The clinical approach to criminology

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. West
Keyword(s):  
Political Change ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reducing Recidivism ◽  
Offending Behaviour

SYNOPSISThe crucial importance of economic, social and political factors in the definition and incidence of crime is undeniable, as is the need for socio-political change, but the part played by individual characteristics in determining who becomes labelled a criminal should not be neglected. Clinical criminology studies offenders as individuals, examines their peculiarities and their social problems and seeks ways to help them to lead less troubled lives. A wide range of treatment interventions is required, the psychiatric approach is not always the most appropriate.In view of the lack of success in reducing recidivism by means of treatment, penologists see little justification for continuing to try. More successes might be recognized if treatment schemes were applied with greater realism and discrimination, and if proper evaluations were made more often. In any event, some offenders need treatment regardless of the effect upon their offending behaviour.

scholarly journals Molecular survey of vector-borne diseases in two groups of domestic dogs from Lisbon, Portugal

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Mafalda Dordio ◽  
Relja Beck ◽  
Telmo Nunes ◽  
Isabel Pereira da Fonseca ◽  
Jacinto Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Status ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Hepatozoon Canis ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Southern Portugal ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are caused by a wide range of pathogens transmitted by arthropods. They have been an issue of growing importance in recent years; however, there is limited information about the vector-borne pathogens circulating in Portugal. The aim of the present study was to detect canine vector-borne bacteria and protozoa of veterinary and zoonotic importance using molecular methods. Methods One hundred and forty-two dogs from Lisbon, southern Portugal, were tested: 48 dogs from a veterinary hospital clinically suspected of vector-borne diseases and 94 apparently healthy dogs from shelters. Anaplasma spp./Ehrlichia spp., Babesia/Theileria spp., Hepatozoon spp., and Mycoplasma spp. infections were detected by PCR from blood samples and examined under light microscopy. Other information including clinical status and diagnostic test results were collected for each animal. Results Infections were detected by PCR in 48 (33.80%) dogs. Single infections were found in 35 dogs (24.64%), and co-infections were found in 13 (9.15%) dogs. Twenty-nine (20.42%) dogs were positive for Hepatozoon spp., 15 (10.56%) for Mycoplasma spp., 11 (7.75%) for Anaplasma spp./Ehrlichia spp., and six (4.21%) for Babesia spp. DNA sequencing was used to identify Babesia vogeli (2.81%), Babesia canis (1.40%), Hepatozoon canis (20.42%), Mycoplasma haematoparvum (2.11%), Mycoplasma haemocanis (8.45%), Anaplasma platys (7.04%), and Ehrlichia canis (0.70%). Conclusions This is the first molecular identification of B. canis and M. haematoparvum in dogs from southern Portugal. This study highlights the importance of molecular methods to identify CVBD pathogens in endemic areas and helps to guide the clinical approach of veterinarians in practice.

Accelerating the optimization of enzyme-catalyzed synthesis conditions via machine learning and reactivity descriptors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyu Wan ◽  
Quan-De Wang ◽  
Dongchang Liu ◽  
Jinhu Liang
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Optimal Synthesis ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Reactivity Descriptors ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Synthesis Reactions ◽  
Selection Of

Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis reactions are of crucial importance for a wide range of applications. An accurate and rapid selection of optimal synthesis conditions is crucial and challenging for both human knowledge...

Zines, Half-Lives, and Afterlives: On the Temporalities of Social and Political Change

PMLA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Radway
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Political Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alternative Press ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Do It Yourself ◽  
Mainstream Society ◽  
The 1960S

The term zine is a recent variant of fanzine, a neologism coined in the 1930s to refer to magazines self-published by Aficionados of science fiction. Until zines emerged as digital forms, they were generally defined as handmade, noncommercial, irregularly issued, small-run, paper publications circulated by individuals participating in alternative, special-interest communities. Zines exploded in popularity during the 1980s when punk music fans adopted the form as part of their do-it-yourself aesthetic and as an outsider way to communicate among themselves about punk's defiant response to the commercialism of mainstream society. In 1990, only a few years after the first punk zines appeared, Mike Gunderloy made a case for the genre's significance in an article published in the Whole Earth Review, one of the few surviving organs of the 1960s alternative press in the United States. He celebrated zines' wide range of interests and the oppositional politics that generated their underground approach to publication.

