Live experience philosophy. The theory of knowledge of A.A. Bogdanov

Considering the philosophical heritage of Alexander Bogdanov, the author focuses on the aspect of the theory of knowledge, which passes through all the work of the famous philosopher and revolutionary. Doubts about the possibility of an exhaustive knowledge of the surrounding reality are also visible in Bogdanov’s earliest works. An attempt to build a new approach to human knowledge, having rinked him with activity experience, was undertaken by him in his main philosophical work, “Empiriomonism”. Standing on the positions of positivism as a “scientific” philosophy, Bogdanov tried to substantiate the dynamics of the public process, while remaining at the Marxist platform. The further development of his ideas led to the creation of a “universal organizational science” – tectology, which, in his opinion, has already passed beyond philosophy and was not only science, but also methodology of knowledge, as well as the style of scientific thinking, to which science, initially not realizing this, always sought. Thus, studying the legacy of Bogdanov, we see the development of views on the ideas of knowledge in the Russian philosophy of the beginning of the XXth century.

The Forerunners of Libertarian Pedagogy (18. and 19. Centuries): A Gallery of Forgotten Portraits of Women

The article deals with the historical and philosophical foundations of libertarian pedagogy as a project of non-hierarchical organization of educational, cognitive and learning processes. It focuses on pedagogical concepts that have had a decisive influence on the modern face of libertarian pedagogy, but are poorly represented in the mainstream pedagogical discourse and are not known in Russia at all. Since women are an absolute majority among the authors who have been displaced from the official pedagogical discourse, the article aims to identify their forgotten figures and to redefine the significance of their contribution both to a particular pedagogical tradition and to pedagogy as a whole. In the light of this fact we make an attempt of primary reception in Russian-speaking academic space of philosophical-pedagogical ideas of Enlighteners of 18th- 19th centuries that influenced modern libertarian-pedagogical discourse. This revision attempts to identify, compare, and evaluate from a modern perspective the main trends of their quests. The study is based both on the texts of key primary sources and a number of monographs and articles on the philosophy and history of education.

The symbolic role of Nagorno-Karabakh for the Armenian and Azerbaijani nationalism in the post-Soviet period

The article examines the symbolic meaning of Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) in the context of Armenian and Azerbaijani nationalism in the post-Soviet period. The author sets himself the task of identifying the key discursive elements constructed in the myths about Karabakh in the studied “nationalizing” states. The formation of Azerbaijani and Armenian identities, despite the common Soviet past, is conditioned by different internal and external conditions. Nevertheless, the mythical role of the Karabakh region has become an equally mobilizing core for the strengthening of Armenian and Azerbaijani nationalism. The author sees the conceptual components of the symbolic narrative about Artsakh for Armenian nationalism in such principles as the historical heritage, the image of the victim and the struggle for historical justice. For Azerbaijani nationalism, the author defines the place and role of Nagorno-Karabakh in the symbolism of territorial and state integrity.

Community socialism of Alexander Herzen and the doctrine of conciliarity of Alexey Khomyakov: two opposite social ideals

The article presents the views of different understanding of social and political ideals in Russian political and philosophical thought. Two largely opposite projects were analyzed: “communal socialism” by Herzen and the project of conciliarity (“sobornost'”) by Khomyakov. Despite the fact that the focus of both thinkers was on the same institution – the traditional Russian community – the understanding of its role in the future reorganization of the country was significantly different for both thinkers. The article analyzes the main provisions of the concepts of Herzen and Khomyakov in a comparative manner; it is noted that both philosophers predicted a unique path of development of Russia, incomparable with the idea of a social ideal of the European type.

The Deputy of the State Duma in Perception of Russian Citizens: Ideal Representations and Reality

The article describes the results of a qualitative study of the image of an ideal Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian citizens conducted by the Chair of Sociology and Psychology of Politics, Dept. of Politics Lomonosov Moscow State University in 2020. The main method of the study was method of deep focused interviews. The results of the study allowed us to identify representations of Russian citizens about the desired and unacceptable qualities of the ideal Deputy. The study showed that one of the sources of forming those ideal representations about Deputies is the perception of real Deputies, which has a sharply negative character. The results can be used as a reference material in the preparation and conduct of election campaigns of candidates for Deputies of the State Duma of the VIII Convocation.

