Differential emergence of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from on-farm breeding substrates in Northern Ireland

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEOFFREY M. THOMPSON ◽  
STEPHEN JESS ◽  
ARCHIE K. MURCHIE
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Substrate Type ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Obsoletus Group ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Cow Slurry ◽  
Pulicaris Group

SUMMARYBiting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of a number of viral diseases worldwide. Following the unforeseen outbreak of bluetongue in northern Europe (2006–2009) there was a need to clarify on-farm breeding substrates utilized by temperate Culicoides spp. Six substrates (cow dung, cow slurry, horse dung, sheep dung, maize silage and soil) were investigated for Culicoides spp. emergence over a 31-week period. Overall, most Obsoletus group Culicoides emerged from the cow dung and the most Pulicaris group Culicoides emerged from the sheep dung. Furthermore, Culicoides of the Obsoletus group were found to be abundant in cow slurry and sheep dung. Temperature played a significant role in the emergence times of adult Culicoides. The Obsoletus group appear to have undergone 3 generations during the experimental period. The sex ratio of emergent Obsoletus group Culicoides was affected by substrate type, with a greater proportion of males emerging from cow dung and slurry compared with the other substrates.

scholarly journals Effects of periphyton on monoculture of Puntius gonionotus

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
MI Hoque ◽  
AKMF Rahman ◽  
MA Mansur ◽  
S Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Artificial Substrate ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Triple Super Phosphate ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Experimental Ponds

An experiment was carried out on the effects of periphyton on monoculture of Thai sharputi, Puntius gonionotus at the Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 7th August to 8th November. In treatment-1 bamboo poles were used as artificial substrate for periphyton production and in treatment-2 there was no artificial substrate (control). Each of the six ponds was stocked with 150 fingerlings of average size 6.41 cm and 3.60 g. The ponds were fertilized fortnightly with manure (cow dung) at a rate of 10 kg decimal-1, urea 60 g decimal-1 and triple super phosphate 90 g decimal-1. During the experimental period, the ranges of physico-chemical parameters viz. air temperature (31.0-35.50C), water temperature (29-320C), water depth (0.56-0.84 m), transparency (32-63 cm), dissolved oxygen (3.5-7.8 mg L-1), pH (6.8-7.9), total alkalinity (44-92 mg L-1), free CO2 (1.5-4.0 mg L-1), phosphate-phosphorus (0.31-1.07 mg L-1) and nitrate-nitrogen (1.12-2.30 mg L-1) were within the productive range and more or less similar in the ponds under treatments-1 and 2. Among the observed biological parameters, there were 35 genera of phytoplankton composed of five groups and 13 genera of zooplankton composed of four groups in the experimental ponds. Thirty three genera under the groups of Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae formed the periphyton on bamboo poles in the experimental ponds. Net fish production of the ponds with periphyton under treatment-1 was about 1.5 times higher than those of the ponds without periphyton (treatment-2). By analysis of variance, it was found that the net fish production of Thai sharputi under treatment-1 was significantly higher than that under treatment-2 (p< 0.05). Finally, it can be concluded that periphyton is one of the preferable food item of Thai sharputi and it is also suggested that growth and production of Thai sharputi can be increased if arrangement is made for periphyton production. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (2): 13-23, December, 2018

scholarly journals Effect of Ruminally-protected leucine supplement on milk yield and plasma amino acids in dairy cows

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. KRÍZOVÁ ◽  
J. TRINÁCTÝ ◽  
M. RICHTER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Plasma Amino Acids ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Ad Libitum

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of leucine supplement in the form of rumen-protected tablets on milk yield and composition and plasma amino acids in four high-yielding lactating Holstein cows. The experiment was carried out as a cross-over procedure and was divided into 4 periods of 14 d (10 d preliminary period and 4 d experimental period). Cows were fed ad libitum a diet based on maize silage, lucerne hay and a supplemental mixture. The diet, defficient in methionine, lysine, and leucine, was supplemented with methionine+lysine (Control) or methionine+lysine+leucine (Leu) in rumen protected form. The dry matter intake, milk yield and milk yield expressed in energy corrected milk did not differ significantly between the treatments. Milk protein content and yield did not show statistically significant variation. The contents and yield of casein, fat, lactose and urea were unaffected by the treatment. Blood metabolites did not vary between the treatments. The introduction of Leu resulted in higher plasma levels of proline (p

Effect of feeding hay vs. silages of various types to dairy cows on feed intake, milk composition and coagulation properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-340
Author(s):  
Elisa Manzocchi ◽  
Werner Hengartner ◽  
Michael Kreuzer ◽  
Katrin Giller
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Rennet Coagulation