scholarly journals Regional brands produced beyond the region: An analysis of beer brands from recently closed breweries in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-183
Author(s):  
Jiří Hasman ◽  
David Hána ◽  
Kryštof Materna
Keyword(s):  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Complete Sample ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Production Location ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Global industry has been undergoing changes in the concentration of brand ownership and production, with acquisitions and closures being a major factor in this evolution. The impacts of such activities are commonly studied from an economic perspective and from the perspective of internal firm-level and deal-level factors, while the influence of external geographical factors is largely neglected. Our research focuses mainly on the importance of geographical cultural factors affecting beer brands whose production location was moved after the closure of the original breweries. The research includes a complete sample of 30 brands from recently closed breweries across Europe. Brands are divided into seven categories according to how their marketing strategy has (or has not) changed in terms of exploiting regional and national identity. The overall success of these brands is then measured in terms of the development of their share in the home countries’ markets. Differences in brands’ strategies and successes are explained through a wide range of country-level factors and the individual characteristics of the breweries. It is shown that the level of beer tradition or identity in the countries, as well as the country’s beer life-cycle position, plays a crucial role in the evolution of the studied brands.

scholarly journals The Meaning of Private in an Age of Surveillance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
William Walter Bostock
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Operational Flexibility ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Transdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Sociological Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mass Surveillance

The private has great significance for the individual as it is where identity is stored. However, the private comes at a cost, particularly in a time of mass surveillance, which is heightened by the present Coronavirus pandemic, and is becoming more and more rare as individuals seek security. At the collective level, whole societies are moving towards privatisation, as the private gives relief from increased surveillance by media, governments and informed individuals and organisations, thus allowing more operational flexibility. Private and public are significant as polar ends of a spectrum in which individuals and collectivities must position themselves on a wide range of issues while maintaining identity. As shown in the case of airport privatisation, the determining process has been influenced by cultural factors such as a desire to avoid surveillance and scrutiny, sociological factors such as contagion, and political factors such as convergence. In all areas of human activity, a rebalancing between private and public may be necessary, and a transdisciplinary approach would be appropriate.

scholarly journals Health Literacy in Female – Association with Socioeconomic Factors and Effects on Reproductive Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Milena Maricic ◽  
Radmila Amanovic Curuvija ◽  
Milos Stepovic
Keyword(s):  
Health Literacy ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
General Information ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Functional Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractThe aim of the study is to assess the health literacy of women who are using health services within the Gynecology Obstetric Clinic “Narodni Front” in Belgrade. Testing of health literacy was conducted as a cross-sectional study in the period October-November 2012. As instruments of research the following questionnaires are used: Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults and General information questionnaire of respondents who referred to the demographic, social and economic characteristics of respondents, self-assessment of health, use of health services, health knowledge and behavior in the area of reproductive health. Inadequate health literacy level is registered in every ten respondents. The education level of the respondents proved to be a significant predictor of health literacy. Demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the patients (age, occupation, marital status) as well as self-evaluation of the health status were not significantly related to the health literacy. Health literacy respondents did not significantly dependent on risk behaviors related to reproductive health. The level of health literacy is consistent with the knowledge of subjects in the field of protection of reproductive health. Health literacy as the ability to function within the health care system is equally certain by individual characteristics and skills, characteristics of the health and education systems as well as a wide range of social and cultural factors. Health literacy is more systematic than individual problem, so it requires a broader social action.

The Measurement of Nonlinear Damping in Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Rice ◽  
J. A. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Distortion ◽  
Nonlinear Damping ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Single Degree ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Impulse Excitation ◽  
Excitation Techniques ◽  
Quadratic Damping

The measurement and correct modelling of damping is of crucial importance in the prediction of the dynamical performance of systems for a wide range of engineering applications. In most cases, however, the experimental methods used to measure damping coefficients are extremely basic and, in general, poorly reported. This paper shows that damping is a deceptive parameter which is prone to subtle nonlinear distortion which often appears to satisfy general linear criteria. An efficient experimental method which provides for the measurement of both the linear and nonlinear damping for a single-degree-of-freedom system is proposed. The results from a numerical simulation study of a model with “drag” type quadratic damping are shown to give reliable estimates of parameters of the system when both random and impulse excitation techniques are used.