Institutionalization of morality on the example of the comrades’ courts of the 20th century

In the context of the general actualization of ethical issues a new type of institution of moral assessment is more and more in demand, which are ethical commissions. When conducting a comparative analysis of the procedure for meetings of ethical commissions and comrade courts, a number of coincidences are found, which give grounds for referring to historical experience as a basis for (un) recognition of the effectiveness of such an approach. The aim of the study is to provide the most complete description of the experience of comradely ships during the period of the most active work in the Soviet Union. Traditionally, comrades' courts are considered from the point of view of legal practice, in this sense, this article is of interest to the scientific community. Using the method of comparative historical analysis, as well as with the help of a specific sociological approach, the process of development of fellow authors and the influence of the institution on society were analyzed. The materials of decisions, decrees and decrees regulating the work of comrade courts were studied, assessments of specialists on this issue, including contemporaries and drafters of regulatory documents, and research on the culture of our time, which makes it possible to determine the degree of influence of comrade courts on public morality and on society as a whole. The reasons for the incomplete fulfillment of the tasks facing the institute in different periods of activity are considered, and general recommendations are formulated for the development of these commissions on the basis of grounds.

To the question of the specifics of the socio-political modernization of the countries in South Asia

The article examines the main guidelines for understanding the conjugation of traditional values with the Western understanding of modernity and social progress for the South Asian subcontinent. The general crisis of the reformist movement, which failed to develop a balanced modernization approach, which could harmoniously combine Western political, economic and cultural values with national spiritual foundations, is stated; the crisis clearly manifested itself at the end of the 20th century. The article also focuses on the most significant aspects of socio-political modernization in the countries of South Asia (social asymmetry, pendulum-like nature of power legitimation, radicalization of forms of political change, etc.). Separately, it is emphasized that the political development of modern states of the South Asian subcontinent demonstrates a pronounced tendency to strengthen national identity with an active appeal to religious self-identification, on the one hand, and a negative assessment of the colonial past, on the other.

Integration processes in the post-Soviet space: achievements and problems

The article is devoted to the most famous integration organizations and programs in the post-Soviet space: CIS, CSTO, EAEU, GUAM, Union State of Belarus and Russia, Eastern Partnership. The work analyzes the stages of their formation, achievements and problems. For this, a systematic approach, a method of critical analysis, comparative historical and other scientific methods of cognition were used. Despite the collapse of the Soviet Union, political, economic and cultural ties between the new republics were preserved. After the USSR ceased to exist, a demand arose in the states of the post-Soviet space for new legal mechanisms and organizational formalization of these ties. The coexistence and struggle of various interests in the post-Soviet space predetermined a number of features in the emergence and functioning of integration projects.

Collectivisation image in Soviet cinema of 1930s: philosophical analysis

The article analyses the character of the collectivization image in Soviet cinema of the 1930s. The comparison of the films of S. Eisenstein, G. Aleksandrov, A. Medvedkin, A. Dovzhenko, F. Ermler, I. Pyryev is given to describe their common images and analyse the mechanism of their impact on a viewer in its connection to a special historical moment and cinema art specifics. The collectivization, which affected lives of the population of the USSR at the turn of the 1930s as an extremely unpopular measure, “skidding” all the time and rejected by the people, demanded a constant broadcast of its presence: images of a wonderful new life, images of an enemy, images of achievements. It also demanded the presence of a special space between reality and fiction, which can be called using the modern language the “media”. The unrealism of the analyzed films, which contradicts the canons of socialist realism, shows the ability of the image to involve a viewer’s perception into the game of suspicions about the “true” reality, which can be associated with platonism philosophic tradition in its influence on art. The article materials can be used for creating studying courses and literature on philosophy, political science, art and another humanities.

Paternalistic orientations of russian students: political and psychological analysis

According to Russian researchers, paternalism is one of the "core" dominants of the Russian political culture and is its archetypal part, which, to some extent, still determines political thinking and behaviour of Russians. Meanwhile, in Russian political science the ideas about the essence of paternalism are simplified and do not take into account the fact that it is determined by specific needs, ideas, ideals and expectations that have political and cultural specifics. This work is aimed at a partial solution of this problem and contains the results of a political and psychological definition and an empirical study of the paternalistic orientations of Russian youth. The obtained data allow us to detect the actualized state of the paternalistic orientations of young Russians, expressed in high expectations from the state. The analysis of visual data also revealed an ambiguous, but mostly negative assessment of the state as a counterparty to Russian youth. Young people perceive the state as a stronger and older "person" who does not satisfy their request for protection, love and care. As a result, the mood of "disappointed paternalism", a desacralized image of the state and, to a lesser extent, the president are fixed in the mentality of young Russians. The state's performance of the functions of a "father" can become a promising tool for establishing effective and constructive interaction between state institutions and young Russians.