Restrictive eating across a spectrum from healthy to unhealthy: behavioral and neural mechanisms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Karin Foerde ◽  
Janet E. Schebendach ◽  
Lauren Davis ◽  
Nathaniel Daw ◽  
B. Timothy Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Restrictive Eating

Abstract Background Restriction of food intake is a central feature of anorexia nervosa (AN) and other eating disorders, yet also occurs in the absence of psychopathology. The neural mechanisms of restrictive eating in health and disease are unclear. Methods This study examined behavioral and neural mechanisms associated with restrictive eating among individuals with and without eating disorders. Dietary restriction was examined in four groups of women (n = 110): healthy controls, dieting healthy controls, patients with subthreshold (non-low weight) AN, and patients with AN. A Food Choice Task was administered during fMRI scanning to examine neural activation associated with food choices, and a laboratory meal was conducted. Results Behavioral findings distinguished between healthy and ill participants. Healthy individuals, both dieting and non-dieting, chose significantly more high-fat foods than patients with AN or subthreshold AN. Among healthy individuals, choice was primarily influenced by tastiness, whereas, among both patient groups, healthiness played a larger role. Dorsal striatal activation associated with choice was most pronounced among individuals with AN and was significantly associated with selecting fewer high-fat choices in the task and lower caloric intake in the meal the following day. Conclusions A continuous spectrum of behavior was suggested by the increasing amount of weight loss across groups. Yet, data from this Food Choice Task with fMRI suggest there is a behavioral distinction between illness and health, and that the neural mechanisms underlying food choice in AN are distinct. These behavioral and neural mechanisms of restrictive eating may be useful targets for treatment development.

scholarly journals Assessment of test-retest reliability of a food choice task among healthy individuals

Appetite ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 352-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Foerde ◽  
Loren Gianini ◽  
Yuanjia Wang ◽  
Peng Wu ◽  
Daphna Shohamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

scholarly journals Higher Caloric Refeeding Is Safe in Hospitalised Adolescent Patients with Restrictive Eating Disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth K. Parker ◽  
Sahrish S. Faruquie ◽  
Gail Anderson ◽  
Linette Gomes ◽  
Andrew Kennedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Tube Feeding ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Refeeding Syndrome ◽  
Restrictive Eating ◽  
Weight Restoration ◽  
The Mean

Introduction. This study examines weight gain and assesses complications associated with refeeding hospitalised adolescents with restrictive eating disorders (EDs) prescribed initial calories above current recommendations.Methods. Patients admitted to an adolescent ED structured “rapid refeeding” program for >48 hours and receiving ≥2400 kcal/day were included in a 3-year retrospective chart review.Results. The mean (SD) age of the 162 adolescents was 16.7 years (0.9), admission % median BMI was 80.1% (10.2), and discharge % median BMI was 93.1% (7.0). The mean (SD) starting caloric intake was 2611.7 kcal/day (261.5) equating to 58.4 kcal/kg (10.2). Most patients (92.6%) were treated with nasogastric tube feeding. The mean (SD) length of stay was 3.6 weeks (1.9), and average weekly weight gain was 2.1 kg (0.8). No patients developed cardiac signs of RFS or delirium; complications included 4% peripheral oedema, 1% hypophosphatemia (<0.75 mmol/L), 7% hypomagnesaemia (<0.70 mmol/L), and 2% hypokalaemia (<3.2 mmol/L). Caloric prescription on admission was associated with developing oedema (95% CI 1.001 to 1.047;p=0.039). No statistical significance was found between electrolytes and calories provided during refeeding.Conclusion. A rapid refeeding protocol with the inclusion of phosphate supplementation can safely achieve rapid weight restoration without increased complications associated with refeeding syndrome.

scholarly journals Reasoning Through the Disjunctive Syllogism in Monkeys

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-300
Author(s):  
Stephen Ferrigno ◽  
Yiyun Huang ◽  
Jessica F. Cantlon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Food Choice ◽  
Human Learning ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Critical Aspect ◽  
Disjunctive Syllogism ◽  
Symbolic Thought ◽  
Dependent Relation ◽  
Nonhuman Animals

