be attributed to the presence of tannins, alkaloids and the saponins contained in the crude extracts.

scholarly journals The Carbohydrate Metabolism and Respiration of Isolated Small Lymphocytes

Blood ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 691-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAUREN NT. PACHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Oxygen Electrode ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Uncoupling Of Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Average Size

Abstract 1. A homogeneous population of small lymphocytes with an average size of 6.7 micra was isolated from equine blood. 2. These cells could be maintained in vitro, with essentially complete survival for 24 hours, and with a 50% viability for five days. 3. The small lymphocytes consumed glucose at a rate of 1.87 mµmoles/1 x 107 cells/minute, and produced lactic acid at a rate of 2.30 mµmoles/1 x 107 cells/minute. 4. The oxygen consumption of small equine lymphocytes was 1.023 ± .165 mµmo1es oxygen 1 x 107 cells/minute, and that of mixed peripheral blood leukocytes, 1.25 ± .07 mµmoles oxygen/1 x 107 cells/minute, as determined, using a Clark oxygen electrode. 5. Lymphocyte glycolysis was stimulated under anaerobic conditions (Pasteur effect), and viability appeared unimpaired after 24 hours in a N2 environment. 6. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by the addition of 2,4, dinitrophenol stimulated both respiration and glycolysis. 7. The glycogen content of the normal small horse lymphocyte was 7.45 ± 1.04 µg glucose equivalents per 1 x 107 cells. 8. Many of the initial cell population were transformed into "blasts" following the addition of phytohemagglutin to the tissue culture medium. This response was associated with an increase in the rate of glycolysis and respiration by 24 hours, and a rise in intracellular glycogen by 48 hours.

Measuring the effect of avermectins and milbemycins on somatic muscle contraction of adult Haemonchus contortus and on motility of Ostertagia circumcincta in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (7) ◽  
pp. 948-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANINA DEMELER ◽  
GEORG VON SAMSON-HIMMELSTJERNA ◽  
NICHOLAS C. SANGSTER
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Drug Potency ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sites Of Action

SUMMARYThe mechanism of anthelmintic resistance against the widely used macrocyclic lactones (MLs) is still not fully understood. Pharyngeal, somatic body muscles and the ovijector have been proposed as putative sites of action as well as resistance. In the present study the effects of three avermectins and three milbemycins on adult parasitic nematodes were evaluated in vitro. The Muscle Transducer system was used to investigate the effects of MLs on muscle contraction in female Haemonchus contortus and effects on motility were measured in Ostertagia (Teladorsagia) circumcincta using the Micromotility Meter. Concentration-response curves for all substances in both systems shifted to the right in the resistant isolates. Resistance was present to ivermectin (IVM) and its components IVM B1a and IVM B1b, suggesting that both components are involved in the mode of action and resistance. No consistent patterns of potency and resistance of the substances were observed except that milbemycins generally showed lower resistance ratios (RRs) than IVM. IVM and IVM B1b were the most potent inhibitors of contraction and motility in both susceptible isolates and also showed the highest RR in both species. Low RRs for milbemycins recorded in vitro for highly resistant isolates in vivo suggest that other factors such as pharmacokinetics influence drug potency in vivo.

The energy metabolism of adult Haemonchus contortus, in vitro

Parasitology ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. V. Ward ◽  
N. S. Huskisson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Aerobic Incubation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

SummaryA comparison was made of the major excretory products when adult Haemonchus contortus worms were incubated with D-[U-14C]glucose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Catabolites measured were propan-1-ol, acetate, n-propionate and CO2 and the only major difference was that nearly twice as much CO2 both in terms of quantity and radioactivity was excreted under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. The worms were also much more physically active under aerobic conditions. When worms were incubated under aerobic conditions with increasing amounts of fluoroacetate their CO2 production was progressively reduced to the anaerobic level. Their movement and their ability to clump together was also progressively reduced. After aerobic incubation with fluoroacetate and D-[U-14C]g1ucose the quantity and radioactivity of citrate within worms increased greatly. When worms were similarly incubated anaerobically no increase in citrate occurred, no radioactivity was associated with the citrate and the worms appeared physically unaffected. When worms were incubated aerobically with fluoro[1-14C]acetate they produced radioactive fluorocitrate.

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