Through the Drinking Glass

2019 ◽  
pp. 178-195
Author(s):  
Angela McShane
Keyword(s):  
Political Change ◽  
First Century ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Object A ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Over Time

This chapter argues that drinking things are of central importance to our understanding of the long relationship between humans and alcohol. It explores the history of the English man (and woman’s) pint of beer, as an object, a drink, and a measure, from the late-sixteenth to the twenty-first century, to show how the relationships between objects, drinks, and measures have been socially and culturally constructed over time. Drawing upon a wide range of objects, images, and textual sources, and benefiting from the theoretical lenses of material performativity and praxeology, it argues that material insights not only help us to understand the deeper cultural processes at play in the routines and rituals of convivial drinking, but also help us to understand their wider role in social and political change.

scholarly journals Who stands to benefit? Wellbeing, belonging and challenges to equity in engagement in extra-curricular activities at university

2020 ◽  
pp. 146978742090820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Winstone ◽  
Kieran Balloo ◽  
Karen Gravett ◽  
Daniel Jacobs ◽  
Harry Keen
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Student Identity ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extra Curricular Activities ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Perceived Outcomes

Students’ engagement in extra-curricular activities can play a significant role in their development of a student identity, as well as leading to a greater sense of belonging and wellbeing. However, individual characteristics such as sociability may influence the likelihood of students engaging in extra-curricular activities. We collected mixed mode data from two online surveys to explore students’ perceptions of the impact of engagement in extra-curricular activities on their experience at university, as well as the mediating role of engagement in extra-curricular activities in the relationships between extraversion and wellbeing and sense of belonging to the University. Our data demonstrate that extraversion is positively associated with both belonging and wellbeing, and that engagement in extra-curricular activities also mediates these relationships. Our qualitative data uncover further nuances in engagement with extra-curricular activities; while many perceived outcomes are positive, some students express regret at opportunities missed, and find it challenging to balance extra-curricular activities and their studies. Taken together, these findings indicate that not all students stand to benefit equally from engagement in extra-curricular activities. Providing a range of opportunities that are accessible to a wide range of students may promote equity in participation in extra-curricular activities.

scholarly journals Developing a data-driven algorithm for guiding selection between cognitive behavioral therapy, fluoxetine, and combination treatment for adolescent depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Gunlicks-Stoessel ◽  
Bonnie Klimes-Dougan ◽  
Adrienne VanZomeren ◽  
Sisi Ma
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Children’S Depression ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Treating adolescent depression effectively requires providing interventions that are optimally suited to patients’ individual characteristics and needs. Therefore, we aim to develop an algorithm that matches patients with optimal treatment among cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), fluoxetine (FLX), and combination treatment (COMB). We leveraged data from a completed clinical trial, the Treatment for adolescents with depression study, where a wide range of demographic, clinical, and psychosocial measures were collected from adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder prior to treatment. Machine-learning techniques were employed to derive a model that predicts treatment response (week 12 children’s depression rating scale-revised [CDRS-R]) to CBT, FLX, and COMB. The resulting model successfully identified subgroups of patients that respond preferentially to specific types of treatment. Specifically, our model identified a subgroup of patients (25%) that achieved on average a 16.9 point benefit on the CDRS-R from FLX compared to CBT. The model also identified a subgroup of patients (50%) that achieved an average benefit up to 19.0 points from COMB compared to CBT. Physical illness and disability were identified as overall predictors of response to treatment, regardless of treatment type, whereas baseline CDRS-R, psychosomatic symptoms, school missed, view of self, treatment expectations, and attention problems determined the patients’ response to specific treatments. The model developed in this study provides a critical starting point for personalized treatment planning for adolescent depression.

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