The capacity for logical inference is a critical aspect of human learning, reasoning, and decision-making. One important logical inference is the disjunctive syllogism: given A or B, if not A, then B. Although the explicit formation of this logic requires symbolic thought, previous work has shown that nonhuman animals are capable of reasoning by exclusion, one aspect of the disjunctive syllogism (e.g., not A = avoid empty). However, it is unknown whether nonhuman animals are capable of the deductive aspects of a disjunctive syllogism (the dependent relation between A and B and the inference that “if not A, then B” must be true). Here, we used a food-choice task to test whether monkeys can reason through an entire disjunctive syllogism. Our results show that monkeys do have this capacity. Therefore, the capacity is not unique to humans and does not require language.

scholarly journals The Association of Malnutrition, illness duration, and pre-morbid weight status with anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents and young adults with restrictive eating disorders: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Lin ◽  
Grace Jhe ◽  
Julia A. Vitagliano ◽  
Carly E. Milliren ◽  
Rebecca Spigel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Psychiatric Medication ◽  
Illness Duration ◽  
Restrictive Eating

Abstract Background Restrictive eating disorders (EDs) are often comorbid with anxiety and depression symptoms, placing patients at risk for more severe disease, worse treatment outcomes, and higher rates of mortality. To identify risks for developing such co-morbidities, we assessed the association of malnutrition, ED illness duration, and pre-morbid weight status with symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents/young adults (AYAs) with EDs. Methods 145 participants with restrictive EDs (anorexia nervosa [AN], other specified feeding and eating disorders [OSFED], avoidant restrictive food intake disorder [ARFID]) were included from the RECOVERY study, a longitudinal web-based registry of AYAs with EDs. We measured malnutrition as percent of expected body mass index (%eBMI), based on participants’ pre-morbid growth trajectory. Outcomes were anxiety and depression scores from the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scales. We used multiple linear regression to examine the association of malnutrition, ED duration, and pre-morbid weight status with symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results Mean (SD) age was 16.4(3.0) years; 87% were female; 89% white; 85% had AN, 6% OSFED, 10% ARFID. Of these, 2/3 had ED symptoms ≥1 year, 1/3 had previous higher level of ED care (HLOC), and half were taking psychiatric medications. Mean %eBMI was 90% (range 57–112%). Mean GAD-7 was 9.4(5.9) and CES-D was 24(13.8), indicating most participants had clinically significant anxiety and/or depression. Degree of malnutrition was not significantly associated with anxiety or depression adjusting for age, sex, sexual orientation, ED diagnosis, and use of psychiatric medication. Those with longer duration of ED symptoms had higher depression scores after adjusting for malnutrition, HLOC, length of ED symptoms, and time in our care (p = 0.038). Patients with pre-morbid BMIs ≥75th percentile had lower depression scores than those with pre-morbid BMIs <75th percentile (p = 0.014). Conclusions We find high degree of clinically relevant anxiety and depression symptoms in a population of AYAs with EDs. Our findings suggest that factors beyond malnutrition play a role in the co-morbid mood and anxiety disorders in this population. Overall, rapid ED diagnosis and comprehensive treatment for patients with EDs across the weight spectrum—and especially those with psychiatric co-morbidities—will likely aid in recovery.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Functional Alterations of Immune Effectors in Periodontitis; A Multifactorial and Complex Oral Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 875
Author(s):  
Kawaljit Kaur ◽  
Shahram Vaziri ◽  
Marcela Romero-Reyes ◽  
Avina Paranjpe ◽  
Anahid Jewett
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
And Function

Survival and function of immune subsets in the oral blood, peripheral blood and gingival tissues of patients with periodontal disease and healthy controls were assessed. NK and CD8 + T cells within the oral blood mononuclear cells (OBMCs) expressed significantly higher levels of CD69 in patients with periodontal disease compared to those from healthy controls. Similarly, TNF-α release was higher from oral blood of patients with periodontal disease when compared to healthy controls. Increased activation induced cell death of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) but not OBMCs from patients with periodontal disease was observed when compared to those from healthy individuals. Unlike those from healthy individuals, OBMC-derived supernatants from periodontitis patients exhibited decreased ability to induce secretion of IFN-γ by allogeneic healthy PBMCs treated with IL-2, while they triggered significant levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 by untreated PBMCs. Interaction of PBMCs, or NK cells with intact or NFκB knock down oral epithelial cells in the presence of a periodontal pathogen, F. nucleatum, significantly induced a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ. These studies indicated that the relative numbers of immune subsets obtained from peripheral blood may not represent the composition of the immune cells in the oral environment, and that orally-derived immune effectors may differ in survival and function from those of peripheral blood.

