Philosophy in Germany

Philosophy ◽  
1938 ◽  
Vol 13 (49) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
F. H. Heinemann
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Moral Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Product ◽  
As If

One of the fundamental differences between English and German civilisation which leads to different philosophical problems is their attitude to the reality of history. The English “live” history as if it were nature. They found at least by the thirteenth century their own form of life, of government, constitution, and state, which have lasted ever since through all changes so that a rich system of traditions has developed. Germany did not find a lasting unity as early as that, but, being divided into many autonomous parts, religions, and tribes, it did not reach a strong social or moral tradition. Consequently the “rise of the historical consciousness“ and even the wish to awaken the nation as a whole to it is in Germany an intellectual product. But what has been a disadvantage in the sphere of politics has been an advantage to science and philosophy. The German even believes it to be one of their chief contributions to the History of Thought that they have developed a scientific history and all the sciences which analyse its field, and above that the “Historism,“ a historical Weltanschauung or the task of interpreting the whole world from the point of view of history.

The Crisis of Contemporary Culture: A View from the History of Russian Philosophy: (Fedotov – Weidle – Landau – Bicilli) Materials of the “round table”

2021 ◽  
pp. 184-212
Author(s):  
Boris I. Pruzhinin ◽  
◽  
Aleksandr V. Antoshchenko ◽  
Tanya N. Galcheva ◽  
Inna V. Golubovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Round Table ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Philosophy Of Culture ◽  
Local Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Organism ◽  
As If

On August 26, 2021, with the support of “Voprosy filosofii” was held a “round table”, the participants of which considered it meaningful and relevant to address the legacy of experiencing and philosophical reflection of critical epochs by peo­ple who have fully endured the “breakdown” of being and an anthropological crisis – for comprehending the disturbing changes taking place in modern soci­ety. In this regard, the intellectual biographies of thinkers who felt a colossal shock in the 1920s and who tried to comprehend their local experience as a global are exceptional. In the authors’ focus are ideas and arguments of the philosophers of the Russian Abroad about the crisis of their contemporary culture (Fedotov – Weidle – Landau – Bicilli). The “round table” is an attempt to correlate their experience with the modern reality of the anthropological crisis. The studying intellectuals underlined the death of culture as the main threat to the life of the social organism. The salvation of culture, first of all, depends on the spiritual efforts of people. From this point of view, philosophy has to com­prehend the principles that make it possible to resist the processes of cultural de­struction. And in this regard, the personality of the philosopher is of exceptional importance, his willingness to live and work “as if history would never end, and at the same time, as if it ended today” (G.P. Fedotov). The philosophy of culture forms the ideal of personal choice as a free submission to universal human goals. The relevance of the intellectual and spiritual search of the “Russian Abroad” thinkers can't be overestimated since this crisis continues today, entering ever new, previously unpredictable phases. The struggle for culture continues. There­fore, the intellectual searches of the "Russian Abroad" thinkers are essential to­day. The core of the discussions was three actual topics in the context of their comprehension by the philosophers: 1. The crisis of religious consciousness; 2. The crisis of scientific rationality; 3. Crisis of cultural identity.

scholarly journals Natural Theology, Philosophical Theology and Illustrative Argumentation

Open Theology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir K. Shokhin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Theology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophical Theology ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Rational Theology ◽  
Teleological Argument ◽  
Similar Point ◽  
History Of

AbstractI will attempt to define what we understand as “narrative argumentation” or “narrative arguments” through an appeal to a discussion of intercultural rational theology. In this context I offer a distinction between two concepts, which are considered usually as synonymous. Philosophical theology is regarded from the historical point of view as the whole repertoire of attempts at rational justification of the faith in God along with analysis of His attributes and actions within different religious traditions (both ancient and modern, Western and Eastern), whereas Natural Theology is regarded as a philosophical preparation for the theology of Revelation in traditional Christianity. Varieties of the teleological argument, which have been developed in the history of thought as the argument from analogy, i.e., from vivid examples aiming at persuasion of an opponent and audience in the dialectical controversy, are classified into two species of short-cut illustrative examples and the species of full-fledged theological parables, i.e., narratives in the strict sense. I conclude this discussion with an invitation to investigate other main theological arguments from a similar point of view.