AbstractThis research paper addresses the hypotheses (1) that milk produced from hay-fed cows differs from that of silage-fed cows and (2) that silage type has an important impact, too. Four diets differing in forage type but with equal estimated milk production potential and a forage:concentrate ratio of 0.85 : 0.15 were compared regarding their effect on feed intake, milk yield and milk properties. The forages tested were hay, grass silage, conventional short-chopped and long-chopped maize silage subjected to a novel processing technology (Shredlage®). Twenty-four dairy cows were fed two of the four diets in two consecutive runs in an incomplete (4 × 2) Latin-square design (n = 12 per diet). Each experimental period lasted 22 d, with 12 d of adaptation and 10 d of sampling. During sampling, feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily, milk composition and coagulation properties were determined four times. The composition of the diet ingredients was analysed weekly. Data were analysed with a mixed model considering feed, period and their interaction as fixed effects. Stage of lactation, milk yield and milk composition from the pre-experimental period were used as covariates in the model. Dry matter intake was lower with the long-chopped processed maize silage compared to the other three groups. There were some diet differences in intakes of net energy for lactation and absorbable protein in the duodenum, but this did not result in changes in milk yield. The milk fat content was higher with the grassland-based diets compared to the maize silage diets. No treatment effect on milk acidity and rennet coagulation properties was observed. In conclusion, there were no indications for specific physico-chemical properties of milk from a hay-based diet, and maize processing technology was not of large effect either. Future investigations should focus on sensory differentiation of the milk produced with different forages.

scholarly journals 127 Dietary supplementation with glycine improves the post-weaning growth of low-birth-weight pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 112-112
Author(s):  
Wenliang He ◽  
Erin A Posey ◽  
Guoyao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
On Farm

Abstract Pigs with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) represent 20–25% of all pigs born and are culled on farm, resulting in enormous losses. This study tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with glycine enhanced the growth of IUGR pigs after weaning. Healthy pigs [14 IUGR pigs (birth weight = 0.98±0.03 kg, mean ± SEM) and 20 NBW pigs (birth weight = 1.44±0.02 kg, mean ± SEM)] were used for the trial. At weaning (21 d of age), pigs within each birth weight group were assigned randomly into corn- and soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 1% glycine plus 0.19% corn starch or 1.19% alanine (isonitrogenous control). There were 7 IUGR pigs and 10 NBW pigs per subgroup. Crude protein content in basal diets was 20% between d 21 and 64, 18% between d 65 and 108, and 16% between d 109 and 120 of age. During the 100-d period of feeding, feed intake per kg body weight did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between IUGR and NBW pigs or between control and glycine groups. Growth rates of NBW pigs supplemented with 1% glycine did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) from those for NBW pigs without glycine supplementation. In contrast, growth rates of IUGR pigs supplemented with 1% glycine were 28%, 15%, and 10% greater (P &gt; 0.05) than those for IUGR pigs without glycine supplementation during d 21–35, d 35–64, and d 65–120 of age, respectively. Growth rates of NBW pigs were greater (P &gt; 0.05) than those for IUGR pigs without glycine supplementation during any experimental period. By d 120 of age, the body weight of IUGR pigs with glycine supplementation did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) from that of NBW pigs. Collectively, our results indicate that dietary supplementation with 1% glycine (a low-cost supplement) beneficially improves their growth rate and economic returns. Supported by a USDA/NIFA grant.

scholarly journals Performance and carcass quality of Czech Fleckvieh, Charolais and Charolais × Czech Fleckvieh bulls fed diets based on different types of silages

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bartoň ◽  
V. Kudrna ◽  
D. Bureš ◽  
R. Zahrádková ◽  
V. Teslík
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Entire Experiment

A total of thirty-four Czech Fleckvieh (CF), Charolais (CH) and Charolais × Czech Fleckvieh (CH × CF) bulls with an average weight of 284 kg were included in the experiment and fed ad libitum two mixed diets: MS (based on maize silage) and LCS (based on legume-cereal and lucerne silages) with different concentrations of dietary energy until slaughter at the target live weight of 600 kg. The CF bulls consumed more dry matter (DM) of feed daily than the CH bulls (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and gained weight less efficiently than the CH × CF and CH animals (<i>P</i> < 0.01) during the entire experiment. The killing-out percentage was lower in the CF than in the CH × CF and CH (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The CH bulls received a higher score for carcass conformation and a lower score for carcass fatness (<i>P</i> < 0.01) than the CF bulls, had lower proportions of kidney and cod fat (<i>P</i> < 0.01) than the CH × CF and CF bulls, and produced the highest percentage of high-priced meat (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and the lowest percentage of separable fat (<i>P</i> < 0.001). The bulls on the MS diet were younger than the others at the end of the experiment (<i>P</i> < 0.01), gained weight more rapidly (<i>P</i> < 0.001), consumed less DM (<i>P</i> < 0.001) daily, utilized nutrients more efficiently over the entire experimental period (<i>P</i> < 0.001), and had a higher proportion of internal fat than the LCS bulls. It can be concluded that purebred CH bulls were superior to the other breed groups in most of the traits observed. The intensive diet based on maize silage increased average daily gains, reduced the time needed to achieve the target slaughter weight, and improved the feed efficiency of bulls.