scholarly journals A Circulating Exosome RNA Signature Is a Potential Diagnostic Marker for Pancreatic Cancer, a Systematic Study

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2565
Author(s):  
Yixing Wu ◽  
Hongmei Zeng ◽  
Qing Yu ◽  
Huatian Huang ◽  
Beatrice Fervers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Validation Dataset ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Kras Mutations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rna Signature

Several exosome proteins, miRNAs and KRAS mutations have been investigated in the hope of carrying out the early detection of pancreatic cancer with high sensitivity and specificity, but they have proven to be insufficient. Exosome RNAs, however, have not been extensively evaluated in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of circulating exosome RNAs in pancreatic cancer detection. By retrieving RNA-seq data from publicly accessed databases, differential expression and random-effects meta-analyses were performed. The results showed that pancreatic cancer had a distinct circulating exosome RNA signature in healthy individuals, and that the top 10 candidate exosome RNAs could distinguish patients from healthy individuals with an area under the curve (AUC) of 1.0. Three (HIST2H2AA3, LUZP6 and HLA-DRA) of the 10 genes in exosomes had similar differential patterns to those in tumor tissues based on RNA-seq data. In the validation dataset, the levels of these three genes in exosomes displayed good performance in distinguishing cancer from both chronic pancreatitis (AUC = 0.815) and healthy controls (AUC = 0.8558), whereas a slight difference existed between chronic pancreatitis and healthy controls (AUC = 0.586). Of the three genes, the level of HIST2H2AA3 was positively associated with KRAS status. However, there was no significant difference in the levels of the three genes across the disease stages (stages I–IV). These findings indicate that circulating exosome RNAs have a potential early detection value in pancreatic cancer, and that a distinct exosome RNA signature exists in distinguishing pancreatic cancer from healthy individuals.

scholarly journals Eating and body image: Does food insecurity make us feel thinner?

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaudia B. Ambroziak ◽  
Elena Azañón ◽  
Matthew R. Longo
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Insurance Hypothesis ◽  
Central Aspect ◽  
Food Scarcity ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBody image distortions are common in healthy individuals and a central aspect of serious clinical conditions, such as eating disorders. This commentary explores the potential implications of body image and its distortions for the insurance hypothesis. In particular, we speculate that body image may be an intervening variable mediating the relationship between perceived food scarcity and eating behavior.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a short protocol for indirect calorimetry in females with eating disorders and healthy controls

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Therese Fostervold Mathisen ◽  
Kethe Marie Engen ◽  
Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen ◽  
Trine Stensrud
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Healthy Controls

scholarly journals Increased plasticity of the bodily self in eating disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eshkevari ◽  
E. Rieger ◽  
M. R. Longo ◽  
P. Haggard ◽  
J. Treasure
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Drive For Thinness ◽  
Maintenance Factors ◽  
Self Objectification

BackgroundThe rubber hand illusion (RHI) has been widely used to investigate the bodily self in healthy individuals. The aim of the present study was to extend the use of the RHI to examine the bodily self in eating disorders (EDs).MethodThe RHI and self-report measures of ED psychopathology [the Eating Disorder Inventory – 3 (EDI-3) subscales of Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, Body Dissatisfaction, Interoceptive Deficits, and Emotional Dysregulation; the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21); and the Self-Objectification Questionnaire (SOQ)] were administered to 78 individuals with an ED and 61 healthy controls.ResultsIndividuals with an ED experienced the RHI significantly more strongly than healthy controls on both perceptual (i.e. proprioceptive drift) and subjective (i.e. self-report questionnaire) measures. Furthermore, both the subjective experience of the RHI and associated proprioceptive biases were correlated with ED psychopathology. Approximately 23% of the variance for embodiment of the fake hand was accounted for by ED psychopathology, with interoceptive deficits and self-objectification significant predictors of embodiment.ConclusionsThese results indicate that the bodily self is more plastic in people with an ED. These findings may shed light on both aetiological and maintenance factors involved in EDs, particularly visual processing of the body, interoceptive deficits, and self-objectification.

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