The Social Model of the Trinity and Its Critics

1993 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Gresham
Keyword(s):  
Christian Theology ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Trinitarian Theology ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
The Social ◽  
Doctrine Of The Trinity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Trinity

One of the analogies used by the Cappadocian Fathers and other early theologians to illustrate the doctrine of the Trinity was the social analogy in which Father, Son and Spirit were likened to three human persons. Beginning with Augustine however, Christian Theology, particularly in the Western Church, shifted away from the social to the psychological analogy. Augustine found analogies to the Trinity in all of creation but the clearest analogy to the Trinity, in fact its unique image, was the human soul. The divine image was not found in the union of three persons but in the unity of three activities, remembering, knowing, willing in the individual human soul. The social analogy reappeared in the twelfth century in Richard of St Victor's argument for the existence of three persons in God based on the premise that supreme charity required shared interpersonal love. Though some of Richard's insights were taken up by Bonaventura, the impact of his trinitarian theology was overshadowed by the dominant influence of Thomas Aquinas with his masterful use of the psychological analogy to probe and illuminate the inner being of the divine Trinity. Following Aquinas's further development of Augustine's psychological analogy, the interpersonal approach of the social analogy all but disappeared from subsequent trinitarian theology. Even with a later shift away from the Augustinian-Thomistic model, modern theology retained its unipersonal image of the trinitarian God.

Supreme harmony or supreme disharmony? An analysis of Amy Plantinga Pauw's ‘The Supreme Harmony of All‘: The Trinitarian Theology of Jonathan Edwards

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-485
Author(s):  
Steven M. Studebaker
Keyword(s):  
Social Model ◽  
Jonathan Edwards ◽  
Trinitarian Theology ◽  
Social Models ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Trinity

Amy Plantinga Pauw's ‘Supreme Harmony of All’ is the first book-length treatment of Jonathan Edwards's trinitarian theology. She argues that his trinitarian thought embodies the emphases and polarities of the Western psychological model and the Eastern social model of the trinity. Throughout the book she details his doctrines of the immanent and the economic trinity in the contrasting categories of the psychological and the social models of the trinity. She recommends his ‘cobbled’ approach as the only effective way to construct a contemporary trinitarian theology. In contrast, I argue that Edwards consistently used the Augustinian mutual love model. Furthermore, he developed social themes within the mutual love model. His usefulness for contemporary trinitarianism is not to suggest an eclectic method of appropriating conflicting conceptualities, but to challenge the common assumption that Western Augustinian trinitarianism is inherently monistic and must be transcended by recourse to the Eastern trinitarian tradition.

scholarly journals An Examination of the Significance of the Trinitarian Theology of St. Augustine

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Zolt Salontai
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Image Of God ◽  
Trinitarian Theology ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Doctrine Of The Trinity ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Image Of God ◽  
The Trinity

Despite the noble efforts of modern Christian theologians in attempting to revive popular level interest in the classical Christian doctrine of the Trinity, there has been within the everyday praxis of the individual Christian a discernible neglect and ignorance of this cardinal doctrine. However, with the 20th century advent of Freudian and Jungian psychology, a new opportunity has arisen for a Trinitarian revival in the popular consciousness of the faithful. Due to an increasing level of interest in the notion of understanding the conscious and unconscious cognitive processes that govern the human psyche, there arose an indubitable opportunity for a re-examination of the Trinitarian theology of those writers who based their Trinitarian discourse upon the self-consciousness of man as created in the image of God. Therefore, the essential function of this paper is to explore the Trinitarian theology of St. Augustine, who being the originator of psychological analogies in Trinitarian discourse warrants exceptional contemporary interest given the aforementioned increased receptivity to psychological self-awareness.