scholarly journals Religious Knowledge of Abai

Turkology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (104) ◽  
pp. 106-119
Author(s):  
D. Kenzhetayev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Existentialist Philosophy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theology And Philosophy

Recognition of the heritage of Abai from the point of view of Islamic theology and philosophy, the Muslim and civilizational nature of the Kazakh people is a very urgent issue. It is important to reveal the place and role of Abai's heritage in order to give a scientific and historical assessment of the traces of modern Kazakh religious knowledge and religious experience. Therefore, a holistic consideration of the concepts and categorical complex in the works of Abai and its differentiation with systemic historical and philosophical forms make it possible to recognize his existential and religious and civilizational appearance. The article examines the opinion of mankind against those who want to explain the general views of Abai with the templates of existentialist philosophy, referring to well-known representatives of an important layer about being in the history of thought. In his review of the history of philosophy, as well as in the question of what essence is, Abai stressed the importance of the truth underlying the definition of love as a single meaning.

scholarly journals Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and modern ecology

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Pekka Niemelä ◽  
Timo Vuorisalo ◽  
Simo Örmä
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
History Of Biology ◽  
Western History ◽  
Modern Ecology ◽  
Bird Fauna ◽  
History Of

Emperor Frederick II’s early thirteenth-century book on falconry, De arte venandi cum avibus, is probably the most famous single source for scholars who survey the state-of-the-art in natural sciences in medieval times. Most of the research on his book has focused on the marginal illustrations featuring about 80 bird species. However, the book contains a large amount of ethological, ecological, morphological and faunistic knowledge about bird fauna. Frederick was also one of the first to conduct experiments with birds. Here, we describe the ornithological experiments and observations of Frederick and evaluate them from the perspective of modern ecology. In many contexts, Frederick expressed criticism of Aristotle and his work Liber Animalium. Frederick’s observation upon the geographical variation of species was partially in contrast to the Aristotelian typological or essentialist species concept. This is an important finding from the point of view of the western history of biology. De arte venandi cum avibus demonstrates Frederick’s deep knowledge of the ecology, morphology and behaviour of birds. This knowledge he gained via his long practice with falconry. The love of falconry made Frederick an early proponent of empiricism, and De arte venandi cum avibus was actually the most important achievement of empirical zoology in the thirteenth century.

scholarly journals Regimes of freshness

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Höhne ◽  
Alexander Friedrich
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Bare Life ◽  
Life Meaning ◽  
Frozen Food ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Type ◽  
New Perspective

Today, it seems that nearly every aspect of life is affected by cryogenic techniques: we cool our food, environments, drugs, organs, eggs, milk, semen, tissue, blood and much more. Our central argument is that these developments lead to the formation of a new form of life, which in many ways is the antipode of what Agamben calls bare life. In analyzing the emergence of cryogenic culture from a biopower point of view, this study offers a new perspective on how populations are fostered and governed through regimes of freshness. While the history of chilled and frozen food slowly gains increasing attention in historical and cultural studies, the historical dynamics of the cryopolitical economy in the network society still need to be explored. Biotechnology, encompassing food production as well as assisted reproductive technology (ART), currently emerges as a most important apparatus (dispositif) of governing populations. It should be understood as a means of ‘biopower’ because it not only contributes to reproducing life but also helps to improve and preserve it. Highly dependent on refrigeration, modern biopower invents a new type of life, which is technologically self-sustained: this is the cryogenic culture. In our paper, we trace the emergence and dissemination of what we call cryogenic life – meaning the ways of producing, distributing, maintaining and dispositioning organic matter via cooling, chilling and freezing. With the introduction of artificial coldness in the late nineteenth century and the expansion of the cold chain, these techniques have become a constitutive element of modern biopower.