Production of lactating dairy cows fed diets with lucerne or red clover silage with or without supplemental maize silage

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
G. A. Broderick ◽  
R. P. Walgenbach
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Plant Phenols ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Supplemental Protein

Lucerne (Medicago sativa) is a major, high protein forage fed to dairy cattle. However, during ensiling, much of the CP in lucerne silage (LS) is broken down to nonprotein N (NPN); high levels of NPN in LS depress protein utilisation in lactating dairy cows. Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is a high quality legume forage that can be grown in Britain and Northern Europe. Polyphenol oxidase, an enzyme system in red clover, converts plant phenols into quinones that react rapidly with forage proteins in the silo and result in red clover silage (RCS) having less NPN than LS. Earlier (Broderick et al., 2000), we reported that replacing LS with RCS lowered milk yield but improved feed efficiency and apparent digestibility. Our objective was to compare the production of dairy cows fed equal amounts DM as LS or RCS, with or without maize silage (MS) and supplemental protein added to the diet.

Influence of organic sources of nutrients on vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) as an intercrop in coconut garden

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Maheswarappa, V. Krishnakumar, ◽  
Alka Gupta, A. Geetha Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Biogas Slurry ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vigorous Growth

<p>Performance of vanilla, as influenced by organic source of nutrition when grown as intercrop in coconut garden, was studied in sandy loam soil at ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala for seven years. Field experiments were carried out with different sources of organic manures, recommended NPK fertilizer and no fertilizer treatments. Application of cow dung slurry (6 tonnes ha<sup>-1</sup>) resulted in vigorous growth of vine (vine length of 5.5 m) and higher number of beans per vine (208) and a significantly higher mean fresh yield of bean (1.87 kg vine<sup>-1</sup>). Application of vermicompost (5 kg plant<sup>-1</sup>) + biofertilizers (<em>Bacillus</em> and <em>Azospirillum</em>) and vermiwash were on par and recorded mean fresh yield of 1.47 kg vine<sup>-1</sup> and 1.30 kg vine<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Control treatment without fertilizer application recorded significantly lower fresh bean yield (0.55 kg vine<sup>-1</sup>) due to lower number of beans per vine (72 nos.).  In the rhizosphere of vanilla, no significant difference for either bacterial or actinomycetes population was noticed among the treatments. The fungal population differed significantly among the treatments and the highest population level was found with application of biogas slurry (62.1x10<sup>3</sup>cfu g<sup>-1</sup> soil), which was on par with application of cow dung slurry (59x10<sup>3</sup> cfu g<sup>-1</sup> soil). Among the function specific microbial communities, the highest population of  P-solubilisers (98x10<sup>3</sup> cfu g<sup>-1</sup> soil) was recorded in the biogas slurry treatment, and it was the lowest in control and vermiwash application treatments. The average coconut yield realized during experimental period(2004-05 to 2009-10) was 136 nuts per palm, recording 53 per cent increase in yield compared to pre-experimental yield (89 nuts per palm). </p>

scholarly journals Effect of supplemental rumen-protected lysine, methionine or both added to diet of lactating dairy cows on milk fatty acids profile

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Křížová ◽  
Jiří Třináctý ◽  
Jarmila Svobodová ◽  
Michal Richter ◽  
Vladimír Černý ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplemental lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) or both added to diet of dairy cows in the form of rumen-protected (RP) tablets on changes in milk fatty acids (FA) profile. The trial was carried out on four lactating Holstein cows in the form of Latin square design and was divided into 4 periods of 14 d (10-d preliminary period and a 4-d experimental period). The four treatments were as follows: C – control without amino acids (AA) supplementation, L – supplement of RP Lys, M – supplement of RP Met and ML – supplement of RP Met and Lys. Cows were fed on a diet based on maize silage, lucerne hay and supplemental mixture. Milk yield in ML (34.18 kg/d) was higher than in L or M (32.46 kg and 32.13 kg, respectively, P < 0.05) and tended to be higher than in C (33.33 kg/d, P > 0.05). Protein yield in ML (1054 g / d) was higher than that found in C, L or M (990, 998 or 968 g / d, respectively, P < 0.05). Milk fat content and yield in C and ML was higher in comparison to L and M (P < 0.05). Content of short-chain FA (C 4:0–C 12:0) was not affected by the treatment except of L that was lower than in C (P < 0.05). Content of medium-chain FA in M was lower compared to C, L or ML (P < 0.05). The content of long-chain FA in M was significantly higher than in other groups (P < 0.05). The total content of SFA in M was lower than in C or ML (P < 0.05) and tended to be lower than in L. Contents of UFA, MUFA and PUFA in M were higher than in C and ML (P < 0.05).

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