The Ontological Trinity in the Context of Historical Religions

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-310
Author(s):  
Christopher Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Triune God ◽  
Doctrine Of The Trinity ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Trinity

It used to be thought, in western Christendom, at least, that belief in a triune God was a unique feature of Christian theology. The doctrine of the Trinity was thought to distinguish Christianity from the strict ‘monotheism’ of Judaism and Islam (which deny a plurality of ‘persons’ in the Godhead), on the one hand, and from the ‘polytheism’ or ‘pantheism’ of Greek and Indian religions, on the other. Needless to say, this traditional view reflected an unfair bias toward Christianity and a distorted view of the other religions, especially the ‘pagan’ ones of Greece and India. Since the eighteenth century, however, considerable historical and cultural research has been done on non-Christian religions, and, in our own time, the impact of its results is finally beginning to be felt in the church as a whole. Far from being unique, the doctrine of the Trinity now seems to have been influenced by Stoic and neo-Platonic speculation about God and the world and even to have parallels in the ‘theologies’ of Hinduism and Buddhism. All of a sudden, ‘trinities’ are appearing everywhere in the history of religions as if they were the fulfilment of a universal ‘archetype’ or realisations of a ‘perfect number’, reflecting the subconscious of man more than the objective reality of God. It seems that we must either launch out into a sea of pan-trinitarianism, or else retreat to the safer shores of strict ‘monotheism’ (but, then, the idea of strict ‘oneness’ is probably an archetype of some sort, as well!).

scholarly journals The Myth of King Kong and the Religious Background That Nests in the Human Soul

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Roche Cárcel
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tribal Society ◽  
The Impact

The four most important King Kong films (1933, 1976, 2005, and 2017) contain religious sentiments that are related to the numinous and mysterious fear of Nature and death that gives meaning to life, and to the institutionalization of society. In this way, as observed in the films, the Society originated by religion is a construction against Nature and Death. Based on these hypotheses, the objective of this work is to (a) show that the social structure of the tribal society that lives on Skull Island is reinforced by the religious feelings that they profess towards the Kong divinity, and (b) reveal the impact that the observation of the generalized alterity that characterizes the isolated tribal society of the island produces on Western visitors—and therefore, on film viewers. The article concludes that the return to New York, after the trip, brings an unexpected guest: the barbarism that is installed in the heart of civilization; that the existing order is reinforced and the society in crisis is renovated; and that the rationality subject to commercial purposes that characterizes modernity has not been able to escape from the religiosity that nests in the depths of the human soul.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Aragón, Spain)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6607
Author(s):  
Isabel Aguilar-Palacio ◽  
Lina Maldonado ◽  
Sara Malo ◽  
Raquel Sánchez-Recio ◽  
Iván Marcos-Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Deprivation Level ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Multilevel Analyses ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second Wave

It is essential to understand the impact of social inequalities on the risk of COVID-19 infection in order to mitigate the social consequences of the pandemic. With this aim, the objective of our study was to analyze the effect of socioeconomic inequalities, both at the individual and area of residence levels, on the probability of COVID-19 confirmed infection, and its variations across three pandemic waves. We conducted a retrospective cohort study and included data from all individuals tested for COVID-19 during the three waves of the pandemic, from March to December 2020 (357,989 individuals) in Aragón (Spain). We studied the effect of inequalities on the risk of having a COVID-19 confirmed diagnosis after being tested using multilevel analyses with two levels of aggregation: individuals and basic healthcare area of residence (deprivation level and type of zone). Inequalities in the risk of COVID-19 confirmed infection were observed at both the individual and area level. There was a predominance of low-paid employees living in deprived areas. Workers with low salaries, unemployed and people on minimum integration income or who no longer receive the unemployment allowance, had a higher probability of COVID-19 infection than workers with salaries ≥ €18,000 per year. Inequalities were greater in women and in the second wave. The deprivation level of areas of residence influenced the risk of COVID-19 infection, especially in the second wave. It is necessary to develop individual and area coordinated measures by areas in the control, diagnosis and treatment of the epidemic, in order to avoid an increase in the already existing inequalities.