The Logic of the ‘as if’ and the (non)Existence of God: An Inquiry into the Nature of Belief in the Work of Jacques Derrida

Derrida Today ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colby Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Wallace Stevens ◽  
Paul Celan ◽  
Existence Of God ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Regulative Principle ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lost Object ◽  
As If

For Derrida, the ‘as if’, as a regulative principle directly appropriated and modified from its Kantian context, becomes the central lynchpin for understanding, not only Derrida's philosophical system as a whole, but also his numerous seemingly enigmatic references to his ‘jewishness’. Through an analysis of the function of the ‘as if’ within the history of thought, from Greek tragedy to the poetry of Wallace Stevens, I hope to show how Derrida can only appropriate his Judaic roots as an act of mourning that seeks to render the lost object as present, ‘as if’ it were incorporated by the subject for whom this act nevertheless remains an impossibility. As Derrida discerns within the poetry of Paul Celan, bringing a sense of presence/presentness to our experiences, and as a confirmation of the subject which the human being struggles to assert, is the poetic task par excellence. It is seemingly also, if Derrida is to be understood on this point, the only option left to a humanity wherein poetry comes to express what religious formulations can no longer justify.

scholarly journals Art. XI.—The History of Kilwa

1895 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Arthur Strong
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
History Of ◽  
As If

It would seem at first sight as if the history of a small African island were hardly worth the trouble of editing in its original and not very stylish Arabic dress. But it was a saying of Scaliger's that omnis historia bona, and no people seem to have realized the truth of this more than the Arabs. An event once recorded simply as and because it happened, may by the advance of time be brought into new clearness and significance. Once in possession of the fact we can agree upon the fiction at our leisure. And from this point of view we have every reason to be grateful that the influence of Islam tended to narrative rather than criticism, to veracity rather than profundity. In the present instance we have a record, scanty indeed and prosaic, but one to which in the excitement of the scramble for Africa we can hardly be indifferent. It is true that the author, after a fashion not uncommon in the East, conducts us to the crisis and turning-point of his story, and then suddenly relapses into silence, but not before we have seen and recognized “the intruder on his ancient home.” The arrival of Vasco da Gama opens a new chapter of history, of which, with its complications and surprises, we have not yet come to the end.

scholarly journals Heritage Ethics and Human Rights of the Dead

Genealogy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Kelsey Perreault
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dead Body ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
As If

Thomas Laqueur argues that the work of the dead is carried out through the living and through those who remember, honour, and mourn. Further, he maintains that the brutal or careless disposal of the corpse “is an attack of extreme violence”. To treat the dead body as if it does not matter or as if it were ordinary organic matter would be to deny its humanity. From Laqueur’s point of view, it is inferred that the dead are believed to have rights and dignities that are upheld through the rituals, practices, and beliefs of the living. The dead have always held a place in the space of the living, whether that space has been material and visible, or intangible and out of sight. This paper considers ossuaries as a key site for investigating the relationships between the living and dead. Holding the bones of hundreds or even thousands of bodies, ossuaries represent an important tradition in the cultural history of the dead. Ossuaries are culturally constituted and have taken many forms across the globe, although this research focuses predominantly on Western European ossuary practices and North American Indigenous ossuaries. This paper will examine two case studies, the Sedlec Ossuary (Kutna Hora, Czech Republic) and Taber Hill Ossuary (Toronto, ON, Canada), to think through the rights of the dead at heritage sites.

scholarly journals Justice in the miniatures of Brunetto Latini's art of rhetoric: Columbia Library, Plimpton MS 281

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Montenegro
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Old French ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Rare Book ◽  
History Of

This article presents the miniatures in the art of rhetoric of a fifteenth-century French manuscript, Plimpton MS 281 (Columbia University, Rare Book and Manuscript Library). The text is Brunetto Latini’s Tresor, a thirteenth-century compilation written in Old French on the art of government. The iconography of Plimpton MS 281 seems to be new with regard to the art of rhetoric and to be intended for a legal milieu. By studying the images from the point of view of the history of the text, the aim is to understand what might have caused a change in the iconography of the art of rhetoric.

scholarly journals The problem of the social ideal in the philosophy of Boris Chicherin

Polylogos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (№ 3 (17)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Sergey Chizhkov
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Liberalism ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Liberal Thought

The article analyzes the concept of the ideal of social life, developed by B.N. Chicherin. The first part of the article examines his criticism of various representations of the social ideal in the history of thought and in socio-economic and political concepts contemporary to Chicherin. Special attention is paid to his analysis and criticism of the social ideal of socialist doctrines. The second part of the article is devoted to the analysis of tendencies in liberal thought, controversial from Chicherin's point of view. It provides Chicherin's criticism of the notions of social liberalism emerging at the end of the 19th century. In the third part, an analysis of his own concept is given, Chicherin's ideas about the ways of forming a society based on individual freedom are considered, and the social role of ideas about the social ideal is analyzed.

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