Party-Political and Socio-Economic Сonsequences of Elections to the German Bundestag

2021 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
V.B. Belov
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
The Social ◽  
Angela Merkel ◽  
The Face ◽  
German Bundestag ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

The article examines the results of the last Bundestag elections. They marked the end of the Angela Merkel era and reflected the continuation of difficult party-political and socio-economic processes in the informal leader of the European Union. The main attention of the research focuses on the peculiarities of the election campaign of the leading parties and of the search for ways of further development of Germany in the face of urgent economic and political challenges. These challenges include the impact of the coronavirus crisis, the impact of the energy and digital transition to a climate-neutral economy, and the complex international situation. Based on original sources, the author analyzes the causes of the SPD victory and the CDU/CSU bloc defeat, the results of the negotiations of the Social Democrats with the Greens and Liberals, the content of the coalition agreement from the point of view of the prospects for the development of domestic and foreign policy and the economy of Russia's main partner in the west of the Eurasian continent. The conclusion is made about the absence of breakthrough ideas, the consistent continuation of the course started by the previous government for a carbon-free economy and the strengthening of the role of Germany in Europe and the world. For this course, conflicts and problems in achieving the set goals will be immanent due to the compromising nature of the coalition agreements.

Redefining progress in Trinitarian theology: Stephen R. Holmes on the Trinity

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-20
Author(s):  
Fred Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Theology ◽  
Trinitarian Theology ◽  
Divine Attributes ◽  
Classical Theism ◽  
Doctrine Of The Trinity ◽  
Constructive Work ◽  
Historical Theology ◽  
The Trinity

This essay examines some of the implications for contemporary constructive work on the doctrine of the Trinity if Steve Holmes is correct in his judgments about the direction taken by the recent revival of interest in the doctrine. Holmes raises serious questions about the exegetical basis of the doctrine, and raises the question of what God has revealed in the sending of the Son and the Spirit. Some areas of maximal divergence between the classic tradition and the recent revival are probed, such as the recent lack of interest in the elaboration and defense of divinity unity, and also of the divine attributes as explored by classical theism. Finally, Holmes’s work raises questions about the proper relationships between systematic theology and allied theological disciplines such as historical theology and analytic theology.

PERILAKU BERESIKO DAN FAKTOR PELINDUNG PENGGUNAAN TEMBAKAU SINTETIS PADA KOMUNITAS CJ

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-91
Author(s):  
Yunita Anggraeni ◽  
Sitti Muthia Maghfirah Massinai ◽  
Rahma Dilla Arnanda
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Community Collaboration ◽  
Community Members ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Calming Effect ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTSynthetic tobacco is a type of drug produced from tobacco mixed with chemical liquids. Synthetic tobacco produces a calming effect, daydreaming, hallucinations, and unconsciousness. In some individuals there is resistance to chemicals, resulting in dizziness, vomiting and unconsciousness. The basic ingredients of tobacco make synthetic tobacco difficult to distinguish from ordinary tobacco. So that the impact on the prevention and eradication of drugs is increasingly difficult. The CJ community is a community of drug users who have used synthetic tobacco for 5 months. This study aimed to determine the risk and protective factors of synthetic tobacco use in the CJ community. This research was a qualitative study on the case of the CJ community with the direct involvement of researchers in the community. The result of the research was an analysis description of the risk and protective factors in the CJ community. Medically dangerous side effects have not been communicated to users in the CJ community. Awareness of the future and responsibility are protective factors that motivate community members to stop using drugs. This research showed that the use of synthetic tobacco type drugs can be more harmful to individuals and the environment. The impact on the individual physically and psychologically will affect the individual's difficulty in interacting with the social environment. There is a need for socialization and education that takes into account various aspects of society so that prevention can take place effectively. The results of the research can become the basis for providing intervention designs with community collaboration as agents of change.Key Word: Synthetic Tobacco, Risk Factor, Protective Factor, Drugs User ABSTRAKTembakau sintetis merupakan jenis narkoba yang dihasilkan dari tembakau yang dicampur dengan cairan kimia. Tembakau sintetis menghasilkan efek tenang, melamun, halusinasi, dan tidak sadarkan diri. Pada beberapa individu terdapat penolakan terhadap zat kimia, berakibat pusing, muntah dan tidak sadarkan diri. Bahan dasar tembakau membuat tembakau sintetis sulit dibedakan dengan tembakau biasa. Sehingga berdampak kepada pencegahan dan pemberantasan narkoba yang semakin sulit. Komunitas CJ merupakan komunitas pengguna narkoba yang sudah menggunakan tembakau sintetis selama 5 bulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui risk and protective factor penggunaan tembakau sintetis pada komunitas CJ. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kualitatif pada kasus komunitas CJ dengan keterlibatan langsung peneliti pada komunitas. Hasil penelitian berupa deskripsi analisis dari risk and protective factor pada komunitas CJ. Efek samping yang berbahaya secara medis belum tersosialisasikan kepada para pengguna di komunitas CJ. Kesadaran mengenai masa depan dan tanggung jawab menjadi faktor protektif yang memotivasi anggota komunitas untuk berhenti menggunakan narkoba. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penggunaan narkoba jenis tembakau sintetis dapat lebih berbahaya bagi individu dan lingkungan. Dampak kepada individu secara fisik dan psikologis akan mempengaruhi kesulitan individu berinteraksi dengan lingkungan sosial. Perlu adanya sosialisasi dan edukasi yang memperhatikan berbagai aspek di masyarakat agar pencegahan dapat berlangsung dengan efektif. Hasil penelitian dapat menjadi landasan dalam memberikan rancangan intervensi dengan kolaborasi masyarakat sebagai agen perubahan.Kata Kunci: Tembakau Sintetis, Faktor Risiko, Faktor Protektif, Pengguna Narkoba

scholarly journals The evolution of hyperactivity, impulsivity and cognitive diversity

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 399-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Williams ◽  
Eric Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Evolutionary Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The evolutionary status of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is central to assessments of whether modern society has created it, either physically or socially; and is potentially useful in understanding its neurobiological basis and treatment. The high prevalence of ADHD (5–10%) and its association with the seven-repeat allele of DRD4, which is positively selected in evolution, raise the possibility that ADHD increases the reproductive fitness of the individual, and/or the group. However, previous suggestions of evolutionary roles for ADHD have not accounted for its confinement to a substantial minority. Because one of the key features of ADHD is its diversity, and many benefits of population diversity are well recognized (as in immunity), we study the impact of groups' behavioural diversity on their fitness. Diversity occurs along many dimensions, and for simplicity we choose unpredictability (or variability), excess of which is a well-established characteristic of ADHD. Simulations of the Changing Food group task show that unpredictable behaviour by a minority optimizes results for the group. Characteristics of such group exploration tasks are risk-taking, in which costs are borne mainly by the individual; and information-sharing, in which benefits accrue to the entire group. Hence, this work is closely linked to previous studies of evolved altruism. We conclude that even individually impairing combinations of genes, such as ADHD, can carry specific benefits for society, which can be selected for at that level, rather than being merely genetic coincidences with effects confined to the individual. The social benefits conferred by diversity occur both inside and outside the ‘normal’ range, and these may be distinct. This view has the additional merit of offering explanations for the prevalence, sex and age distribution, severity distribution and heterogeneity of ADHD.

scholarly journals How the global economy reflected the year of the pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Vladislav Kaputa ◽  
Frederik Kvočák ◽  
Miroslava Triznová ◽  
Andrej Tomić ◽  
Hana Maťová
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Data Comparison ◽  
The Social ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Reduced Mobility ◽  
The Impact

Research background: The coronavirus pandemic in 2020 had a significant impact on all aspects of life, from the point of view of the individual by forcing social isolation, moving work and study to the home, enormous pressure on the social and health system, but also by forcing closures of services and direct contact with customers. These, as well as other factors, have also had an impact on the performance of economies around the world. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to evaluate the development of the world's major economies in terms of macroeconomic indicators and foreign trade in the pandemic period and previous periods. The social and environmental aspects of the impact of the pandemic on selected economies are also reflected. Methods: Analysis of the main macroeconomic data, comparison and synthesis of findings. Findings & Value added: The interdependence of economies and interconnectedness of markets on transport routes associated with reduced mobility, forced isolation of people and death of economic activity had a significant impact on all the observed indicators, where a significant decline in GDP could be observed in all countries except China. This country was the only one that managed to keep GDP growth in positive numbers. Unemployment development was not equal in the observed economies due to different labour market environment. On the contrary, the environment has benefited in some way.

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